Tacoma, Washington

Tacoma, Washington
City
City of Tacoma

Flag
Seal
Nickname(s): City of Destiny, Grit City

Location of Tacoma in
Pierce County and Washington State
Tacoma, Washington

Location in the United States

Coordinates: 47°14′29″N 122°27′34″W / 47.24139°N 122.45944°W / 47.24139; -122.45944Coordinates: 47°14′29″N 122°27′34″W / 47.24139°N 122.45944°W / 47.24139; -122.45944
Country United States
State Washington
County Pierce
Incorporated November 12, 1875
Government
 • Type Council-manager
 • Mayor Marilyn Strickland (D)
Area[1]
 • City 62.34 sq mi (161.46 km2)
 • Land 49.72 sq mi (128.77 km2)
 • Water 12.62 sq mi (32.69 km2)
Elevation 243 ft (74 m)
Population (2010)[2]
 • City 198,397
 • Estimate (2015)[3] 207,948
 • Rank US: 106th
 • Density 3,990.3/sq mi (1,540.7/km2)
 • Metro 3,733,580 (US: 15th)
Demonym(s) Tacoman (plural: Tacomans)
Time zone PST (UTC−8)
 • Summer (DST) PDT (UTC−7)
ZIP codes

Area code 253
FIPS code 53-70000
GNIS feature ID 1512713[5]
Website www.cityoftacoma.org

Tacoma (/təˈkoʊmə/ tə-KOH-mə) is a mid-sized urban port city in and the county seat of Pierce County, Washington, United States.[6] The city is on Washington's Puget Sound, 32 miles (51 km) southwest of Seattle, 31 miles (50 km) northeast of the state capital, Olympia, and 58 miles (93 km) northwest of Mount Rainier National Park. The population was 198,397, according to the 2010 census.[7] Tacoma is the second-largest city in the Puget Sound area and the third largest in the state. Tacoma also serves as the center of business activity for the South Sound region, which has a population of around 1 million people.

Tacoma adopted its name after the nearby Mount Rainier, originally called Takhoma or Tahoma. It is locally known as the "City of Destiny" because the area was chosen to be the western terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad in the late 19th century. The decision of the railroad was influenced by Tacoma's neighboring deep-water harbor, Commencement Bay. By connecting the bay with the railroad, Tacoma's motto became "When rails meet sails". Commencement Bay serves the Port of Tacoma, a center of international trade on the Pacific Coast and Washington State's largest port.

Like most central cities, Tacoma suffered a prolonged decline in the mid-20th century as a result of suburbanization and divestment. Since the 1990s, developments in the downtown core include the University of Washington Tacoma; Tacoma Link, the first modern electric light rail service in the state; the state's highest density of art and history museums; and a restored urban waterfront, the Thea Foss Waterway. Neighborhoods such as the 6th Avenue District have become revitalized.

Tacoma has been named one of the most livable areas in the United States.[8] In 2006, Tacoma was listed as one of the "most walkable" cities in the country.[9] That same year, the women's magazine Self named Tacoma the "Most Sexually Healthy City" in the United States.[10]

Tacoma gained notoriety in 1940 for the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, which earned the nickname "Galloping Gertie".

History

Early History

View of the Port of Tacoma from Brown's Point on Mt. Rainier, 2009.

The city of Tacoma and surrounding areas were inhabited for thousands of years by American Indians, predominantly the Puyallup people, who lived in settlements on the delta.

In 1852, a Swede named Nicolas Delin constructed a water-powered sawmill on a creek near the head of Commencement Bay, but the small settlement that grew around it was abandoned during the Indian War of 1855–56. In 1864, pioneer and postmaster Job Carr, a Civil War veteran and land speculator, built a cabin (which also served as Tacoma's first post office; a replica was erected in 2000 near the original site in "Old Town").[11] Carr hoped to profit from the selection of Commencement Bay as the terminus of the Transcontinental Railroad, and sold most of his claim to developer Morton M. McCarver (1807–1875), who named his project Tacoma City, derived from the indigenous name for the mountain.

Tacoma was incorporated on November 12, 1875, following its selection in 1873 as the western terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad due to lobbying by McCarver, future mayor John Wilson Sprague, and others. However, the railroad built its depot on "New Tacoma", two miles (3 km) south of the Carr–McCarver development. The two communities grew together and joined, merging on January 7, 1884. The transcontinental link was effected in 1887, and the population grew from 1,098 in 1880 to 36,006 in 1890. Rudyard Kipling visited Tacoma in 1889 and said it was "literally staggering under a boom of the boomiest".[12]

The Commencement Bay Land and Improvement Co. played a major role in the city's early growth.

George Francis Train was a resident for a few years in the late 19th century. In 1890, he staged a global circumnavigation starting and ending in Tacoma to promote the city. A plaque in downtown Tacoma marks the start and finish line.

In November 1885, white citizens led by then-mayor Jacob Weisbach expelled several hundred Chinese residents peacefully living in the city. As described by the account prepared by the Chinese Reconciliation Project Foundation, on the morning of November 3, "several hundred men, led by the mayor and other city officials, evicted the Chinese from their homes, corralled them at 7th Street and Pacific Avenue, marched them to the railway station at Lakeview and forced them aboard the morning train to Portland, Oregon. The next day two Chinese settlements were burned to the ground."

The discovery of gold in the Klondike in 1898 led to Tacoma's prominence in the region being eclipsed by the development of Seattle.

