Islamism and Islamic terrorism in the Balkans

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This article includes Islamic terrorism in the Balkans. While there is a significant community of Muslims in the Balkans, Wahhabism only began to spread after the Yugoslav Wars. There is an increase in incidents involving radical Islamism in the Balkans since the 1990s.[1]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Background

In 1990, Alija Izetbegović was the president of the Party of Democratic Action (SDA).[2] The Party won the November 1990 elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[2] During the Bosnian War, Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims) received financial aid from Iran and Saudi Arabia, and foreign fighters numbering up to 4,000 waged jihad in the war.[2] There were several strict Muslim special units in the ARBiH, such as the 7th Muslim Brigade, Black Swans, Green Berets, Green Legion, El Mujahid, and Patriotic League.[3] The Bosnian mujahideen (El Mujahid) was made up of foreign fighters and radical Bosniaks.[2] In 1995, Izetbegović invited the jihadists to leave the country in return for American peacekeepers, leading to his denouncement from other Islamists.[4]

In 1995, veterans of the Bosnian mujahideen established the Active Islamic Youth, regarded the most dangerous of the Islamist groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[5]

Incidents

Organisations

Kosovo

Kosovo has a mainly Muslim population.[13] The traditional Islam in Kosovo is the Hanafi school, described as 'liberal' and 'moderate'.[13]

Islamist volunteers in the Kosovo Liberation Army from Western Europe of ethnic Albanian, Turkish, and North African origin, were recruited by Islamist leaders in Western Europe allied to Bin Laden and Zawahiri.[14] Some 175 Yemeni mujahideen arrived in early May 1998.[14] There were also a dozen of Saudi and Egyptian mujahideen.[15]

Since the Kosovo War, there has been an increasing radicalization of Islam in Kosovo.[13] Wahhabism, which is dominant in Saudi Arabia, has gained a foothold in Kosovo through Saudi diplomacy.[13] Saudi money has paid for new mosques, while Saudi-educated imams have arrived since the end of the war in 1999.[13] During UN administration, Saudi Arabian organizations sought to establish a cultural foothold in Kosovo.[16] 98 Wahhabist schools were set up by Saudi organizations during UN administration.[17] Hundreds of Kosovo Albanians have joined jihad in the Middle East.

The Kosovo Police arrested some 40 suspected Islamist militants on 11 August 2014.[18]

By April 2015, a total of 232 Kosovo Albanians had gone to Syria to fight with Islamist groups, mostly commonly the Islamic State.[19] Forty of these are from the town of Ferizaj (Srbica), according to Kosovo police reports.[20] As of September 2014, a total of 48 ethnic Albanians have been killed fighting in Syria.[21]

Republic of Macedonia

Croatia

References

  1. ↑ "The Balkans - a hub of worldwide terrorist network?".
  2. 1 2 3 4 Farmer 2010, p. 126.
  3. ↑ Branislav Radeljić; Martina Topić (1 July 2015). Religion in the Post-Yugoslav Context. Lexington Books. pp. 8–. ISBN 978-1-4985-2248-9.
  4. ↑ Farmer 2010, p. 127.
  5. ↑ Deliso 2007, p. 18.
  6. ↑ Schindler 2007, p. 266.
  7. ↑ Deliso 2007, p. 17.
  8. ↑ Mackey, Robert; Gladstone, Rick (2011-10-28). "Gunman Fires at U.S. Embassy in Sarajevo". The New York Times.
  9. ↑ "FBI — Individual Indicted in Connection with Machine Gun Attack on U.S. Embassy in Bosnia-Herzegovina in 2011". Fbi.gov. Retrieved 2012-04-29.
  10. ↑ "Middle East Updates / Bosnian imam on trial for recruiting ISIS fighters".
  11. ↑ "Bosnian extremist wants to tax non-Muslims". B92.
  12. ↑ Sladojević, Dragan (18 February 2014). "Vehabijski vođa Bosnić »zvecka« sabljama!" (in Serbian). Retrieved 11 September 2014.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Testa 2016.
  14. 1 2 Yossef Bodansky (4 May 2011). bin Laden: The Man Who Declared War on America. Crown Publishing Group. pp. 398–403. ISBN 978-0-307-79772-8.
  15. ↑ Lyubov Grigorova Mincheva; Ted Robert Gurr (3 January 2013). Crime-Terror Alliances and the State: Ethnonationalist and Islamist Challenges to Regional Security. Routledge. pp. 34–. ISBN 978-1-135-13210-1.
  16. ↑ Mincheva & Gurr 2013, p. 34.
  17. ↑ Mincheva & Gurr 2013, pp. 34–35.
  18. ↑ Norman, Laurence (11 August 2014). "Kosovo Arrests 40 Suspected Islamist Militants". WSJ.
  19. ↑ "Fight the Good Fight: With the Western Balkans at Peace, Some Go Abroad to Look for War". The Economist. 18 April 2015.
  20. ↑ "Vesti - 100 Albanaca sa KiM ratuje u Siriji". B92. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
  21. ↑ "Još jedan kosovski Albanac poginuo u Siriji" [Another Kosovo Albanian Killed in Syria] (in Serbian). Info.ks. 15 September 2014.

Sources

Books

Journals

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  • Bardos, Gordon N. (2014). "Jihad in the Balkans: the next generation". World Affairs. 177 (3): 73–79. 
  • Bardos, Gordon N. "Terror Crossroads: On Europe’s Doorstep." World Affairs 179.1 (2016): 81-88.
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