Telluride, Colorado

Coordinates: 37°56′21″N 107°48′59″W / 37.939153°N 107.816317°W / 37.939153; -107.816317

Telluride
Town

Colorado Avenue: As seen from The New Sheridan Hotel

Location of Telluride in San Miguel County, Colorado.
Coordinates: 37°56′21″N 107°48′59″W / 37.93917°N 107.81639°W / 37.93917; -107.81639
Country United States
State Colorado
County[1] San Miguel County – seat[2]
Founded 1878
Incorporated 1887-02-10, as the Town of Columbia
Government
 • Type Home Rule Municipality[1]
 • Mayor

Sean Murphy

Area[3]
 • Total 2.18 sq mi (5.65 km2)
 • Land 2.18 sq mi (5.65 km2)
 • Water 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)
Elevation 8,750 ft (2,667 m)
Population (2010)
 • Total 2,325
 • Estimate (2016)[4] 2,444
 • Density 1,119.56/sq mi (432.22/km2)
Time zone MST (UTC−7)
 • Summer (DST) MDT (UTC−6)
ZIP code 81435
Area code(s) 970
FIPS code 08-76795
GNIS feature ID 0204747
Website Town of Telluride
Fall colors in Telluride. View from the ski area, 2010
A view of a mountain while driving above Telluride on one of its many trails. The town of Telluride sits in the valley. Near the left of the picture is Bridal Veil Falls, with the Generator Station on the cliff above.

The town of Telluride is the county seat and most populous town of San Miguel County in the southwestern portion of the U.S. state of Colorado.[5] The town is a former silver mining camp on the San Miguel River in the western San Juan Mountains. The first gold mining claim was made in the mountains above Telluride in 1875 and early settlement of what is now Telluride followed. The town itself was founded in 1878 as "Columbia", but due to confusion with a California town of the same name, was renamed Telluride in 1887, for the gold telluride minerals found in other parts of Colorado. These telluride minerals were never located near Telluride, causing the town to be named for a mineral which was never mined there. However, the area's mines for some years provided zinc, lead, copper, silver, and other gold ores.

Telluride sits in a box canyon. Steep forested mountains and cliffs surround it, with Bridal Veil Falls at the head of the canyon. Numerous weathered ruins of old mining operations dot the hillsides. A free gondola connects the town with its companion town, Mountain Village, Colorado, at the base of the ski area. Telluride and the surrounding area have featured prominently in pop culture. It is the subject of several popular songs. It is especially known for its ski resort and slopes during the winter as well as an extensive festival schedule during the summer.

The Telluride Historic District, which includes a significant portion of the town, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is also one of Colorado's 20 National Historic Landmarks. The town population was 2,325 in the 2010 United States Census.[6]

History

Historic gold specimen from Telluride

Mining days

Gold was first discovered in Colorado near present-day Denver, setting off the Pike's Peak gold rush of 1858. The Smuggler gold vein above Telluride, and placer gold in the San Miguel River, were discovered in 1875.[7]:51,54 John Fallon made the first claim in Marshal Basin above Telluride in 1875 and early settlement of Telluride followed. The town itself was founded in 1878. Telluride was originally named "Columbia", but due to confusion with Columbia, California, the name was changed by the post office in 1887. The town was named after valuable ore compounds of the chemical element tellurium, a metalloid element which forms natural tellurides, the most notable of which are telluride ores of gold and silver. Although gold telluride minerals were never actually found in the mountains near Telluride, the area's mines were rich in zinc, lead, copper, silver, and ores which contained gold in other forms.

Telluride began slowly because of its isolated location. In 1881, a toll road was opened by Otto Mears which allowed wagons to go where only pack mules could go before. This increased the number of people in Telluride, but it was still expensive to get gold-rich ore out of the valley.

In June 1889, Butch Cassidy, before becoming associated with his gang, "the wild bunch", robbed the San Miguel Valley Bank in Telluride. This was his first major recorded crime. He exited the bank with $24,580, and later became famous as a bank robber.[8]

In 1891, the Rio Grande Southern railroad, also begun by Mears, arrived in Telluride, eventually building a two stall engine house, water facilities, a section house and a bunkhouse, sidings and a depot. It continued further up the valley to end its Telluride branch at Pandora, serving the mines and the town until 1952. The cheaper and consistent transportation for passengers and freight allowed miners and goods to flow into the San Miguel town and ore to flow out to the mills and foundries elsewhere. This brought a brief but unprecedented boom to Telluride before the Panic of 1893.[9]

Around the turn of the 20th century, there were serious labor disputes in the mines near Telluride. The Colorado National Guard was called out and there were deaths on both sides. Unions were formed as miners joined the Western Federation of Miners in 1896. 1899 brought big changes as union strike action led most mines to grant miners $3 a day for an 8-hour day’s work plus a boarding pay of $1 a day. At this time, workers were putting in 10- to 12-hour days and the mines ran 24 hours a day. Work conditions were treacherous, with mines above 12,000 ft, a lack of safety measures, and bitter weather in winter months. Even the boarding houses were precariously placed on the mountainsides.