A major tragedy marred the end of the 19th century, when a streetcar accident resulted in significant loss of life on July 4, 1900.

Early 20th century

Downtown, early 20th century

From May to August 1907, the city was the site of a smelter workers' strike organized by Local 545 of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), with the goal of a fifty-cent per day pay raise.[13][14] The strike was strongly opposed by the local business community, and the smelter owners threatened to blacklist organizers and union officials. The IWW opposed this move by trying to persuade inbound workers to avoid Tacoma for the duration of the strike.[15] By August, the strike had ended without meeting its demands.[13]

Tacoma was briefly (1915–1922) a major destination for big-time automobile racing, with one of the nation's top-rated racing venues located just outside the city limits, at the site of today's Clover Park Technical College.

The Great Depression

The 1929 crash of the stock market, resulting in the Great Depression, was only the first event in a series of bad misfortunes to hit Tacoma in the winter of 1929–30. One of the coldest winters on record, Tacoma experienced mass power outages and eventually the shutdown of major power supply dams, leaving the city without sufficient power and heat.[16] During the 30-day power shortage in the winter of 1929 and 1930, Tacoma was provided with electricity from the engines of the aircraft carrier USS Lexington.[17][18]

A power grid failure paired with a newly rewritten city constitution – put into place in order to keep political power away from a single entity such as the railroad – created a standstill in the ability to further the local economy. Local businesses were affected as the sudden stop of loans limited progression of expansion and renewal funds for maintenance, leading to foreclosures.[19] Families across the city experienced the fallout of economic depression as breadwinners sought to provide for their families. Shanty-town politics began to develop as the destitute needed some form of leadership to keep the peace.[20]

Tacoma's Hooverville

Tacoma Hooverville timeline[21][22]
  • 1924 – Tacoma starts feeling the coming economic crises; homeless settle on the waterfront.
  • 1927 – Tacoma's Hooverville is coined "Hollywood" due to the type of crimes at the camp.
  • 1932–1934 – Hollywood suffers problems stemming from alcohol and suicides.
  • 1937 – Tacoma committee assesses the "Real Social Problem" of the shanty town.
  • 1940 – After eviction notices fail, the police department attempt to burn-down Hooverville.
  • 1956 – The last occupant is removed and police burn and flatten the remains of the settlement.

At the intersection of Dock Street EXD and East D Street in the train yard, a shanty town became the solution to the growing scar of the depression. Tacoma's Hooverville grew in 1924 as the homeless community settled on the waterfront. The population boomed in November 1930 through early 1931 as families from the neighboring McKinley and Hilltop areas were evicted.

Collecting scraps of metal and wood from local lumber stores and recycling centers, families began building shanties (shacks) for shelter. Alcoholism and suicide became a common event in the Hooverville that eventually led to its nickname of "Hollywood on the Tide Flats", because of the Hollywood-style crimes and events taking place in the camp. In 1956, the last occupant of "Hollywood" was evicted and the police used fire to level the grounds and make room for industrial growth.[23]

In 1935, Tacoma received national attention when George Weyerhaeuser, the nine-year-old son of prominent lumber industry executive J.P. Weyerhaeuser, was kidnapped[24] while walking home from school. FBI agents from Portland handled the case, in which a ransom of $200,000 secured the release of the victim. Four persons were apprehended and convicted, the last to be released was paroled from McNeil Island in 1963. George Weyerhaeuser went on to become chairman of the Board of the Weyerhaeuser Company.

Post-WWII

In 1951, an investigation by a state legislative committee revealed widespread corruption in Tacoma's government, which had been organized commission-style since 1910. Voters approved a mayor and city-manager system in 1952.

Tacoma was featured prominently in the garage rock sound of the mid-1960s with bands including The Wailers and The Sonics. The surf rock band The Ventures were also from Tacoma.

Downtown Tacoma experienced a long decline through the mid-20th century. Harold Moss, later the city's mayor, characterized late-1970s Tacoma as looking "bombed out" like "downtown Beirut" (a reference to the Lebanese Civil War that occurred at that time); "Streets were abandoned, storefronts were abandoned and City Hall was the headstone and Union Station the footstone" on the grave of downtown.[25]

The first local referendums in the U.S. on computerized voting occurred in Tacoma in 1982 and 1987. On both occasions, voters rejected the computer voting systems that local officials sought to purchase. The campaigns, organized by Eleanora Ballasiotes, a conservative Republican, focused on the vulnerabilities of computers to fraud.[26] In 1998, Tacoma installed a high-speed fiber optic network throughout the community. The municipally owned power company, Tacoma Power, wired the city.

Downtown revival

Aerial view of central Tacoma. Commencement Bay is at lower right.

Beginning in the early 1990s, city residents and planners took steps to revitalize Tacoma, particularly its downtown. Among the projects were the federal courthouse in the former Union Station (1991); the adaptation of a group of century-old brick warehouses into a branch campus of the University of Washington; the numerous privately financed renovation projects near the campus; the Washington State History Museum (1996), echoing the architecture of Union Station; the Museum of Glass (2002); the Tacoma Art Museum (2003); and the region's first light-rail line (2003).[27] The glass and steel Greater Tacoma Convention and Trade Center opened in November 2004.[28] America's Car Museum was completed in late 2011 near the Tacoma Dome.

