Television South

Television South
Based in Northam, Southampton and Vinters Park, Maidstone
Broadcast area South and South East England
First airdate 1 January 1982 at 9.30 am
Closed 31 December 1992 at 11:59 pm
Replaced Southern Television
Replaced by Meridian Broadcasting
Owned by TVS Entertainment plc - 1982 to 1993; International Family Entertainment (later ABC Family Worldwide, subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company) - 1993 to present.

Television South (TVS) was the ITV franchise holder in the south east of England and parts of the south west of England between 1 January 1982 at 9.30 am and 31 December 1992 at 11.59 pm. The company operated under various names, initially as Television South plc and then following reorganisation in 1989 as TVS Entertainment plc, with UK broadcasting activities undertaken by subsidiary TVS Television Ltd.[1]

During its 11-year history TVS produced a number of notable programmes for the ITV network especially in the fields of drama, light entertainment and children's programming. It was also a significant regional broadcaster producing a wide range of programmes for its area with the flagship being the nightly award winning news programme Coast to Coast produced as two separate editions for the south and south east.

TVS ceased broadcasting on 31 December 1992 after losing its franchise to Meridian Broadcasting during the review of franchise holders in 1991. The company was sold to the U.S. firm International Family Entertainment in 1993. Television South's trademarks are now owned by an independent production company.

Formation

TVS was formed following discussions between television producer James Gatward,[2] television executive Bob Southgate, who had previously worked at ITN, Thames Television, and journalist Martin Jackson to apply for the new "South and South-East" of England ITV 1980 franchise. Finance was provided by Barclays Bank and Charterhouse investment bank. This area was the most hotly contested with seven other applicants besides TVS and the incumbent, Southern Television.

The Independent Broadcasting Authority had decided to change the area covered from the south to include the south east and included the Bluebell Hill transmitter, associated relays and the main relay at Tunbridge Wells which previously were covered by ITV's London contractors. To reflect this the contract area served by Southern Television, which was previously titled the South of England area was renamed South and South-East of England. To serve the new region better the IBA expected the successful applicant to operate separate facilities for both the south and the south-east, known as a dual-region, with new additional facilities to be built in the South East.[3]

Following submission of their application, TVS were anticipating that they would be forced into a shotgun marriage with Southern, but in the event TVS won outright against the seven other contenders since their plans for a better mix of programmes and greater investment were considered good enough to operate the franchise alone.[4] This was the official line given by the IBA, but it was also considered that Southern's non-local ownership (the majority shareholders were companies based in London and Dundee)[5] and their very conservative nature led to it being dropped in favour of the more interesting proposals made by TVS in their franchise application.

By the start of 1981 a number of high-profile personalities had joined the station in preparation for the start of the new franchise:

During 1981, TVS's ambitions were soon recognised for their desire to have a greater say in how ITV operated and its dismay on how it was being treated by the Big Five ITV companies, Thames Television, LWT, Central Independent Television, Yorkshire Television and Granada Television. The rationale was that the larger ITV companies should bear more of the production costs as their size enabled them to. This led to criticism in some quarters that the larger of the remaining 'regional' ITV companies, such as TVS, Anglia Television, STV, Tyne Tees Television and HTV, found it difficult to get network access for their major productions, and that they were left with softer non-primetime sectors, such as children's and religious television.

Michael Blakstad, the Director of Programmes, claimed ITV needed a shake up as an advertiser, and viewers did not like contemplating the ITV nightly programme offering and were hoping the "Big Five" would welcome TVS with open arms as a chance to light up the schedules, as the only "occasional flash of excitement" appeared from LWT's The South Bank Show. Blakstad claimed none of TVS's £2 million worth of new programming had been accepted for networked transmission, and TVS was only invited to the monthly contractors meetings as observer only from May 1982. He also expressed doubts that Yorkshire Television may not give up its monopoly of networked science programmes. Blakstad stated " TVS was awarded the franchise to bring a catalyst to ITV, but the authority may have to help them get into the laboratory first"[7]

In the days before the start of the new franchise, the IBA made it clear that they were happy about the service changes, and were particularly impressed with TVS in connection with new programming for the ITV network, in areas in which the IBA wished for improvements, mainly children's and the sciences.[8][9] TVS' aims were for a different line of programming in the early evening slots, to win back the 50,000 viewers they claimed were switching over to rivals, due to the poor service provided by Southern.[7]