Bridal Veil Falls in Telluride

Telluride's labor unrest occurred against the backdrop of a statewide struggle between miners and mine owners. Bulkeley Wells was one mine operator considerably hostile to the union. The Telluride Miners' Union was led by Vincent St. John. The disappearance of mine guard William J. Barney, which Wells declared a "murder", created much intrigue and national interest. The accusations, animosity, gunplay, and expulsions which followed were part of an ongoing struggle throughout Colorado's mining communities which came to be called the Colorado Labor Wars.

In 1891, Telluride's L.L. Nunn joined forces with George Westinghouse to build the Ames Hydroelectric Generating Plant, an alternating current power plant, near Telluride. (Nunn's home can be found at the corner of Aspen and Columbia Streets; next door is the home he purchased for the "pinheads" to study hydro-electric engineering.) The plant supplied power to the Gold King Mine 3.5 miles away. This was the first successful demonstration of long-distance transmission of industrial-grade alternating current power and used two 100-hp Westinghouse alternators, one working as a generator producing 3000 volt, 133 Hertz, single-phase AC, and the other used as an AC motor.[10] This hydroelectric AC power plant predated the Westinghouse plant at Niagara Falls by 4 years.[10] Nunn and his brother Paul built power plants in Colorado, Utah, Idaho, Montana, Mexico, and the Ontario Power plant at Niagara Falls on the Canadian side. Nunn developed a keen interest in education as part of his electrical power companies, and in conjunction with Cornell University built the Telluride House at Cornell in 1909 to educate promising students in electrical engineering. Later, Nunn along with Charles Walcott, started the non-profit Telluride Association. Nunn founded Deep Springs College in 1917. All of Nunn's educational endeavors are going strong today. Each year, the Telluride Tech Festival honors Nunn, Tesla, and Westinghouse, along with current day technology and science leaders.

Telluride’s most famous historic mines are the Tomboy, Pandora, Smuggler-Union, Nellie, and Sheridan mines. Beginning in 1939, the hard-rock mining operations in the Red Mountain and Telluride mining districts began a lengthy consolidation under the Idarado Mining Company (Idarado), now a division of Newmont Mining. The consolidation ended in 1953 with Idarado’s acquisition of the Telluride Mines. Idarado kept the underground workings and mill operations open at Telluride’s Pandora hard-rock mine until 1978. When the mine officially closed, the snow which tormented Telluride's miners became the town's new source of income, in the form of skiing and tourism. The documentary video "the YX factor" chronicles the transition from mining to skiing and the influx of "hippies" in the late 1960s and early 1970s in the words of local residents and commentators such as Peter Yarrow and Tom Hayden.

Aerial view of newly cut Boomerang Road (May 1972).

Skiing era

Mining was Telluride’s only industry until 1972, when the first ski lift was installed by Telluride Ski Resort founder Joseph T. Zoline and his Telluride Ski Corporation (Telco). Zoline bought the land for the future resort in 1969 and began to craft the slopes. Along with his mountain manager, Telluride native Bill "Sr." Mahoney, they slowly and thoughtfully put together a plan for sustained development of Telluride and the region. As mining phased out and a new service industry phased in, the local population changed sharply. Mining families fled Telluride to settle in places like Moab, Utah, where uranium mining offered hope of continued employment. Mining families were replaced by what locals referred to as "hippies", young people with a 1960s worldview which frequently clashed with the values of Telluride's old-timers. These newcomers were characterized as being idle trust funders who were drawn to the town for a casual life style and outdoor excitements such as hang gliding, mountain climbing, and kayaking.

A view in Telluride from the ski slopes by Mountain Village.