The Theatre District of downtown Tacoma is anchored by the Pantages Theater (first opened in 1918). The Broadway Center for the Performing Arts[29] manages the Pantages, the Rialto Theater, and the Theatre on the Square, as well as Tacoma Little Theatre. Other attractions include the Grand Cinema and the Temple Theatre.

Crime

Tacoma's Hilltop neighborhood struggled with crime in the 1980s and early 1990s, but the neighborhood is now experiencing gentrification. The beginning of the 21st Century has seen a marked reduction in crime, while neighborhoods have enacted community policing and other policies.[30] Bill Baarsma (mayor, 2002–2010) was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition,[31] a bi-partisan group with a stated goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets." The coalition was co-chaired by Boston Mayor Thomas Menino and New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg.

In 2004, Tacoma was ranked among the top 30 Most Livable Communities in an annual survey conducted by the Partners for Livable Communities.[32] In 2009, Tacoma elected its second African-American mayor, Marilyn Strickland.

Geography

Tacoma is at 47°14′29″N 122°27′34″W / 47.24139°N 122.45944°W / 47.24139; -122.45944 (47.241371, −122.459389).[33] Its elevation is 381 feet (116 m).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 62.34 square miles (161.46 km2), of which 49.72 square miles (128.77 km2) is land and 12.62 square miles (32.69 km2) is water.[1]

Tacoma straddles the neighboring Commencement Bay with several smaller cities surrounding it. Large areas of Tacoma have views of Mount Rainier. In the event of a major eruption of Mount Rainier, portions of Tacoma are at risk from lahars.

The city is located several miles north of Joint Base Lewis–McChord, formerly known separately as Fort Lewis and McChord Air Force Base.

Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification, Tacoma has a Mediterranean Oceanic climate (Köppen Csb).

Climate data for Tacoma, Washington
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 66
(19)		 68
(20)		 77
(25)		 82
(28)		 92
(33)		 94
(34)		 94
(34)		 93
(34)		 89
(32)		 82
(28)		 71
(22)		 68
(20)		 94
(34)
Average high °F (°C) 48
(9)		 51
(11)		 56
(13)		 60
(16)		 66
(19)		 72
(22)		 77
(25)		 77
(25)		 71
(22)		 61
(16)		 53
(12)		 47
(8)		 61.6
(16.4)
Average low °F (°C) 37
(3)		 37
(3)		 40
(4)		 43
(6)		 48
(9)		 53
(12)		 56
(13)		 56
(13)		 52
(11)		 46
(8)		 40
(4)		 36
(2)		 45.3
(7.4)
Record low °F (°C) 17
(−8)		 11
(−12)		 15
(−9)		 29
(−2)		 34
(1)		 37
(3)		 47
(8)		 41
(5)		 34
(1)		 26
(−3)		 5
(−15)		 6
(−14)		 5
(−15)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 5.93
(150.6)		 4.00
(101.6)		 4.06
(103.1)		 3.00
(76.2)		 2.11
(53.6)		 1.57
(39.9)		 0.68
(17.3)		 0.82
(20.8)		 1.29
(32.8)		 3.70
(94)		 6.68
(169.7)		 5.52
(140.2)		 39.36
(999.7)
Source #1: NOAA[34]
Source #2: The Weather Channel[35]

Surrounding cities

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
187073—
18801,0981,404.1%
189036,0063,179.2%
190037,7144.7%
191083,743122.0%
192096,96515.8%
1930106,81710.2%
1940109,4082.4%
1950143,67331.3%
1960147,9793.0%
1970154,4074.3%
1980158,5012.7%
1990176,66411.5%
2000193,5569.6%
2010198,3972.5%
Est. 2016211,277[36]6.5%
source:[37]
U.S. Decennial Census[38]
2015 Estimate[3]

As of 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $37,879, and the median income for a family was $45,567. Males had a median income of $35,820, versus $27,697 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,130. About 11.4% of families and 15.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.6% of those under the age of 18 and 10.9% of those 65 and older.

2010 census

As of the census[2] of 2010, there were 198,397 people, 78,541 households, and 45,716 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,864.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,492.2/km2). There were 81,102 housing units at an average density of 1,619.4 per square mile (625.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 64.9% White (60.5% Non-Hispanic White[39]), 12.2% African American, 8.2% Asian (2.1% Vietnamese, 1.6% Cambodian, 1.3% Korean, 1.3% Filipino, 0.4% Chinese, 0.4% Japanese, 0.2% Indian, 0.2% Laotian, 0.1% Thai), 1.8% Native American, 1.2% Pacific Islander (0.7% Samoan, 0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), and 8.1% were from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 11.3% of the population (8.1% Mexican, 1.1% Puerto Rican).

There were 78,541 households of which 31.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.8% were married couples living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.8% were non-families. 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.10.

The median age in the city was 35.1 years. 23% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29.6% were from 25 to 44; 25.3% were from 45 to 64; and 11.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.4% male and 50.6% female.

Government

The government of the city of Tacoma operates under a council-manager system. The city council consists of an elected mayor (Marilyn Strickland) and eight elected council members, five from individual city council districts and three others from the city at-large. All serve four-year terms and are elected in odd-numbered years. The council adopts and amends city laws, approves a two-year budget, establishes city policy, appoints citizens to boards and commissions, and performs other actions. The council also meets in "standing committees", which examine the council's work in more defined areas, such as "Environment & Public Works", "Neighborhoods & Housing", and "Public Safety, Human Services & Education". The council meets as a whole most Tuesdays at 5:00 p.m. in the council chambers at 747 Market St. Meetings are open to the public and provide for public input.