TVS began broadcasting at 09.30 am on 1 January 1982. The new dual-regional station sprang to life with its new specially composed startup music – variously named but referred to in-house as TVS Gallop, accompanied by a programme menu and clock. Continuity announcer Malcolm Brown, previously an announcer at Granada, made the opening announcement:

Following the first airing of the station's first ident, the first programme to air was a Coast to Coast special entitled Bring in the New, presented by Khalid Aziz. A number of presenters made the transition from Southern to TVS. All production staff were transferred as part of the then union agreements within ITV, that no technician should lose employment as a result of franchise changes. 200 staff were also recruited for the facilities at Gillingham and Maidstone, although a small number of these were made redundant after the company went on-air as the studios struggled to reach production capacity, restricted by TVS' limited access to the ITV network.

Broadcasting years

Prior to broadcasting, TVS refused to take on most of Southern's programme stock, except the arrangement to cover two Glyndebourne operas each year. Following the launch of Channel 4 in November 1982, the operas were shown on that channel. Houseparty was replaced by Not For Women Only which recognised changes in women's social patterns, while a new Saturday morning children's series called No. 73 was also introduced, locally at first, before being networked.[10]

Whitbread acquired a 20% stake in TVS from European ferries in April 1984, as the latter wished to concentrate its financial and management resources on the shipping and property sectors,[11] but sold on the stake in November 1986. Financial director Lionel Ross said:

[12]

In August 1984, Greg Dyke became TVS Director of Programmes.[13][14] Dyke was brought in to rejuvenate the station, and started to move programming away from its original philosophy of niche arts and science programming, and began producing more entertainment programmes. In 1985 an agreement was reached with LWT, who required help to fill its schedules with appropriate, domestically-produced programming while not having to increase its budget. Thus TVS was able to get more of its programmes onto the ITV network slots, such as Bobby Davro on the Box, Catchphrase, C.A.T.S Eyes, Five Alive, Kelly's Eye, The Ruth Rendell Mysteries, Summertime Special and other light entertainment programmes.[15]

TVS retained its original philosophy for regional and children's programmes. By November 1986, the station became one of the most heavily criticised companies by the IBA over its programming. The criticisism mainly concerned the Southampton editions of Coast to Coast while issues were raised over the quality of TVS's drama and light entertainment output. Its education shows were 'too didactic' while its religious output was branded as having 'barely discernible religious content'. Dyke accepted the IBA criticism, but highlighted that TVS had already begun remeding the issues and faults, with a new editor for its Southampton news operation, and a new head of religious output was brought in, along with a controller of drama, a first for TVS. Once again, TVS expressed their concern about its relationship with the Big Five ITV stations, and how they controlled the channel's output.[16] In April 1987, Greg Dyke left TVS and returned to LWT.[17]

By TVS's fifth Birthday in 1987, its profits had grown 62% since 1981 to £14.4million, which was helped after TVS increased its share of programming for ITV network and growth in new business; warnings were made that inflation and cost was higher, but projected growth television operations would be around 7–8% during the rest of 1987.[18] The end result was that the accounts revealed TVS had become bigger than Yorkshire Television in terms of advertising revenue, and was quickly catching up with the other Big Five ITV companies.[19] By the following January, its profits had increased again to £21.8M. There was speculation at the time, that the technicians strike at TV-am could have spread to its operations over its plans to provide an overnight service[20] which become fully operational by June 1988.

With TVS's continuing to generate large profits, but restricted in ITV network programming, the company started to search for other investments. In 1985 it launched failed bids to acquire the French TV channel TF1 and Thorn EMI Screen entertainment.[21] In 1986 TVS was successful in buying Midem, an organisation that promoted trade fairs, and Gilson International a Los Angeles distribution company selling programmes outside the US.[22] TVS also acquired a 3.5% stake in Australia Network Ten company Northern Star.