The new population opposed town growth and economic expansion, including growth due to tourism and skiing. At one point, a serious effort was made to ban cars from the city limits and force visitors to use horse-drawn carts. The 1970s had fluctuating snowfalls and economic recession. However, the town’s now famous music and film festivals were immune from anti-growth criticism and flourished. These festivals exposed hundreds of thousands to the grandeur of the valley for the first time and created iconic associations with elite entertainers. Meanwhile, ski area founder Joe Zoline worked to develop one of the best mountains in North America for expert skiers and created infrastructure for tourism which respected Telluride's need to stay small and beautiful.

As the final ore carts were rolling out of the Pandora mine, tourists began to seriously discover Telluride for its magnificent views, expert skiing, and famous autumn color changes. After the brutal snow drought of 1976 which nearly wiped out the embryonic ski and lodging industry, the town started to rebound economically. In 1978, a stake of the ski area was bought by Ron Allred and his partner Jim Wells to form the Telluride Company. The new owners expanded the infrastructure by adding a gondola connecting Telluride with the Mountain Village.

During the 1980s, Telluride developed a reputation for being "Colorado's best kept secret", which paradoxically made it one of the more well-known resort communities. Wealthy skiers flocked to the world-class mountain all winter, and sightseers kept hotel rooms full all summer. In the 1980s, Telluride also became notorious in the drug counterculture for being a drop point for Mexican smugglers and a favorite place for wealthy importers to enjoy downtime. The town was even featured in the hit song by Glenn Frey from Miami Vice, "Smugglers Blues". For this time, Telluride was living up to its Wild West history. This type of attention, helped to differentiate Telluride from Aspen. The festivals and Telluride's bad-boy town image attracted celebrities like Tom Cruise, Oprah Winfrey, and Oliver Stone. By the mid-1990s, Telluride had shed both its mining personality and drug image to establish itself as a premier resort town balancing modern culture with fascinating western history. In 2003, Prospect Bowl, an extension to the ski area opened, providing the resort with many new trails and runs. In 2007–08, the ski area opened some of the most extreme, in-bound, hike-to terrain in the country. Most lifts in the area are high-speed quad chairs capable of holding four passengers. The highest lift on the mountain reaches an elevation of 12,570 feet.

Telluride from a gondola ascending to Mountain Village.

Telluride has a free box that is well supported by the community.[11]

Geography

Telluride is located at an elevation of 8,750 feet (2,670 m) in an isolated spot in Southwest Colorado. From the west, Colorado Route 145 is the most common way into Telluride; however, there are two alternate passes to enter the town, Imogene Pass and Black Bear Pass.

On the eastern side of town, there are two waterfalls: Ingram Falls, which is visible from town, and Bridal Veil Falls and the Bridal Veil Hydroelectric plant, which are just out of sight from town to the right of Ingram. The power plant house was leased for a period of time by Eric Jacobsen, who restored the house and the generator inside. The hydroelectric plant was built in 1895 to power the Smuggler-Union Mine.

The town is served by air transportation via Telluride Regional Airport (TEX), once the highest elevation commercial airport in the United States. The airport is considered challenging by pilots because of frequent adverse weather conditions, high elevation, and the extremely rugged mountain terrain which surrounds the airport on nearly all sides. Major airline service is provided seasonally into Montrose (MTJ), approximately 70 miles (110 km) north by road.

Climate

Telluride has a humid continental climate (Dfb). The coldest month is January, averaging 21.0 and the hottest is July which averages 59.9. Precipitation peaks as snow in winter and as thunderstorms in summer with a dry period in late spring. However, it gets decent precipitation all year due to its altitude.