Normal day-to-day operations of the city government are administered by Tacoma's city manager, who is appointed by the city council. Elizabeth Pauli was appointed Interim City Manager on February 6, 2017.[40][41] She replaced former manager T.C. Broadnax, who was appointed to the office in January 2012[42] and left in 2017 to become the city manager of Dallas, Texas.[43]

Commerce and industry

The Port of Tacoma, on Commencement Bay, is one of the largest seaports in the Pacific Northwest.

Tacoma is the home of several international companies including staffing company True Blue Inc. (formerly Labor Ready), lumber company Simpson and the food companies Roman Meal and Brown and Haley.

Frank C. Mars founded Mars, Incorporated in 1911 in Tacoma.

Beginning in the 1930s, Tacoma became known for the "Tacoma Aroma", a distinctive, acrid odor produced by paper manufacturing on the industrial tide flats. In the late 1990s, Simpson Tacoma Kraft reduced total sulfur emissions by 90%. This largely eliminated the problem; where once the odor was ever-present, it is now only noticeable occasionally downtown, primarily when the wind is coming from the east.

U.S. Oil and Refining operates an oil refinery on the tide flats in the Port of Tacoma. Built in Tacoma in 1952, it currently refines 39,000 barrels of petroleum per day.

The Tacoma Mall is the largest shopping center in Tacoma. It is owned by Simon Property Group. Anchor tenants include JC Penney, Sears, Macy's, and Nordstrom.

An economic setback for the city occurred in September 2009 when Russell Investments, which has been located in downtown Tacoma since its inception in 1936, announced it was moving its headquarters to Seattle along with several hundred white-collar jobs.[44] The former Russell building is now occupied by a large regional office for State Farm Insurance.

Hospitals in Tacoma are operated by MultiCare Health System and Franciscan Health System. Hospitals include MultiCare Tacoma General Hospital, Mary Bridge Children's Hospital, MultiCare Allenmore Hospital and St. Joseph Medical Center.

Top employers

According to Tacoma's 2015 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[45] the top employers in Pierce County are:

Rank Employer No. of Employees
1 Joint Base Lewis–McChord 66,054
2 Local public school districts 13,408
3 MultiCare Health System 6,904
4 State of Washington 6,455
5 Franciscan Health System 5,338
6 Pierce County 2,979
7 Washington State Higher Education 2,566
8 Fred Meyer Stores 2,560
9 State Farm Insurance 2,206
10 City of Tacoma 2,078

Transportation

Tacoma's system of transportation is based primarily on the automobile. The majority of the city has a system of gridded streets oriented in relation to A Street (one block east of Pacific Avenue) and 6th Avenue or Division Avenue, both beginning in downtown Tacoma. Within the city, and with a few exceptions, east-to-west streets are numbered and north-to-south streets are given a name or a letter. Some east-to-west streets are also given names, such as S. Center St. and N. Westgate Blvd. Streets are generally labeled "North", "South", "East", or "North East" according to their relationship with 6th Avenue or Division Avenue (west of 'Division Ave', '6th Avenue' is the lowest-numbered street, making it the dividing street between "North" and "South"), 'A Street' (which is the dividing line between "East" and "South"), or 1st Street NE (which is the dividing line between "East" and "North East"). This can lead to confusion, as most named streets intersect streets of the same number in both north and south Tacoma. For example, the intersection of South 11th Street and South Union Avenue is just ten blocks south of North 11th Street and North Union Avenue.

To the east of the Thea Foss waterway and 'A Street', streets are similarly divided into "East" and "Northeast", with 1st Street NE being in-line with the Pierce–King county line. "North East" covers a small wedge of Tacoma and unincorporated Pierce County (around Browns Point and Dash Point) lying on the hill across the tideflats from downtown. Tacoma does have some major roads which do not seem to follow any naming rules. These roads include Schuster Pkwy, Pacific Ave, Puyallup Ave, Tacoma Mall Blvd, Marine View Dr (SR 509), and Northshore Pkwy. Tacoma also has some major roads which appear to change names in different areas (most notable are Tyler St/Stevens St, Oakes St/Pine St/Cedar St/Alder St, and S. 72nd St/S. 74th St). These major arterials actually shift over to align with other roads, which causes them to have the name changed.

This numeric system extends to the furthest reaches of unincorporated Pierce County (with roads outside of the city carrying "East", "West", "North West", and "South West", except on the Key Peninsula, which retains the north-south streets but chooses the Pierce–Kitsap county line as the zero point for east-west streets. Key Peninsula's roads also carry a "KP N" or "KP S" designation at the end of the street name.

In portions of the city dating back to the Tacoma Streetcar Period (1888–1938), denser mixed-use business districts exist alongside single family homes. Twelve such districts have active, city-recognized business associations and hold "small town"-style parades and other festivals. The Proctor District, Tacoma, Old Town, Dome, 6th Avenue, Stadium, Lincoln Business District, and South Tacoma Business Districts are some of the more prominent and popular of these and coordinate their efforts to redevelop urban villages through the Cross District Association of Tacoma.[46] In newer portions of the city to the west and south, residential culs-de-sac, four-lane collector roads and indoor shopping centers are more commonplace.

