Technetium (99mTc) albumin aggregated

Technetium (99mTc) albumin aggregated
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Technetium 99mTc macro aggregated albumin (99mTc-MAA) is an injectable radiopharmaceutical used in nuclear medicine. It consists of a sterile aqueous suspension of Technetium-99m (99mTc) labeled to human albumin aggregate particles. It is commonly used for lung perfusion scanning. It is also less commonly used to visualise a peritoneovenous shunt and for isotope venography.[1][2]

Preparation

Kits for preparing 99mTc-MAA are available in the United States from only a single manufacturer; Jubilant DraxImage. The kits are delivered to nuclear pharmacies as lyophilized powders of non-radioactive ingredients sealed under nitrogen. A nuclear pharmacist adds anywhere from 50 - 100 mCi of Na99mTc to the reaction vial to make the final product, in the pH range of 3.8 to 8.0. After being allowed to set at room temperature for 15 minutes to ensure maximum tagging of 99mTc to the human albumin, the kit can then be diluted with sterile normal saline as needed.

Once prepared the product will have a turbid white appearance.[3]

Quality control

No less than 90% of MAA particles can be between 10 - 90 micrometres in size and no particles may exceed 150 micrometres due to the risk of pulmonary artery blockade.[3][4] No less than 90% of the radioactivity present in the product must be tagged to albumin particles. Thus, no more than 10% soluble impurities may be present.[5]

Dosage and imaging

The typical adult dose for a lung imaging study is 40-150 Megabecquerels (1-4 mCi) (containing between 100,000 - 200,000 albumin particles).[6][7] The particle burden should be lowered for most pediatric patients and lowered to 50,000 for infants.[8] The use of more than 250,000 particles in a dose is controversial as little extra data is acquired from such scans while there is an increased risk of toxicity.[9][10] Patients with pulmonary hypertension should be administered a minimum amount of particles to achieve a lung scan (i.e. 60,000). In any patient by administering a greater amount of particles than necessary for the diagnostic procedure increases the risks of toxicity.

Because of gravity effects, patients administered 99mTc MAA should be in the supine position to ensure as even a distribution of particles throughout the lungs as possible.

The total percentage of particles trapped in the lungs can be determined through a whole body scan after the administration of 99mTc MAA through the equation:

.

References

  1. ↑ MacDonald, A.; Burrell, S. (14 August 2008). "Infrequently Performed Studies in Nuclear Medicine: Part 1". Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology. 36 (3): 132–143. PMID 18703616. doi:10.2967/jnmt.108.051383.
  2. ↑ Gandhi, SunnyJ; Babu, Sanjay; Subramanyam, Padma; Sundaram, PalaniswamyShanmuga (2013). "Tc-99m macro aggregated albumin scintigraphy - indications other than pulmonary embolism: A pictorial essay". Indian Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 28 (3): 152. PMC 3822414 Freely accessible. doi:10.4103/0972-3919.119546.
  3. 1 2 Saha, Gopal B. (1992). "Quality Control of Radiopharmaceuticals". Fundamentals of nuclear pharmacy (3rd ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-1-4757-4027-1. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-4027-1_8.
  4. ↑ Fukuoka, Masamichi; Kobayashi, Tetsu; Satoh, Takemichi; Tanaka, Akira; Akiko, Kubodera (July 1993). "Studies of quality control of 99mTc-labelled macroaggregated albumin—Part 1. Aggregation of non-mercaptalbumin and its conformation". Nuclear Medicine and Biology. 20 (5): 643–648. PMID 8358350. doi:10.1016/0969-8051(93)90034-R.
  5. ↑ British Pharmacopoeia Commission (2016). "Technetium (99mTc) Albumin Injection". British Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur. 9.0 ed.). ISBN 9780113230204.
  6. ↑ Bajc, M.; Neilly, J. B.; Miniati, M.; Schuemichen, C.; Meignan, M.; Jonson, B. (27 June 2009). "EANM guidelines for ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy". European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 36 (8): 1356–1370. PMID 19562336. doi:10.1007/s00259-009-1170-5.
  7. ↑ Parker, J. A.; Coleman, R. E.; Grady, E.; Royal, H. D.; Siegel, B. A.; Stabin, M. G.; Sostman, H. D.; Hilson, A. J. W. (26 January 2012). "SNM Practice Guideline for Lung Scintigraphy 4.0". Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology. 40 (1): 57–65. PMID 22282651. doi:10.2967/jnmt.111.101386.
  8. ↑ Zolle, Ilse (2007). "Monographs of 99mTc Pharmaceuticals". Technetium-99m pharmaceuticals (1st ed.). Berlin: Springer. p. 187. ISBN 978-3-540-33989-2.
  9. ↑ Dworkin, HJ; Gutkowski, RF; Porter, W; Potter, M (March 1977). "Effect of particle number on lung perfusion images: concise communication.". Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 18 (3): 260–2. PMID 839273.
  10. ↑ Kaplan, W D; Come, S E; Takvorian, R W; Laffin, S M; Gelman, R S; Weiss, G R; Garnick, M B (November 1984). "Pulmonary uptake of technetium 99m macroaggregated albumin: a predictor of gastrointestinal toxicity during hepatic artery perfusion.". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2 (11): 1266–1269. PMID 6491704. doi:10.1200/JCO.1984.2.11.1266.

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