Climate data for Telluride 4WNW 1981-2010, extremes 1900 to present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 58
(14)		 65
(18)		 73
(23)		 78
(26)		 83
(28)		 91
(33)		 96
(36)		 91
(33)		 88
(31)		 83
(28)		 73
(23)		 60
(16)		 96
(36)
Average high °F (°C) 37.5
(3.1)		 39.5
(4.2)		 44.5
(6.9)		 52.9
(11.6)		 62.6
(17)		 73.2
(22.9)		 77.5
(25.3)		 74.7
(23.7)		 68.1
(20.1)		 58.5
(14.7)		 45.5
(7.5)		 37.2
(2.9)		 55.98
(13.32)
Average low °F (°C) 4.5
(−15.3)		 8.9
(−12.8)		 15.7
(−9.1)		 23.7
(−4.6)		 30.8
(−0.7)		 36.1
(2.3)		 42.2
(5.7)		 42.3
(5.7)		 35.2
(1.8)		 25.6
(−3.6)		 15.5
(−9.2)		 5.8
(−14.6)		 23.86
(−4.53)
Record low °F (°C) −32
(−36)		 −36
(−38)		 −24
(−31)		 −10
(−23)		 3
(−16)		 15
(−9)		 26
(−3)		 22
(−6)		 9
(−13)		 0
(−18)		 −22
(−30)		 −31
(−35)		 −36
(−38)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.49
(37.8)		 1.58
(40.1)		 2.02
(51.3)		 1.94
(49.3)		 1.81
(46)		 1.12
(28.4)		 2.50
(63.5)		 3.02
(76.7)		 2.68
(68.1)		 1.92
(48.8)		 1.87
(47.5)		 1.46
(37.1)		 23.41
(594.6)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 27.7
(70.4)		 26.3
(66.8)		 34.7
(88.1)		 20.0
(50.8)		 8.3
(21.1)		 0.4
(1)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 1.0
(2.5)		 8.6
(21.8)		 24.4
(62)		 25.6
(65)		 177
(449.5)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 10.0 10.1 11.8 10.5 8.9 6.9 13.5 16.6 12.2 9.3 8.9 10.0 128.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 9.8 9.4 10.4 6.8 2.3 0.1 0 0 0.4 2.9 7.2 9.7 59
Source: Nowdata, Telluride 4WNW from Grand Junction area

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
1890766—
19002,446219.3%
19101,756−28.2%
19201,618−7.9%
1930512−68.4%
19401,337161.1%
19501,101−17.7%
1960677−38.5%
1970553−18.3%
19801,04789.3%
19901,30925.0%
20002,22169.7%
20102,3254.7%
Est. 20162,444[4]5.1%
U.S. Decennial Census[12]

As of the census[13] of 2000, there were 2,221 people, 1,013 households, and 357 families residing in the town. The population density was 3,143.3 people per square mile (1,207.8/km²). There were 1,938 housing units at an average density of 2,742.8 per square mile (1,053.9/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 92.57% White, 0.81% Native American, 0.72% Asian, 0.41% African American, 4.14% from other races, and 1.35% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.20% of the population.

There were 1,013 households out of which 19.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 25.2% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 64.7% were non-families. 31.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 1.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.79.

In the town, the population was spread out with 14.3% under the age of 18, 12.2% from 18 to 24, 50.9% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 1.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 122.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 127.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $51,938, and the median income for a family was $66,136. Males had a median income of $35,329 versus $30,096 for females. The per capita income for the town was $38,832. About 8.5% of families and 11.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.2% of those under age 18 and 6.9% of those age 65 or over.

Tourism

Beyond the ski lifts, Telluride is now widely recognized as an all-season resort. Telluride Ski Resort is definitely the main attraction in the winter. But when summer comes around, Telluride transforms into an outdoor recreation hot spot, with tourists visiting to enjoy mountain biking, hiking, river rafting, sightseeing and more. The Telluride Tourism Board promotes tourism in the region.

Telluride is also home to many endurance events. The Hardrock 100, held in July, has a major aid station in the town park. The Fall Tilt, a 12-hour downhill mountain biking event, is held in Mountain Village each September. And the 40-mile Telluride Mountain Run loops the town in a wide swathe that includes some of the most difficult and scenic trails in the area.

Transportation

Telluride is served by Telluride Regional Airport. However, the scheduled flight options are limited, due to the airport's somewhat short runway and frequent closures under bad weather. Therefore, most of the passengers going to Telluride use Montrose Regional Airport, located 67 miles to the north.

Free public transportation is provided in Telluride. The bus system, called Galloping Goose, makes a complete loop around the town and the Gondola links Telluride with Mountain Village.[14] The Galloping Goose also has another bus that goes to Lawson hill and Norwood.

Major highways
Mountain passes

There are two alternate passes to enter the town: Imogene Pass and Black Bear Pass (both Imogene and Black Bear passes require high clearance or four wheel drive vehicles).