Roads and highways

Seven highways end in or pass through Tacoma: I-5, I-705, SR 7, SR 16, SR 163, SR 167, and SR 509.[47]

The dominant intercity transportation link between Tacoma and other parts of the Puget Sound is Interstate 5, which links Tacoma with Seattle to the north and Portland, Oregon, to the south. State Route 16 runs along a concrete viaduct through Tacoma's Nalley Valley, connecting Interstate 5 with Central and West Tacoma, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, and the Kitsap Peninsula. Seattle–Tacoma International Airport lies 22 miles (35 km) north, in the city of SeaTac.

Public transportation

A Tacoma Link light rail train on Commerce Street

Public transportation in Tacoma includes buses, commuter rail, light rail, and ferries. Public bus service is provided by Pierce Transit, which serves Tacoma and Pierce County. Pierce Transit operates a total of 43 bus routes (5 of which through Sound Transit), using mostly buses powered by compressed natural gas. Bus service operates at 30–60 minute frequencies daily, while three heavily ridden "trunk" routes are mostly served every 20 minutes on weekdays and every half-hour to an hour on weekends as of October 2, 2011

Sound Transit, the regional transit authority, provides weekday Sounder Commuter Rail service and daily express bus service to and from Seattle. Sound Transit has also established Tacoma Link light rail, a 1.6-mile (2.6 km) free electric streetcar line linking Tacoma Dome Station with the University of Washington, Tacoma, Tacoma's Museum District, and the Theater District. Expansion of the city's rail transit system is currently in planning stages by the city of Tacoma and Sound Transit. The line will be extended north along Commerce St/Stadium Way and then west along Division Ave. It will then turn south along Martin Luther King Jr Way and end near South 19th Street.

The Washington State Ferries system, which has a dock at Point Defiance, provides ferry access to Tahlequah at the southern tip of Vashon Island.

The Amtrak station in Tacoma.

Greyhound intercity bus service is accessible via Tacoma Dome Station.

Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Tacoma from a station on Puyallup Avenue, one block east of the Tacoma Dome Station. The Cascades trains, operating as far north as Vancouver, British Columbia and as far south as Eugene, Oregon, serve Tacoma several times daily in both directions. The long-distance Coast Starlight operates daily between Seattle and Los Angeles via the San Francisco Bay Area.

Public utilities

Tacoma's relationship with public utilities extends back to 1893. At that time the city was undergoing a boom in population, causing it to exceed the available amount of fresh water supplied by Charles B. Wright's Tacoma Light & Water Company. In response to both this demand and a growing desire to have local public control over the utility system, the city council put up a public vote to acquire and expand the private utility. The measure passed on July 1, 1893, with 3,195 in favor of acquiring the utility system and 1,956 voting against. Since then, Tacoma Public Utilities (TPU) has grown from a small water and light utility to be the largest department in the city's government, employing about 1,200 people.

Tacoma Power, a division of TPU, provides residents of Tacoma and several bordering municipalities with electrical power generated by eight hydroelectric dams located on the Skokomish River and elsewhere. Environmentalists, fishermen, and the Skokomish Indian Tribe have criticized TPU's operation of Cushman Dam on the North Fork of the Skokomish River; the tribe's $6 billion claim[48] was denied by the U.S. Supreme court[49] in January 2006. The capacity of Tacoma's hydroelectric system as of 2004 was 713,000 kilowatts, or about 50% of the demand made up by TPU's customers (the rest is purchased from other utilities). According to TPU, hydroelectricity provides about 87% of Tacoma's power; coal 3%; natural gas 1%; nuclear 9%; and biomass and wind at less than 1%. Tacoma Power also operates the Click! Network, a municipally owned cable television and internet service. The residential cost per kilowatt hour of electricity is just over 6 cents.

Tacoma Water provides customers in its service area with water from the Green River Watershed. As of 2004, Tacoma Water provided water services to 93,903 customers. The average annual cost for residential supply was $257.84.

Tacoma Rail, initially a municipally owned street railway line running to the tideflats, was converted to a common-carrier rail switching utility. Tacoma Rail is self-supporting and employs over 90 people.

In addition to municipal garbage collection, Tacoma offers commingled recycling services for paper, cardboard, plastics, and metals.

Parks

Owen Beach at Point Defiance Park

Parks and recreation services in and around Tacoma are governed by Metro Parks Tacoma, a municipal corporation established as a separate entity from the city government in 1907. Metro Parks maintains over fifty parks and open spaces in Tacoma.[50]

Point Defiance Park, one of the largest urban parks in the country (at 700 acres), is located in Tacoma.[51] Scenic Five-Mile Drive allows access to many of the park's attractions, such as Owen Beach, Camp Six, Fort Nisqually, and the Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium (PDZA). There are many historic structures within the park, including the Pagoda, which was originally built as a streetcar waiting room. It was restored in 1988 and now serves as a rental facility for weddings and private parties.[52] The Pagoda was nearly destroyed by fire on August 15, 2011.[53] Repair work began immediately after the fire and continued until January 2013, at which time the Pagoda was reopened for public use.

Ruston Way is a waterfront area along Commencement Bay north of downtown Tacoma that hosts several public parks connected by a multi-use trail and interspersed with restaurants and other businesses. Public parks along Ruston Way include Jack Hyde Park, Old Town Dock, Hamilton Park, Dickman Mill Park, Les Davis Pier, Marine Park, and Cummings Park.[54] The trail is popular with walkers, runners, cyclists, and other recreationalists. There are several beaches along Ruston Way with public access, some of which are also popular for scuba diving.