At the start of July 1988, speculation started to appear of a take-over bid for the American media company MTM Enterprises.[23] By 7 July 1988, MTM was brought for £190M, which give Mary Tyler Moore 5.1% and Arthur Price, chief executive of MTM, 6.6% shares in TVS. Both agreed not to sell for a period of five years. TVS paid for the deal partly by selling 10% stakes in TVS for £29.2M each to Canal Plus and Generle D'Images, a cable television, film library and film production group, asking shareholders for £47.8M through a convertible preference share issue, with the remaining £38m taken out in a bank loan. The deal created a unique company with productions operations in Ireland, UK and USA, along with a UK broadcasting franchise[24]

Uncertainty over the high price paid by TVS for MTM coupled with a collapse of a US syndication market, which affected many other US stations[25] plus a £5.7M write-off, from the disposal of Super Channel[26] resulted in financial instability. In January 1990, the company started searching for a buyer for a 49% stake in MTM,[27] as part restructuring of MTM due to losses of £7.3M. A few days later, TVS confirmed profits were down 35% in 1989, which resulted in 140 UK redundancies.[28] This was not as bad as expected since TVS has planned to eliminate 200 jobs during the summer of 1989.[29]

Ahead of the ITV franchise round, James Gatward resigned from TVS, after being informed his services were no longer required, as the board believed Gatward was not showing sufficient resolve in preparing TVS for the franchise bid. Further changes took place, with the TVS Television board being merged into the TVS Entertainment board, along with a further 100 redundancies to help strengthen the finances.[30] In March 1991, four contenders were lined up to buy MTM, which would have seen the company being sold off around £50M, there were hopes the deal would be sorted by May before the ITV franchise application was submitted.[31][32]

Loss of Franchise

In 1990 the new Broadcasting Act was passed by parliament, which deregulated broadcasting in the UK and removed the monopoly on programme production held by franchise holders. Changes to network broadcasting and the introduction of cable and satellite channels meant that ITV needed to be leaner and fitter to compete with its new rivals.

The original draft of the Broadcasting Act stated that the applicant with the highest cash bid would win; however following fears that this would financially stretch the network and diminish programme standards the concept of a 'quality threshold' was introduced. Incumbents and applicants had to pass this first before cash bids were even considered; even then if a cash bid was deemed to impact on plans the application could be rejected.

TVS passed the quality threshold – indeed, as the incumbent broadcaster it could hardly have failed to do as failure would have called the ITC's own regulatory regime into question. The lucrative nature of the TVS contract area made it one of the most desirable franchises in the UK. Despite preparing vast amounts of audience research, programming proposals and an extremely comprehensive application document for the ITC, the TVS board – now minus its founder James Gatward – calculated that it needed to outbid all opposition to retain its licence. This resulted in the "bid high or die" strategy – in which the management calculated the highest possible bid that TVS could possibly afford. The result of these calculations was a massive £59 million per annum payable for the next 10 years. It was the highest bid ever made by any UK television broadcaster.[33]

The ITC announced the results of the franchise battle by releasing simultaneous faxes to the contending companies. Two companies had passed the so-called programme "quality threshold" – TVS and Meridian Broadcasting. Of these two TVS's bid was the higher – and therefore should automatically have been awarded the licence for the South and South East of England. However the ITC asserted that there was now a third criterion, a requirement that the ITC could confidently expect the winning company to sustain its annual payments throughout the entire period of the 10-year licence. The ITC used this to foot-fault TVS and claimed that the company would not be able to sustain the proposed £59 million a year licence payments. The ITC then awarded the licence to Meridian Broadcasting, which had bid only £36 million per year.

The ITC refused every attempt to get it to explain its decision. TVS could have sought a judicial review but the legal advice that it received was that the prospect of success would be slim and the costs would be enormous.[34] Whilst it carried on broadcasting to the end of its franchise period it began partially liquidating the company. The studio facilities at Southampton were sold to the incoming franchise winner Meridian Broadcasting – even though Meridian had said it intended to operate as a "publisher broadcaster" and would not be making anything like the amount of regional programming made by TVS.[35] The Maidstone Studios were retained with the news facility being leased to Meridian as TVS planned to continue trading as an independent producer.

The unions started to negotiate with Meridian to absorb some of the 800 TVS staff facing redundancy. Meridian only planned to employ 370 staff, as it intended to produce a far smaller amount of network programming and would use independent producers for the remainder of its programming. In the event, the projections of advertising revenue on which TVS had based its massive bid turned out to be correct. However, only three years later, all the high-bidding licensees – including HTV which had nearly bankrupted itself to put forward a £25 million bid to win back the Wales and West licence – were allowed to reduce their licence payments, in some cases by more than half.

