Regenerative medicine

A colony of human embryonic stem cells

Regenerative medicine is a branch of translational research[1] in tissue engineering and molecular biology which deals with the "process of replacing, engineering or regenerating human cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function".[2] This field holds the promise of engineering damaged tissues and organs by stimulating the body's own repair mechanisms to functionally heal previously irreparable tissues or organs.[3]

Regenerative medicine also includes the possibility of growing tissues and organs in the laboratory and implanting them when the body cannot heal itself. If a regenerated organ's cells would be derived from the patient's own tissue or cells, this would potentially solve the problem of the shortage of organs available for donation, and the problem of organ transplant rejection.[4][5][6]

Some of the biomedical approaches within the field of regenerative medicine may involve the use of stem cells.[7] Examples include the injection of stem cells or progenitor cells obtained through directed differentiation (cell therapies); the induction of regeneration by biologically active molecules administered alone or as a secretion by infused cells (immunomodulation therapy); and transplantation of in vitro grown organs and tissues (tissue engineering).[8][9]

History

The term "regenerative medicine" was first used in a 1992 article on hospital administration by Leland Kaiser. Kaiser’s paper closes with a series of short paragraphs on future technologies that will impact hospitals. One paragraph had "Regenerative Medicine" as a bold print title and stated, "A new branch of medicine will develop that attempts to change the course of chronic disease and in many instances will regenerate tired and failing organ systems."[10][11]

The widespread use of the term regenerative medicine is attributed to William A. Haseltine (founder of Human Genome Sciences).[12] Haseltine was briefed on the project to isolate human embryonic stem cells and embryonic germ cells at Geron Corporation in collaboration with researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. He recognized that these cells' unique ability to differentiate into all the cell types of the human body (pluripotency) had the potential to develop into a new kind of regenerative therapy.[13][14] Explaining the new class of therapies that such cells could enable, he used the term "regenerative medicine" in the way that it is used today: "an approach to therapy that ... employs human genes, proteins and cells to re-grow, restore or provide mechanical replacements for tissues that have been injured by trauma, damaged by disease or worn by time" and "offers the prospect of curing diseases that cannot be treated effectively today, including those related to aging." [15] From 1995 to 1998 Michael D. West, PhD, organized and managed the research between Geron Corporation and its academic collaborators James Thomson at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and John Gearhart of Johns Hopkins University that led to the first isolation of human embryonic stem and human embryonic germ cells, respectively.[16]

In June 2008, at the Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Professor Paolo Macchiarini and his team, of the University of Barcelona, performed the first tissue engineered trachea (wind pipe) transplantation. Adult stem cells were extracted from the patient's bone marrow, grown into a large population, and matured into cartilage cells, or chondrocytes, using an adaptive method originally devised for treating osteoarthritis. The team then seeded the newly grown chondrocytes, as well as epithileal cells, into a decellularised (free of donor cells) tracheal segment that was donated from a 51-year-old transplant donor who had died of cerebral hemorrhage. After four days of seeding, the graft was used to replace the patient's left main bronchus. After one month, a biopsy elicited local bleeding, indicating that the blood vessels had already grown back successfully.[17][18]

In 2009, the SENS Foundation was launched, with its stated aim as "the application of regenerative medicine – defined to include the repair of living cells and extracellular material in situ – to the diseases and disabilities of ageing."[19] In 2012, Professor Paolo Macchiarini and his team improved upon the 2008 implant by transplanting a laboratory-made trachea seeded with the patient's own cells.[20]

On September 12, 2014, surgeons at the Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation Hospital in Kobe, Japan, transplanted a 1.3 by 3.0 millimeter sheet of retinal pigment epithelium cells, which were differentiated from iPS cells through Directed differentiation, into an eye of an elderly woman, who suffers from age-related macular degeneration.[21]

Research

Extracellular matrix

Extracellular matrix materials are commercially available and are used in reconstructive surgery, treatment of chronic wounds, and some orthopedic surgeries; as of January 2017 clinical studies were under way to use them in heart surgery to try to repair damaged heart tissue.[22][23]

Cord blood

Though uses of cord blood beyond blood and immunological disorders is speculative, some research has been done in other areas.[24] Any such potential beyond blood and immunological uses is limited by the fact that cord cells are hematopoietic stem cells (which can differentiate only into blood cells), and not pluripotent stem cells (such as embryonic stem cells, which can differentiate into any type of tissue). Cord blood has been studied as a treatment for diabetes.[25] However, apart from blood disorders, the use of cord blood for other diseases is not a routine clinical modality and remains a major challenge for the stem cell community.[24][25]

Along with cord blood, Wharton's jelly and the cord lining have been explored as sources for mesenchymal stem cells (MSC),[26] and as of 2015 had been studied in vitro, in animal models, and in early stage clinical trials for cardiovascular diseases,[27] as well as neurological deficits, liver diseases, immune system diseases, diabetes, lung injury, kidney injury, and leukemia.[28]

