Knockout

Ingemar Johansson knocks Floyd Patterson out, becoming boxing heavyweight champion of the world (June 26, 1959).

A knockout (abbreviated to KO or K.O.) is a fight-ending, winning criterion in several full-contact combat sports, such as boxing, kickboxing, muay thai, mixed martial arts, karate, some forms of taekwondo and other sports involving striking. A full knockout is considered any legal strike or combination thereof that renders an opponent unable to continue fighting.

The term is often associated with a sudden traumatic loss of consciousness caused by a physical blow. Single powerful blows to the head (particularly the jawline and temple) can produce a cerebral concussion or a carotid sinus reflex with syncope and cause a sudden, dramatic KO. Body blows, particularly the liver punch, can cause progressive, debilitating pain that can also result in a KO.

In boxing and kickboxing, a knockout is usually awarded when one participant falls to the canvas and is unable to rise to their feet within a specified period of time, typically because of exhaustion, pain, disorientation, or unconsciousness. For example, if a boxer is knocked down and is unable to continue the fight within a ten-second count, they are counted as having been knocked out and their opponent is awarded the KO victory.

In mixed martial arts (MMA) competitions, no time count is given after a knockdown, as the sport allows submission grappling as well as ground and pound. If a fighter loses consciousness ("goes limp") as a result of legal strikes it is declared a KO.^[1] Even if the fighter loses consciousness for a brief moment and wakes up again to continue to fight, the fight is stopped and declared a KO.^[2] As many MMA fights can take place on the mat rather than standing, it is possible to score a KO via ground and pound, a common victory for grapplers.

Technical knockout

A technical knockout (TKO or T.K.O.), or stoppage, is declared when the referee or official ring physician decides that a fighter cannot safely continue the match. In boxing, for a KO to occur a fighter must fail to beat the count, so TKO refers to any situation when the referee, cornerman, physician, or fighter stops the fight any time during a round when there is no ten count, most notably when a fighter has been knocked down three times in one round, which ends the match in most regions.^[3] The referee can stop the fight at any time if they feel a fighter cannot safely continue, for example if a fighter has been down once and isn't doing enough to defend themselves when they get back up. In boxing, if a fighter is knocked down and the referee stops the bout without a count, this also counts as TKO. However, TKO can only occur when the fight is stopped by the referee, mid round while the clock is running or between rounds when the clock is stopped. The exception is if a fight is stopped between rounds by a fighter's corner pulling him out or the fighter quitting, this counts as "referee technical decision" (RTD) which, like TKO, counts as a knockout in a boxer's record. In both boxing and MMA the referee declares TKO when a fighter is not intelligently defending himself while being repeatedly struck.^[1] In amateur boxing, a knockout is scored as "referee stopped contest" (RSC), and a technical knockout ("outclassed") can also be declared if a fighter is behind by 15 points in a bout.

Types of technical knockouts:

• Doctor's stoppage/injury: The fighter has suffered an injury and cannot continue the match safely. In some cases, an accidental injury (such as clash of heads), once a match becomes official (more than half the distance, or four rounds, in most jurisdictions) is grounds for the fight being declared finished, and valid decision is made.
• Corner stoppage/retirement: The fighter is being completely battered, to the point where it is too dangerous for him to continue. In some cases, the fighter may have been injured. The fighter's corner decides to surrender on the fighter's behalf to prevent unnecessary damage or potential injury. (This is also known as "throwing in the towel".) If the towel is thrown in by the corner at any time during the fight then TKO would be the result, but if a fighter is pulled out at the end of a round during the minute rest period by their corner, the result is RTD.
• Stoppage because of strikes: The fighter is overwhelmed by strikes (blows) and cannot intelligently defend himself. The referee intervenes to avoid unnecessary damage or potential injury.
• Multiple knockdowns: The fighter is knocked down three times during a single round (common rule in most boxing and kickboxing contests), or in some sanctioning bodies, four in a fight. Does not apply to MMA.

A technical knockout goes down as a knockout in a boxer's record, but as a TKO in an MMA fighter's record.

Physical characteristics

A knockout can be characterized by unconsciousness.

Little is known about what exactly causes one to be knocked unconscious, but many agree it is related to trauma to the brain stem. This usually happens when the head rotates sharply, often as a result of a strike. There are three general manifestations of such trauma:

• a typical knockout, which results in a sustained (three seconds or more) loss of consciousness (comparable to general anesthesia, when the recipient emerges and has lost memory of the event),
• a "flash" knockout, when a very transient (less than three seconds) loss of consciousness occurs, and the recipient often maintains awareness and memory of the combat
• a "stunning," when the consciousness is maintained despite extremely distorted proprioception, visual fields, and auditory processing.

A basic principle of boxing and other combat sports is to defend against this vulnerability by keeping both hands raised about the face and the chin tucked in.