Closing ceremony

TVS ceased broadcasting to the south and south east of England at just before midnight on 31 December 1992. While most other ITV stations were broadcasting the Thames Television farewell programme The End of the Year Show, TVS chose to opt out and air its own final programme entitled Goodbye to All That, a retrospective of its programming presented by Fred Dinenage and Fern Britton, recorded in front of a studio audience at the Northam studios in Southampton earlier. The programme closed with an amended version of the TVS ident, along with the message Thanks for watching before crossing to Big Ben for the New Year chimes at midnight and the handover to Meridian Broadcasting.

Sell Off

In Autumn 1992, a number of American companies were interested in acquiring the company, from the likes of TCW Capital, International Family Entertainment Inc. (IFE) and Lorne Michaels.[36] IFE originally made an bid worth £38.2M[37] and received backing from a number of key shareholders for the bid to be accepted.[38] A small number of shareholders, including Julian Tregar, rejected the offer from IFE. In November, TCW Capital made a counter bid,[39] but pulled out a few weeks later after reviewing the accounts of TVS.[40] IFE increased its offer to £45.3M, but continued to be opposed by Julian Tregar who blocked the deal on technical grounds, as they alleged that the offer was too low.[41][42] IFE finally revised and increased the offer to appease the remaining shareholders,[43][44] on 23 January 1993 IFC offer of £56.5M was finally accepted,[45] with the deal being completed on 1 February 1993. In September 1993, IFE launched a UK version of The Family Channel based at The Maidstone Studios and using some elements of the TVS programme archive. Flextech were a partner in the venture, taking a 39% stake in the business.[46]

In 1996, IFE sold its remaining 61% share to Flextech,[47] giving them full ownership of the venture, and subsequently in February 1997 Flextech rebranded the channel to Challenge TV, focusing mainly on game shows. IFE was sold to Fox Kids Worldwide (a joint venture of News Corporation and Saban Entertainment),[48][49][50] which in turn was acquired by Disney in 2001.[48][51][52] The MTM Enterprises library were maintained by 20th Century Fox Television.[53]

Studio facilities

Northam, Southampton

The Southampton base was the company's corporate headquarters and its primary production and transmission centre. These studios were purchased by TVS from its predecessor Southern, but TVS was delayed in the purchase of the site by Southern and therefore had to initially operate prior to launch from temporary buildings in the Southern car park, leading to Southern contemptuously naming them Portakabin TV, as referenced in a satirical song performed by Richard Stilgoe on Southern's final programme. TVS finally completed the purchase of the Southampton site, equipment, news library and staff pension fund in August 1981. Also included in the sale was land purchased by Southern for planned new studios in Maidstone. Upon purchase TVS made significant investment, including building a new scenery block to the rear of the existing site. After losing its contract TVS sold the studios to its successor Meridian Broadcasting in mid-1992. The studios were closed by Meridian in 2004 and were demolished in 2010.

Vinters Park, Maidstone

The studios to serve the eastern section of TVS's transmission area were at Vinters Park near Maidstone in Kent. The site was originally acquired by Southern Television, which had commissioned a conceptual design for new studio facilities on the site. Following the award of the franchise to TVS, Southern Television sold the site to the new company at a premium. Construction commenced in early 1982 and the first studios at the centre became operational in mid-1983.

The Maidstone Studios, though significant (and home to many networked shows) were ancillary to those in Southampton which were the company's corporate headquarters. Meridian Broadcasting, the new licensee, were not offered the studios as TVS initially intended to become an independent producer. However Meridian Broadcasting agreed to rent the newsroom and facilities for an initial 10-year period from 1993. Following the sale of TVS in 1993, the studios were acquired by TVS's new owners IFE and Meridian Broadcasting's agreement came to a premature end. Meridian operated from elsewhere in Maidstone, but in 2004, after extensive cutbacks, it moved back into a small newsroom in the Maidstone Studios.

Dover

The studios, on Russell Street, were originally the eastern base of Southern Television from which Scene South East and Scene Midweek were broadcast, and were essentially a news gathering operation with transmission facilities for regional news opt-outs. TVS used Dover as a regional studio for a year until completion of Vinters Park when it disposed of the site. The buildings have since been demolished and the site is now used as a car park.