Downtown Telluride during the 3rd Annual Jazz Festival, August 1979

Telluride and the area surrounding it has had a notable effect on pop culture. Historic Telluride figures prominently in Thomas Pynchon's Against the Day. Telluride was the subject of an essay by Edward Abbey, and Modern Telluride is the setting of Raymond H. Ring's 1988 detective novel Telluride Smile. Telluride is mentioned in the song "Smuggler's Blues" by Glenn Frey, and is the subject of and eponymous songs by The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band in 1985, Kate Wolf, and Tim McGraw in 2001, which was re-recorded by Josh Gracin in 2008. It was the setting of the 1998 movie Scrapple, directed by Christopher Hansen. Local residents and common visitors, some of which have shown up for The Telluride Film Festival, have included John Denver, Bob Dylan, Daryl Hannah, Diablo Cody, Jerry Seinfeld, Greg Kinnear, Ed Helms, Nicolas Cage, P!nk, Jason Schwartzman, Sean Penn, Oprah Winfrey, Meg Whitman and Tom Cruise.

The short-lived early 1990s hard rock group T-Ride took their name from a commonly used contraction of Telluride. They seem to have chosen this name at least in part because of the theory that "Telluride" is itself a contraction of "To Hell You Ride". The song "Ride" from their album T-Ride includes the lyric "Te-hell-ya Ride".

Originally a mining town, Telluride now is known for its ski resort, Telluride Ski Resort. In the summer, there are festivals almost every weekend, including Mountainfilm in Telluride, the Telluride Film Festival, Telluride Blues & Brews Festival, the Telluride Wine Festival, the Mushroom Festival, the Nothing Day Festival and the Telluride Bluegrass Festival.

UK rock group Chapel Club released a song named after the town on their 2010 Wintering EP.

Fall colors.

The movie The Hateful Eight by Quentin Tarantino conducted its principal photography on December 8, 2014, in Colorado on the Schmid Ranch near Telluride[15]

See also

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 "Active Colorado Municipalities". State of Colorado, Department of Local Affairs. Retrieved 2007-09-01.
  2. ↑ "Colorado County Seats". State of Colorado, Department of Public Health and Environment. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  3. ↑ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Jul 25, 2017.
  4. 1 2 "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  5. ↑ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  6. ↑ "2010 Census Interactive Population Search". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
  7. ↑ Voynick, S.M., 1992, Colorado Gold, Missoula: Mountain Press Publishing Company, ISBN 0878424555
  8. ↑ Gruver, Mead (August 15, 2011). "Old text, new wrinkles: Did Butch Cassidy survive?". Associated Press. Retrieved August 15, 2011.
  9. ↑ Clark, Jerry. "Telluride, Colorado – Mile Post 45.1 – Elev. 8,756ft". The Narrow Gauge Circle. Mark L. Evans. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
  10. 1 2 D. M. Mattox, The Foundations of Vacuum Coating Technology, page 39
  11. ↑ Waring, Lise (June 9, 2010). "The Free Box Provides". The Huffington Post.
  12. ↑ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  13. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  14. ↑ "Gondola". Telluride.com. Retrieved 2016-01-02.
  15. ↑ "Quentin Tarantino Starts Shooting ‘Hateful Eight’". Variety (magazine). Retrieved 5 January 2016.

Further reading

Barbour, Elizabeth (1999). Images of America: Telluride. San Francisco, CA: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-4850-2. 
Benjamin, Eileen (2000). Telluride: Landscapes and Dreams. Telluride, CO: Montoya Publishing. ISBN 0-9679986-0-3. 
Buys, Christian J. (2003). A brief history of Telluride. Montrose, CO: Western Reflections. ISBN 1-890437-83-2. 
Buys, Christian J. (2006). Historic Historic Telluride in rare photographs. Ouray, CO: Western Reflections. ISBN 1-890437-02-6. 
"The Idarado Legacy" (PDF). Denver, CO: Idorado Mining Company, subsidiary of Newmont Mining Corporation. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2008. 
Lavender, David (1999). The Telluride Story. Photography by George H. H. Huey. Ouray, CO: Wayfinder Press. ISBN 0-9608764-6-4. 
Martin, MaryJoy. The Corpse On Boomerang Road: Telluride's War on Labor 1899–1908. Montrose, CO: Western Reflections Publishing Company. ISBN 1-932738-02-9. 
Pera, Davine (2000). Conversations at 9,000 feet : a collection of oral histories from Telluride, Colorado. Ouray, CO: Western Reflections. ISBN 1-890437-53-0. 
Richey, Duke (2000). The mountains are the story : a history of Telluride for children. Illustrated by the children of Telluride Elementary School. Telluride, CO: Between the Covers Bookstore. ISBN 0-9706361-0-5. 
Smith, Duane A. (2003). A visit with the Tomboy Bride : Harriet Backus and her friends. Montrose CO: Western Reflections Pub. Co. ISBN 1-890437-87-5. 
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