Another large park in Tacoma is Wapato Park, which has a lake and walking trails that circle the lake. Wapato is located in the south end of Tacoma, at Sheridan and 72nd St.

Titlow Beach, located at the end of 6th Avenue, is a popular scuba diving area.

Wright Park

Wright Park, located near downtown, is a large, English-style park designed in the late 19th century by Edward Otto Schwagerl and Ebenezer Rhys Roberts. It contains Wright Park Arboretum and the W. W. Seymour Botanical Conservatory. This beautiful historic park is also the home of local festivals such as Ethnic Fest,[55] Out in the Park (Tacoma's Pride festival[56]), and the Tacoma Hempfest (Tacoma's annual gathering advocating decriminalization of marijuana).

Jefferson Park in North Tacoma is the location of a new sprayground, an area designed to be a safe and unique play area where water is sprayed from structures or ground sprays and then drained away before it can accumulate.

Frost Park in downtown Tacoma is often utilized for sidewalk chalk contests.

In response to the Tacoma area's growing dog population, dog parks have been added to minimize endangerment to human users of the park system. Rogers Off-Leash Dog Park is a metro public park established in 1949.[57]

Architecture

Tacoma includes several landmarks and was home to prolific architects, including Everett Phipps Babcock, Frederick Heath, Ambrose J. Russell, and Silas E. Nelsen.

Two suspension bridges currently span a narrow section of the Salish Sea called the Tacoma Narrows. The Tacoma Narrows Bridges link Tacoma to Gig Harbor and the Kitsap Peninsula. The failure of the first Tacoma Narrows Bridge, which was the third-longest suspension bridge in the world, is a famous case study in architecture textbooks.

Historic landmarks

Fireboat No. 1

Tacoma has many properties that are listed on the City of Tacoma Register of Historic Places, the Washington State Heritage Register, and the National Register of Historic Places.

The city of Tacoma has an active municipal historic preservation program, which includes 165 individual city landmarks and over 1,000 historic properties included within five locally regulated historic overlay zones.

Engine House No. 9 is a fire station built in 1907. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. Currently, the building houses a pub and microbrewery.

Stadium High School and the Stadium Bowl, part of the Tacoma School District, provided a setting for the movie 10 Things I Hate About You.

Fireboat No. 1 rests on a permanent dry berth at a public beach near Tacoma's Old Town neighborhood. It was built in 1929 for the Port of Tacoma by the Coastline Shipbuilding Company, and served for 54 years in waterfront fire protection, harbor security patrols, search and rescue missions, and water pollution control. It is one of only five fireboats designated as a National Historic Landmark. Visitors are able to walk around her exterior, but her interior is closed to the public.

Bridge
East 21st Street Bridge, 2006

William Ross Rust House is a home in Colonial/Classic Revival style, built in 1905 by Ambrose J. Russell (architect) and Charles Miller (contractor).

Murray Morgan Bridge is a 1911 steel lift bridge across the Thea Foss Waterway; it closed in 2007 to all automobile traffic due to its deteriorating condition but was reopened in February 2013 to all traffic following a substantial rehabilitation.

Other notable buildings include the National Realty Building, Lincoln High School, Rhodes House, Pythian Temple, Perkins Building, Tacoma Dome, Rhodesleigh, and Engine House No. 9. The famous Luzon Building and Nihon Go Gakko school house have been demolished, and the MV Kalakala was scrapped in early 2015. University of Puget Sound, Cushman Dam No. 1, Cushman Dam No. 2, Rialto Theater, and Union Station are also noteworthy.

Panorama of Tacoma from the McKinley neighborhood with the Tacoma Dome in the foreground and Puget Sound in the background.

Education

Stadium High School

Tacoma's main public school district is Tacoma Public Schools. The district contains 36 elementary schools, eleven middle schools, five high schools, one alternative high school, a science and math institute (SAMI), and one school of the arts (SOTA). Henry Foss High School operates an International Baccalaureate program. Sheridan Elementary School operated three foreign-language immersion programs (Spanish, French, and Japanese). Mount Tahoma High School opened a brand new building in South Tacoma in the fall of 2004. Stadium High School and Wilson High School were remodeled/refurbished and reopened in September 2006.

Tacoma School of the Arts, opened in 2001, is an arts-focused high school that serves as a national model for educational innovation. SOTA is a public school, part of the Tacoma Public Schools and is one of the first schools in the nation to implement standards-based instruction, influencing the design of many schools in the nation. SOTA is located in multiple venues around Downtown Tacoma and uses Community Museums and Universities for instructional space. The science and math institute partners with SOTA, sharing administrators and class space. SAMI and SOTA are the only schools in Tacoma to offer University of Washington in the Classroom college credit options from the University of Washington. Lincoln High School reopened in the fall of 2007 after a $75 million renovation and expansion.[58][59]

The Annie Wright School

The area also has numerous private schools, including the Annie Wright School, Bellarmine Preparatory School, Life Christian Academy, Charles Wright Academy and Seabury School. Tacoma's Covenant High School[60] is associated with Faith Presbyterian Church.[61][62]

Tacoma's institutions of higher learning include the University of Puget Sound, Tacoma Community College, City University of Seattle-Tacoma, Bates Technical College, The Evergreen State College Tacoma Campus, Corban University School of Ministry/Tacoma Campus, and University of Washington Tacoma. Pacific Lutheran University is located in Parkland, just south of the city; nearby Lakewood is the home of Clover Park Technical College and Pierce College.