TVS Television Theatre

TVS acquired the former Plaza Cinema in Gillingham, Kent as a stopgap measure between the commencement of broadcasting and the completion of Vinters Park. The theatre was quickly converted for television use ready for the start of broadcasting. The decision to operate a television theatre was against the trend in television at that time as both the BBC and Thames Television were to dispose of similar facilities in the following two years.

Production at Gillingham was limited. It was used for several quiz shows and it was the base of the regional afternoon magazine show Not for Women Only and TVS recorded the UK inserts for Fraggle Rock there. TVS sold the theatre in 1988 to an independent production company. For a period afterwards the site was used for other activities before being demolished to make way for redevelopment. A campaign to have it listed failed as the large-scale conversion for television production had made it unsuitable for listing.

Regional Offices

TVS maintained small news studios in Brighton, Reading and Poole. Each studio had a single camera and a cut down version of the interview set to enable down the line interviews. These centres were each manned by a news team consisting of two reporters, a cameraman, sound man and lighting electrician with a helicopter links equipped vehicle. The studios were based in the Brighton Centre, Reading Civic Centre and Poole Arts Centre.

A studio at Westminster was created for parliamentary coverage; TVS had two cameras in the basement studio of the Queen Elizabeth Conference Centre in Broad Sanctuary, as well as a news crew. This facility was available for hire to other broadcasting organisations when not needed by TVS. One feature was a remote-controlled operated camera mounted on the roof of the centre, giving a clear shot of the Houses of Parliament for use as a live backdrop.

In addition, TVS had sales offices in London, which was converted from a former bakery, and Manchester.

Sub Regions

TVS operated a dual region, where the company both offered different services for the South and South East of England. This was primarily a different edition of the flagship Coast to Coast news programme from a different base and with a different presenting team. However, some other local programming was produced solely for the South or South East and as a result programming would differ either between sub regions or pan regional programmes.

At the beginning of TVS's time as contractor, the company used separate presentation for each sub region, with a caption declaring the sub region below the clock so viewers could differentiate between programmes for the whole region, or for their sub region. This practice was dropped after a year or so.

Identity

TVS original logo used 1982–1987

TVS's identity featured a six coloured symbol that formed up in three stages from the outside in before zooming out and sitting alongside the TVS lettering, accompanied by a shortened version of the station theme New Forest Rondo. There were different variations for weekday and weekend, which only differed in the zoom out to the lettering. The ident was shot initially on film of a mechanical model, but was later shot using video effects and from 1985, a computer generated version of the ident was used. Accompanying this ident was a clock on a black background with the six TVS colours either side, and an ident sequence following the theme 'For the best view of the South' which was used prior to the news.

On 7 September 1987, following Greg Dyke's departure from TVS, the stations presentation was completely overhauled, with the new idents designed by John Hayman and a new jingle by Ed Welch. The new idents featured metallic TVS lettering which would spin out, turning into a metallic logo before spinning back to the lettering. The rainbow colour effects are still included, which are included when the logo spins. Three versions were produced, a normal ident, a short ident where the TVS logo rotated into the lettering, and a minute extended ident featuring video from the regions that was used upon startup and in some of the longer junctions. No clock was included in the look. The idents were all against a grey gradient background and featured the caption 'Television South' below the end lettering. This change, in effect, brought a more "corporate" feel to TVS Television.

This ident was altered slightly on 1 September 1989 following the TVS management restructuring, so that the ident was against a gradient blue background and cut in to the rotation of the logo into the lettering. The caption was changed to 'Television' to reflect the stations technical name of TVS Television, and the music was altered slightly to be bolder. Against the blue background, the metallic lettering now has the appearance of glass or perspex. This ident was used by TVS until they went off air on 31 December 1992, when a special ident with the caption 'Thanks for Watching' was used to close the final TVS programme.

Programming

TVS News radio link helicopter

TVS produced a vast array of programming covered a wide aspect of areas. As part of the dual region two entirely separate editions of the TVS regional news programme Coast to Coast were developed to produce daily news coverage across the area. Both the South and South East editions won the Royal Television Society's awards for the Best News Programme of the Year, in 1983 (South East edition), and in 1989 and 1991 (South edition).

