Teresa Klimek
| Teresa Klimek | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born |
Teresa Maria Tomaszewska-Bończa 11 October 1929 Hrubieszów, Poland |
| Died |
29 December 2013 (aged 84) Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Occupation | math teacher and trade unionist |
| Years active | 1952-1990s |
| Known for | Co-founding the regional Catholic Intellectuals Club and serving on the regional Solidarity executive |
Teresa Klimek (1929-2013) was a Polish educator and activist. Educated to teach mathematics, she taught in various schools in Gorzów Wielkopolski from 1953 to 1984 and was honored for her skill as an educator. She helped found the Gorzów Wielkopolski branch of the Catholic Intellectuals Club as well as the regional branch of Solidarity. Her activism during Poland's struggle for democracy was widely recognized at both the local and national level and she was honored with numerous medals and awards.
Early life
Teresa Maria Tomaszewska-Bończa was born on 11 October 1929 in Hrubieszów, Poland to the noble families of Stanisław Bończa-Tomaszewski[1] and Marii Skrzetuskiej. After her parent's divorce, Tomaszewska-Bończa was raised by her maternal grandparents Kazimierza Skrzetuskiego and Maria (née Dobrowolska) Skrzetuska. She was the great-granddaughter of Antoni Skrzetuski, who was honored for his military service in the January Uprising.[2] The family moved often during the war, living in Wrzesnia, Zwierzyniec, Przeworsk and Mogilno, before she entered high school in 1944.[2] In 1949, she graduated from the Bolesława Chrobrego High School in Gniezno[1] and went on to further her studies at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), studying mathematics from 1949 to 1952.[2]
Career
After graduation, Tomaszewska-Bończa studied briefly at the Polish Naval Academy and then between 1952 and 1953 she taught at a vocational school in Gdynia.[2] In 1953, Tomaszewska-Bończa married Władysław Klimek, moved to Gorzów Wielkopolski and taught at the Gastronomic Technical College (Polish: Technikum Gastronomicznym) for two years. In 1957, she began teaching at the Chemical Technical College (Polish: Technikum Chemicznym), where she remained until 1972. She completed a master's degree UAM in 1966 and in 1976 completed her post-graduate studies in computer science at the University of Warsaw. Between 1972 and 1984 she taught mathematics at the Maria Sklodowska-Curie High School in Gorzów Wielkopolski. During this time frame, she also worked on an experimental project between 1976 and 1980 launched in high schools by the Science Ministry. Klimek retired from teaching in 1984.[1]
In the 1970s, Klimek helped organize the Catholic Intellectuals Club (Polish: Klub Inteligencji Katolickiej (KIK)), which she and her husband Władysław had founded.[1] KIK's purpose was to stimulate independent thought and bring Catholics within Poland information about Catholic philosophy from countries outside the Socialist Bloc.[3] Though it had to operate illegally and could not be registered until 1981, the group challenged authorities and openly promoted the organization.[1] Beginning in 1980, Klimek was also engaged in the business of the Polish Trade Union, "Solidarity" (Polish: Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy (NSZZ)).[4] Solidarity's goals were to bring about socio-economic reforms by changing the political system.[5] Klimek promoted the organization in schools, encouraging students to found an independent student organization.[6] She served on the regional board and was a delegate to the provincial congress as a Solidarity delegate.[4]
From 1980 to 1981 Klimek served on an assistance committee for prisoners of conscience and provided care for members who were imprisoned. She was interned between 15 December 1981 and 27 June 1982 in camps in Poznan and Gołdap,[6] during the implementation of martial law in Poland. Martial law was imposed to frighten people and make them think that Polish Communism was strong and could not be overthrown.[7] After her release, Klimek worked in the Catholic Underground in support of Solidarity.[4] Crucial to the underground's success was the underground press[8] and in Gorzów Wielkopolski, Klimek's husband Władysław edited several journals and wrote articles for Solidarity.[9]
Under the pseudonym "Simeon and Agnik", in 1983 Klimek wrote the activist's song "Feniksa" (Phoenix).[2] In 1986, Klimek was involved in the reactivation of Solidarity and became a member of the Regional Executive Committee for the union.[6] Klimek initiated the Gorzów Committee for the Memory of the Victims of Katyn and was made an honorary member of Gorzów's Katyn Families.[4]
Death and Legacy
Klimek died on 29 December 2013 in Gorzów Wielkopolski.[1] Both during her lifetime, and posthumously, Klimek was decorated for her activism and excellence as an educator. She was recipient of the Merit Award for Gorzowski Region (1998); Gold Badge of the National Section of Education NSZZ "S" (2005); Pro Memoria Medal (2005); Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (2009); Merit for the Lubuskie Province (2009); Merit Award for the City of Gorzow (2010), Silver Medal of the Medal of Guardian Places of National Remembrance (2010), Award of the Region Gorzowski NSZZ "S" (2010), Honorary Citizen of Gorzów Wielkopolski (2013);[2] and Cross of Freedom and Solidarity (2015)[10]
References
Citations
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Echo Gorzowa 2013.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rymar 2009.
- ↑ Magiczny Kraków 2013.
- 1 2 3 4 Catholic Information Agency 2013.
- ↑ Paczkowski 2010, p. 420.
- 1 2 3 Institute of National Remembrance 2016.
- ↑ Penn 2006, p. 228.
- ↑ Paczkowski 2010, p. 462.
- ↑ Pytlak 2016.
- ↑ Szczepanowski 2015.
Bibliography
- Paczkowski, Andrzej (2010). Spring Will Be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom. Translated by: Jane Cave. University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State Press. ISBN 0-271-04753-4.
- Penn, Shana (2006). Solidarity's Secret: The Women Who Defeated Communism in Poland. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-03196-1.
- Pytlak, Grażyna (25 April 2016). "Władysław Edward Klimek". Encyklopedia Solidarności (Encyclopedia of Solidarity) (in Polish). Warsaw, Poland: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej (Institute of National Remembrance). Archived from the original on 3 September 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
- Rymar, Dariusz A. (18 September 2009). "Teresa Klimek". Gorzow Historia (in Polish). House of the Association to Promote Culture, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland: Wirtualny Dom Historii Gorzowa. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
- Szczepanowski, Wojciech (30 August 2015). "Mury rosną" [Walls Are Rising] (in Polish). Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland: Echo Gorzowa. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
- "The Catholic Intelligentsia Club". Magiczny Kraków. Kraków, Poland: City of Kraków. 15 July 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
- "Dane osoby z katalogu osób rozpracowywanych: Teresa Maria Klimek" [Details of the person from the directory of those under investigation: Teresa Maria Klimek]. Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej (Public Information Bulletin) (in Polish). Warsaw, Poland: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej (Institute of National Remembrance). 29 July 2016. Archived from the original on 3 September 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
- "Gorzowianie pożegnali śp. Teresę Klimek, zmarłą prezes KIK" [Gorzów goodbye to the late Theresa Klimek, president of NCU] (in Polish). Warsaw, Poland: Katolicka Agencja Informacyjna (Catholic Information Agency). 2 January 2014. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
- "Nie żyje Teresa Klimek—Honorowy Obywatel Miasta" [Teresa Klimek is dead—Honorary Citizen of the City] (in Polish). Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland: Echo Gorzowa. 29 December 2013. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2016.