See also

References

  1. ↑ New health facility aims to translate stem cell science into therapies | USC News
  2. ↑ Regenerative Medicine, 2008, 3(1), 1–5 [47]
  3. ↑ Health News - UM Leads in the Field of Regenerative Medicine: Moving from Treatments to Cures
  4. ↑ "Regenerative Medicine. NIH Fact sheet" (PDF). September 2006. Retrieved 2010-08-16.
  5. ↑ Mason C; Dunnill P (January 2008). "A brief definition of regenerative medicine". Regenerative Medicine. 3 (1): 1–5. PMID 18154457. doi:10.2217/17460751.3.1.1.
  6. ↑ "Regenerative medicine glossary". Regenerative Medicine. 4 (4 Suppl): S1–88. July 2009. PMID 19604041. doi:10.2217/rme.09.s1.
  7. ↑ Riazi AM; Kwon SY; Stanford WL (2009). "Stem cell sources for regenerative medicine". Methods in Molecular Biology. Methods in Molecular Biology. 482: 55–90. ISBN 978-1-58829-797-6. PMID 19089350. doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-060-7_5.
  8. ↑ Stoick-Cooper CL; Moon RT; Weidinger G (June 2007). "Advances in signaling in vertebrate regeneration as a prelude to regenerative medicine". Genes & Development. 21 (11): 1292–315. PMID 17545465. doi:10.1101/gad.1540507.
  9. ↑ Muneoka K; Allan CH; Yang X; Lee J; Han M (December 2008). "Mammalian regeneration and regenerative medicine". Birth Defects Research. Part C, Embryo Today. 84 (4): 265–80. PMID 19067422. doi:10.1002/bdrc.20137.
  10. ↑ Kaiser LR (1992). "The future of multihospital systems". Topics in Health Care Financing. 18 (4): 32–45. PMID 1631884.
  11. ↑ Lysaght MJ; Crager J (July 2009). "Origins". Tissue Engineering. Part a. 15 (7): 1449–50. PMID 19327019. doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0412.
  12. ↑ http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2004/nsf0450/ Viola, J., Lal, B., and Grad, O. The Emergence of Tissue Engineering as a Research Field. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation, 2003.
  13. ↑ Bailey, Ron (2005). Liberation Biology: The Scientific and Moral Case for the Biotech Revolution. Prometheus Books.
  14. ↑ Alexander, Brian. "Don’t Die, Stay Pretty: The exploding science of superlongevity". Wired.
  15. ↑ Haseltine, WA (6 July 2004). "The Emergence of Regenerative Medicine: A New Field and a New Society". e-biomed: The. Journal of Regenerative Medicine. 2 (4): 17–23. doi:10.1089/152489001753309652.
  16. ↑ "Bloomberg Longevity Economy Conference 2013 Panelist Bio". Archived from the original on 2013-08-03.
  17. ↑ "Tissue-Engineered Trachea Transplant Is Adult Stem Cell Breakthrough". Scientificblogging.com. 2008-11-19. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  18. ↑ "Regenerative Medicine Success Story: A Tissue-Engineered Trachea". Mirm.pitt.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  19. ↑ "Sens Foundation". sens.org. 2009-01-03. Retrieved 2012-02-23.
  20. ↑ "Surgeons Implant Synthetic Trachea In Baltimore Man". nytimes.com. 2012-01-12. Retrieved 2012-02-23.
  21. ↑ "Next-Generation Stem Cells Transplanted in Human for the First Time". Nature. Retrieved 2014-09-12.
  22. ↑ Saldin, LT; Cramer, MC; Velankar, SS; White, LJ; Badylak, SF (February 2017). "Extracellular matrix hydrogels from decellularized tissues: Structure and function.". Acta biomaterialia. 49: 1–15. PMID 27915024. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2016.11.068.
  23. ↑ Swinehart, IT; Badylak, SF (March 2016). "Extracellular matrix bioscaffolds in tissue remodeling and morphogenesis.". Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists. 245 (3): 351–60. PMID 26699796.
  24. 1 2 Walther, Mary Margaret (2009). "Chapter 39. Cord Blood Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation". In Appelbaum, Frederick R.; Forman, Stephen J.; Negrin, Robert S.; Blume, Karl G. Thomas' hematopoietic cell transplantation stem cell transplantation (4th ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781444303537.
  25. 1 2 Haller M J; et al. (2008). "Autologous umbilical cord blood infusion for type 1 diabetes". Exp. Hematol. 36 (6): 710–715. PMC 2444031 Freely accessible. PMID 18358588.
  26. ↑ Caseiro, AR; Pereira, T; Ivanova, G; Luís, AL; Maurício, AC (2016). "Neuromuscular Regeneration: Perspective on the Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Secretion Products.". Stem cells international. 2016: 9756973. PMC 4736584 Freely accessible. PMID 26880998.
  27. ↑ Roura S, Pujal JM, Gálvez-Montón C, Bayes-Genis A (2015). "Impact of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells on cardiovascular research". BioMed Research International. 2015: 975302. PMC 4377460 Freely accessible. PMID 25861654. doi:10.1155/2015/975302.
  28. ↑ Li, T; Xia, M; Gao, Y; Chen, Y; Xu, Y (2015). "Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells: an overview of their potential in cell-based therapy.". Expert opinion on biological therapy. 15 (9): 1293–306. PMID 26067213.

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