TVS also innovated with the experimental Afternoon Club, a dedicated programme encompassing a number of afternoon soap operas, quiz shows etc. linked by general chat and guests etc.. They also produced their own afternoon magazine show Not for Women Only. The station was also instrumental in providing separate non-news programmes for the South, South East and Thames Valley areas including the chat show, Coast to Coast People, and the listings guide This Way Out. The award winning Country Ways series, which examined the people and places of the region and continued in production for ITV Meridian until 2008.

One of TVS strongest performance was in children's programming. Early successes included Saturday morning show No. 73 which launched the career of Sandi Toksvig and was networked from its second series, On Safari, the British version of Fraggle Rock and was one of the biggest contributors to Dramarama. In 1990 the company brought back How as How 2 and Art Attack begin.

As TVS established its deal with LWT, the company started to make significant contributions to network with its own drama and entertainment series including: Catchphrase, C.A.T.S. Eyes, numerous Bobby Davro series and the television adaptations of Ruth Rendell's novels, which proved to be a success with over fifteen programmes being made over a ten-year period.

TVS also provided a number of networked factual and science-based programmes, including In The Mouth of the Dragon and The Real World which was twice broadcast in 3D (a ground-breaking TV first in the UK) with special glasses given away with TV Times magazine.

TVS Outside Broadcast mobile control room

TVS continued Southern Television's tradition of providing classical music programmes but theses were broadcast on Channel 4 instead of ITV. Principally involving The Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra under its conductor Owain Arwel Hughes. Other contributions included opera from Glyndebourne and a performance of Mahler's 8th Symphony from Salisbury Cathedral to inaugurate Channel 4's stereo service. As well as classical music, TVS also produced a number of pop and light music programmes.

Other location programming included the usual round of sports coverage in the region, principally football. Also extensive coverage of the various party political conferences from Brighton and Bournemouth. In the summer a major light entertainment programme, Summertime Special was produced for the ITV network on Saturday evenings.