Cultural attractions

Tacoma's Pantages Theater, a remnant of the vaudeville circuit founded by Alexander Pantages.

Mass media

The city's major daily newspaper is The News Tribune, a subsidiary of McClatchy Newspapers since 1986. Its circulation is about 85,000 (100,000 on Sundays), making it the third-largest newspaper in the state. A daily newspaper has been in circulation in Tacoma since 1883. Between 1907 and 1918, four dailies were published: The Tacoma Ledger, The News, The Tacoma Tribune, and The Tacoma Times.

Tacoma receives Seattle-area TV and radio stations.

Tacoma is home to KBTC Public Television, a PBS member station serving viewers throughout western Washington. KBTC is housed at the former home of long-time Tacoma broadcaster, KSTW. The property was purchased from KSTW when that station moved to Renton in 2001. It broadcasts on digital channel 27, (28.1, 28.2, MHz Worldview, and 28.3, TVW). KBTC Public Television is a service of Bates Technical College.

Local papers include the Tacoma Weekly, the legal paper Tacoma Daily Index, the South Sound alternative newsweekly Weekly Volcano and the military publication the Fort Lewis Ranger.[72]

Sports

Club Sport Founded League Venue
Tacoma Rainiers Baseball 1960 Pacific Coast League Cheney Stadium
Tacoma Tide Basketball 2005 International Basketball League Stadium High School
Seattle Sounders FC U-23 Soccer 2006 Premier Development League Curtis Senior High School
Tacoma Stars Indoor Soccer 2010 Major Arena Soccer League Tacoma Soccer Center
Tacoma Cobras Football 2009 Professional Developmental Football League Franklin Pierce Stadium

The city has struggled to keep a minor league hockey franchise. The Tacoma Rockets of the Western Hockey League were lost to relocation and moved to Kelowna, British Columbia. The Tacoma Sabercats of the former West Coast Hockey League closed their doors for financial reasons. The Tacoma Dome still hosts traveling sports and other events, such as pro-wrestling, figure-skating tours, and the Harlem Globetrotters. At one point, the Tacoma Dome was home to a professional indoor soccer team, the Tacoma Stars. For the 1994–95 season, the Seattle SuperSonics played in the Tacoma Dome while the Seattle Center Coliseum was renovated (and renamed KeyArena). The Tacoma Dome also hosted the 1988 and 1989 Women's NCAA Final Four. Tacoma is home to the all-female flat track roller derby league Dockyard Derby Dames,[73] which fields an away team.[74]

Neighborhoods

Tacoma with a view of Mount Rainier.
Houses in the South J Street Historic District.
The cupola of the First Presbyterian Church in the Stadium District.

Sister cities

[76]

Country City Year of Partnership
Japan Japan Kitakyushu, Fukuoka Prefecture 1959
South Korea South Korea Gunsan 1978
Israel Israel Kiryat Motzkin 1979
Norway Norway Ålesund 1986
Russia Russia Vladivostok 1992
China People's Republic of China Fuzhou, Fujian 1994
Philippines Philippines Davao City 1994
South Africa South Africa George 1997
Cuba Cuba Cienfuegos 2000
Taiwan Taiwan Taichung 2000
Morocco Morocco El Jadida 2007
France France Biot 2012
Croatia Croatia Hvar 2015
Mexico Mexico Boca Del Rio 2016