A fighter who becomes unconscious from a strike with sufficient knockout power is referred to as having been knocked out or KO'd (kay-ode). Losing balance without losing consciousness is referred to as being knocked down ("down but not out"). Repeated blows to the head are known to gradually cause permanent brain damage. In severe cases this may cause strokes or paralysis. This loss of consciousness is commonly known as becoming "punch drunk" or "shot". Because of this, many physicians advise against sports involving knockouts.^[4]

Fighters who lose by knockout (either by ten count or technical) are automatically suspended for 30 days, three months if it is the second knockout within three months, or one year if it is the third knockout within one year. In AIBA competition, this does not apply if a fighter who loses by a technical knockout is outclassed or when a fighter is behind more than 20 points (15 for junior levels) in any round except the final round.

Knockdown

A boxer is knocked down and receives the 10 count.

A knockdown occurs when a fighter touches the floor of the ring with any part of the body other than the feet following a hit, but is able to rise back up and continue fighting. The term is also used if the fighter is hanging on to the ropes, caught between the ropes, or is hanging over the ropes and is unable to fall to the floor and cannot protect himself. A knockdown triggers a count by the referee; if the fighter fails the count, then the fight is ended as a KO.^[5]

A flash knockdown is a knockdown where the fighter hits the canvas but recovers quickly enough that a count is not started.^[5]

Knockout records

Top 10 boxers by most KOs

1. Billy Bird (138)^[6]
2. Archie Moore (131)
3. Young Stribling (129)
4. Sam Langford (128)
5. Buck Smith (120)
6. Kid Azteca (114)
7. George Odwell (111)^[7]
8. Sugar Ray Robinson, Alabama Kid (108)^[8]
9. Peter Maher (107)
10. Sandy Saddler (103)

Top 10 boxing champions (including interims) by KO %

Inactive National Boxing Association, World Colored Boxing Championship as well as list on List of current world boxing champions and European Boxing Union.

1. Edwin Valero, Anthony Joshua, Artur Beterbiev (100%)
2. Deontay Wilder (97.0%)
3. Gervonta Davis, Yunier Dorticos (95.0%)
4. Jonathan Guzmán (92.0%)
5. Carlos Zarate, Gennady Golovkin (90.0%)
6. Rocky Marciano, Wilfredo Gomez, Aaron Pryor, Laila Ali (88.0%)
7. Vitali Klitschko, Óscar Valdez (87.0%)
8. Khaosai Galaxy, Eduard Troyanovsky, Daniel Jacobs, Oleksandr Gvozdyk, Gerald McClellan, Miguel Berchelt (85.0%)
9. Naseem Hamed, Alfonso Zamora, Frank Bruno (84.0%)
10. Naoya Inoue, Mikey Garcia, Oleksandr Usyk (83.0%)

Top 10 MMA fighters by most KOs

1. Travis Fulton (92)
2. Gilbert Yvel (32)
3. Igor Vovchanchyn, Alexander Shlemenko (29)
4. Wanderlei Silva, Melvin Manhoef (27)
5. Paul Daley (26)
6. Maiquel Falcao, Mirko Filipovic (23)
7. Travis Wiuff (22)
8. Melvin Guillard (21)
9. Paul Buentello, Robbie Lawler, Ben Rothwell, Anderson Silva, Tim Sylvia (20)
10. Gegard Mousasi, Mauricio Rua, Hector Lombard (19)

Top 10 MMA (Champions, Challengers) Fighters by KO %

Fighters from inactive Pride Fighting Championships and active UFC/Bellator plus champions and former champions from other organizations.

1. Conor McGregor (81%)
2. Cristiane Justino (76.43%)
3. Cain Velasquez (73.3334%)
4. Vitor Belfort (72%)
5. Cung Le (66.66)
6. Travis Browne (65%)
7. Junior dos Santos (64.7%)
8. Maiquel Falcao (63.88%)
9. Muhammed Lawal, Alexander Volkov (63.64%)
10. Holly Holm, Stipe Miocic (60%)

Most consecutive KOs

• Boxing: Lamar Clark (44)^[9]
• MMA: Travis Fulton (10)

Most 1st round KOs and most consecutive 1st round KOs

• Boxing: Peter Maher (50)
• Consecutive/Boxing: Ali Raymi (21)
• MMA: Travis Fulton (68)
• Consecutive/MMA: Igor Vovchanchyn, Travis Fulton (7)

Top 10 K-1 and K-2 kickboxers by most KOs

1. Changpuek Kiatsongrit (178)
2. Badr Hari (92)
3. Andy Souwer (87)
4. Mike Zambidis (86)
5. Branko Cikatic (82)
6. Manson Gibson (80)
7. Peter Aerts (78)
8. Rob Kaman (77)
9. Jerome Le Banner (64)
10. Ernesto Hoost (62)

See also

• Boxing styles and technique
• Chin (combat sports)
• Full contact karate
• Punch (combat)
• Punching power
• Taekwondo
• Touchless knockout

References

External links

• KO statistics of Mike Tyson, Wladimir Klitschko, Earnie Shavers, George Foreman and other heavyweight boxers
• All famous MMA knockouts
• Knockout Multimedia
• The differences between knockouts and concussions; a simple discussion for beginning boxers
• http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/cbzforum/showthread.php?1450-Most-Knockouts-Career