Children's

Comedy/Entertainment

Contributions to series on the ITV network

Drama

Documentaries & Features

Music

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Major Companies of Europe 1990/91: Volume 2 Major Companies of the United Kingdom". Google Search. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  2. ↑ Starter's orders for the great ITV stakes The Guardian (1959–2003); 10 May 1980;
  3. ↑ "Names of companies awarded new ITV franchises will be announced tomorrow" By David Hewson. The Times, Saturday, 27 December 1980 pg. 3
  4. ↑ Southern and Westward TV lose franchises and others to be restructured. By Kenneth Gosling.The Times, Monday, 29 December 1980;
  5. ↑ "The £400 million rush for a TV franchise" By Tony Robinson, The Observer; 11 May 1980
  6. ↑ Teleview. Elkan Allan. The Times, Saturday, 27 June 1981; pg. 9
  7. 1 2 "TV company 'to go it alone" By Kenneth Gosling. The Times Thursday, 10 December 1981 pg. 14
  8. ↑ IBA looks ahead with confidence. By Kenneth Gosling. The Times, Thursday, 31 December 1981
  9. ↑ "After the break" The Guardian; 30 December 1980;
  10. ↑ Brockman, David. "From The South (part 1)". Transdiffusion Broadcasting System. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  11. ↑ Whitbread buys £6m TVS stake. By Derek Harris Commercial Editor. The Times, Thursday, 12 April 1984; pg. 18
  12. ↑ £18m TVS stake sold. Cliff Feltham. The Times Tuesday, 11 November 1986; pg. 28
  13. ↑ NEWS IN BRIEF: Ex TV-am editor gets new job The Guardian (1959–2003); 17 August 1984;
  14. ↑ "Profile – London Weekend Television's Greg Dyke". Management Today. 1 February 1992. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  15. ↑ "The History of London Weekend Television, LWT". Ultimate LWT. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  16. ↑ "ITV companies adjust their sets" By Higham, Nick The Observer; 2 November 1986;
  17. ↑ "Dyke off to LWT." Times London, England 10 Apr 1987,
  18. ↑ TVS tunes in with 62% leap in profits. Carol Ferguson. The Times (London, England), Wednesday, 14 January 1987;
  19. ↑ Television South nudges hard to enter the Big Five circle. The Times , Wednesday, 14 January 1987;
  20. ↑ TVS up 51%. The Times Wednesday, 13 January 1988; pg. 23
  21. ↑ Can Gatward make the kitten purr? Fraser, Nicholas The Observer; 5 November 1989;
  22. ↑ TVS fine tuning.The Times, Wednesday, 1 July 1987; pg. 24
  23. ↑ TV South reported to have bought US company Staff Reporter The Guardian (1959–2003); 1 July 1988;
  24. ↑ French join Television South in £190m purchase of MTM. Michael Tate. The Times, Thursday, 7 July 1988; pg. 27
  25. ↑ Roaring kitten digs claws into TVS profit. Martin Waller. The Times, Friday, 22 September 1989
  26. ↑ TVS times in to £26m and spreading interests by 1992. Martin Waller. The Times, Wednesday, 11 January 1989
  27. ↑ "TVS seeks buyer for 'Hill Street' stake" The Observer 14 January 1990;
  28. ↑ TVS blames 35pc profit loss on MTM" Tony May, The Guardian; 17 January 1990;
  29. ↑ Hurd backs TV 'revolution'.Richard Evans, Media Editor. The Times, Thursday, 20 July 1989; pg. 3
  30. ↑ TVS's Gatward ousted. Laurence, Ben The Guardian; 12 February 1991;
  31. ↑ Four emerge as main contenders for TVS's loss-making MTM company. Laurence, Ben The Guardian; 11 March 1991;
  32. ↑ Setback for TVS attempts to sell American offshootLaurance, BenThe Guardian (1959–2003); 9 February 1991;
  33. ↑ TVS's £54m bid 'threatens profits'.Melinda Wittstock, Media Correspondent. The Times, Tuesday, 6 August 1991.
  34. ↑ TVS seeks franchise review. The Times, Friday, 13 December 1991
  35. ↑ Meridian to buy main TVS studios.Martin Waller. The Times, Tuesday, 17 December 1991
  36. ↑ Dawtrey, Addam (3 November 1992). "New player makes bid for TVS Entertainment". Variety. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  37. ↑ American company bids £38m for TVS. The Times, Saturday, 19 September 1992
  38. ↑ TVS board Backs £38M bid for US cable Group. The Times (London, England), Tuesday, 22 September 1992.
  39. ↑ Second potential bidder for TVS. By our Deputy City Editor.The Times (London, England), Wednesday, 4 November 1992.
  40. ↑ Evangelist may be sole runner for TVS. Martin Waller. The Times, Thursday, 26 November 1992
  41. ↑ Evangelist may be sole runner for TVS. Martin Waller.The Times, Thursday, 26 November 1992
  42. ↑ TVS bid opposed. The Times, Friday, 11 December 1992;
  43. ↑ Evangelist to lift TVS offer. By our Deputy City Editor. The Times, Saturday, 9 January 1993
  44. ↑ TVS dissidents try for a better offer. Martin Waller, The Times (London, England), Wednesday, 6 January 1993
  45. ↑ Robertson wins TVS. The Times, Saturday, 23 January 1993;
  46. ↑ "UK media group Flextech invests in UK Family Channel". HighBeam Research. 7 June 1993. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  47. ↑ Archived 11 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  48. 1 2 "Fox Family Worldwide Inc". Saban. Retrieved 14 June 2009.
  49. ↑ Katz, Richard (10 July 1998). "Fox Family squeezes 'Club' in youthful sked". Variety. Retrieved 13 August 2009.
  50. ↑ Peers, Martin; Richmond, Ray; Levin, Gary (12 June 1997). "Family affair for Fox Kids". Variety. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  51. ↑ "News Corp. and Haim Saban Reach Agreement to Sell Fox Family Worldwide to Disney for $5.3 Billion". Saban. 23 July 2001. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
  52. ↑ DiOrio, Carl (24 October 2001). "Fox Family costs Mouse less cheese in final deal". Variety. Retrieved 13 August 2009.
  53. ↑ "NBC To Reboot ‘Remington Steele’ As Comedy With Ruben Fleischer". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  54. ↑ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/13021
  55. ↑ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/201215
  56. ↑ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/425233
  57. ↑ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/7987
  58. ↑ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/11848
  59. ↑ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/499806
  60. ↑ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/8955
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