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2012-01-24. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
  2. 1 2 "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
  3. 1 2 "Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  4. ↑ "Zip Code Lookup". USPS. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
  5. ↑ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  6. ↑ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on 2011-05-31. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  7. ↑ "2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  8. ↑ "Mostlivable.org". Archived from the original on 2004-08-03.
  9. ↑ "100 Best Walking Cities". Prevention.com. 2006-03-09. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
  10. ↑ "Sound Politics: Garbage In, Garbage Out".
  11. ↑ replica of Job Carr's cabin
  12. ↑ Gallacci, Caroline Denyer (2001). The City of Destiny and the South Sound: An Illustrated History of Tacoma and Pierce County. Carlsbad, California: Heritage Media Corp. p. 49.
  13. 1 2 Hermida, Arianne. "IWW Yearbook 1907". IWW History Project. University of Washington. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
  14. ↑ "To Whom It May Concern". Industrial Union Bulletin. 1 (20). 13 July 1907. p. 2.
  15. ↑ "The Strike at Tacoma". Industrial Union Bulletin. 1 (12). 18 May 1907. p. 2.
  16. ↑ Hollywood-on-the-Tide flats, 1938. Richard Studio Collection, Northwest Room Tacoma Public Library, Tacoma, WA.
  17. ↑ "U.S.S. Lexington provides electricity to Tacoma beginning about on December 17, 1929. - HistoryLink.org".
  18. ↑ In late 1929, Tacoma had no electricity; the USS Lexington brought the power
  19. ↑ Mullins, William H. The Depression and the Urban West Coast, 1929–1933: Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and Portland. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1991.
  20. ↑ Schmid, Calvin F. "Social Trends in Seattle, 1944." University of Washington Publications in The Social Sciences Vol 14 (1944): 286-293. http://depts.washington.edu/depress/resources/Jessie%20Jackson_The%20Story%20of%20Hooverville/Jackson_Story%20of%20Hooverville.pdf
  21. ↑ Tacoma News Tribune. Tacoma Hooverville Archive, 04/09/1940 – 07/24/1974. Northwest Room Special Collections and Archives, Tacoma Public Library. Tacoma, Washington.
  22. ↑ Tacoma Daily Ledger. Tacoma Hooverville Archive, 07/18/1924 – 04/09/1940. Northwest Room Special Collections and Archives, Tacoma Public Library. Tacoma, Washington.
  23. ↑ Anderson, Hilary. "A Tale of Two Shantytowns." Columbia: The Magazine of Northwest History 26, no. 2 (Summer 2012): 10-14. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost.
  24. ↑ "Famous Cases: The Weyerhaeuser Kidnapping". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on 2008-03-12. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
  25. ↑ Erik Hanberg, An Exercise in Hope, Faith, Vision, and Guts, Weekly Volcano (Tacoma), December 24, 2008. Accessed online 2009-12-04.
  26. ↑ Dugger, Ronnie (1988-11-07). "Counting Votes". New Yorker.
  27. ↑ Lawrence W. Cheek, On Architecture: Tacoma's downtown renaissance stumbles with the bland Marriott Courtyard, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, April 5, 2005. Accessed online 2009-12-05.
  28. ↑ "Tacoma GTCTC - Home".
  29. ↑ "Broadway Center for the Performing Arts".
  30. ↑ Robinson, Sean (2009-09-27). "Ash Street shootout: The night that changed Tacoma's Hilltop". The News Tribune.
  31. ↑ "Mayors Against Illegal Guns: Coalition Members". Archived from the original on 2008-02-19. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
  32. ↑ "America's most livable places". USA Today. 2004-04-12. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
  33. ↑ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
  34. ↑ Team, National Weather Service Corporate Image Web. "National Weather Service - NWS Seattle".
  35. ↑ "Monthly Averages for Tacoma, WA – Temperature and Precipitation". The Weather Channel.
  36. ↑ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  37. ↑ Moffatt, Riley. Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns, 1850–1990. Lanham: Scarecrow, 1996, 333.
  38. ↑ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
  39. ↑ "Tacoma (city), Washington". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau.
  40. ↑ Ruud, Candice. "Tacoma council picks longtime city attorney as interim city manager". The News Tribune. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  41. ↑ "City Manager Executive Profile". City of Tacoma. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  42. ↑ "City of Tacoma – City Council". CityOfTacoma.org. Archived from the original on 2008-03-29. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
  43. ↑ Martinez, Krystina. "New City Manager T.C. Broadnax Says 'It's A Great Time' To Come To Dallas". KERA. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  44. ↑ http://www.thenewstribune.com/topstory/story/873008.html
  45. ↑ "City of Tacoma CAFR 2015" (PDF).
  46. ↑ Cross District Association of Tacoma
  47. ↑ City of Tacoma Community & Economic Development Department, GIS Analysis & Data Services (2009-10-08). "City of Tacoma Streets" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-10-15.
  48. ↑ Sherman, Chris (2006-01-12). "Court Ends Fight Over Dams". Foundation for Water and Energy Education, quoting The News Tribune. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
  49. ↑ "Docket for 05-434".
  50. ↑ "Metro Parks Tacoma".
  51. ↑ Magazine, Washington State. "On the waterfront :: Winter 2008 :: Washington State Magazine".
  52. ↑ "Metro Parks Tacoma".
  53. ↑ Young, Derek. "Exit133 - In Tacoma By Choice".
  54. ↑ "Metro Parks Tacoma".
  55. ↑ MetroParksTacoma – Ethnic Fest
  56. ↑ TacomaPride – Pride Festival
  57. ↑ The park's homepage
  58. ↑ "History intact at renovated Lincoln High". The News Tribune. 2007-03-22. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
  59. ↑ "It's awesome, say Abes". The News Tribune. 2007-09-16.
  60. ↑ "Covenant High School".
  61. ↑ "Faith Presbyterian Church - A Tacoma member of the Presbyterian Church in America".
  62. ↑ YouTube – waltzingmatsuda
  63. ↑ Facebook – Tacoma Film Festival
  64. ↑ "Tacoma Film Festival".
  65. ↑ "Tacoma Cannabis Farmers Market", Farmer's Market Online. Retrieved 1/27/2013.
  66. ↑ "About Us", Cannabis Farmer's Market. Retrieved 1/27/2013.
  67. ↑ "Pot plants, hash cakes and jars of marijuana: Hundreds roll up for first cannabis farmers market", Daily Mail. Retrieved 1/27/2013.
  68. ↑ Tacoma Farmers Market – Broadway Farmers Market
  69. ↑ Tacoma Farmers Market – Sixth Avenue Farmers Market
  70. ↑ Tacoma Farmers Market – South Tacoma Farmers Market
  71. ↑ Facebook – Shakespeare in the Parking Lot
  72. ↑ "Fort Lewis Ranger".
  73. ↑ "Dockyard Derby Dames".
  74. ↑ Tribune, The Salt Lake. "Utah Local News - Salt Lake City News, Sports, Archive - The Salt Lake Tribune".
  75. ↑ Sixth Ave District
  76. ↑ City of Tacoma Sister Cities http://www.cityoftacoma.org/cms/One.aspx?portalId=169&pageId=7101
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