Aeronca L-3

L-3 Grasshopper
Aeronca L-3B belonging to the National Museum of the United States Air Force.
Role	Observation and liaison aircraft
Manufacturer	Aeronca Aircraft
First flight	1941
Primary user	United States Army Air Forces

The Aeronca L-3 group of observation and liaison aircraft were used by the United States Army Air Corps in World War II. The L-3 series were adapted from Aeronca's pre-war Tandem Trainer and Chief models.

Design and development

In 1941, the United States Army Air Corps ordered four examples of the Aeronca 65 TC Defender, designated YO-58, for evaluation of the suitability of light aircraft for observation and liaison purposes. (It also placed similar orders with Piper and Taylorcraft Aircraft). Service tests during the US Army's annual maneuvers proved successful, and resulted in large orders being placed. In 1942, the O-58 was redesignated L-3.^[1][2]

When American forces went into combat after Pearl Harbor, the Army Air Force used the L-3 in much the same manner as observation balloons were used during World War I—spotting activities and directing artillery fire. It was also used for liaison and transport duties and short-range reconnaissance which required airplanes to land and take off in short distances from unprepared landing strips. Liaison pilots would train on L-3s before moving on to front-line aircraft like the Piper L-4 or the Stinson L-5. Some L-3s were shipped to north Africa, and subsequently given to the Free French Forces in the area at the time. At least one of the aircraft served with US forces in Italy.And minimally one other did service in Normandy, as reported by the Detroit Free Press on 25 June 1944, with a photograph indicating transport of medical supplies to the advancing front-line regiments.

The TG-5 was a three-seat training glider of 1942 based upon the O-58 design. This aircraft retained the O-58's rear fuselage, wings, and tail while adding a new front fuselage in place of the engine. In all, Aeronca built 250 TG-5 gliders for the Army. The Navy received three as the LNR-1.^[3]

Variants

Piper TG-8 glider trainer in flight, similar in appearance to the Aeronca TG-5.

O-58 designation replaced by L-3 designation in April 1942^[4]

• YO-58 – Four aircraft with a 65 hp (48 kW) Continental YO-170-3 engine.^[4]
• O-58 / L-3 – production order of 50, most used for training in the US.^[4]
• O-58A / L-3A – Fuselage widened four inches and extended greenhouse canopy. 20 built.^[4]
• O-58B / L-3B – Modified canopy and additional radio equipment. 875 built.^[4]
• O-58C / L-3C – As O-58B/L-3B but with radio equipment removed for use as trainer. 490 built.^[4]
• L-3D – Aeronca 65TF Defender. 11 aircraft impressed.^[4]
• L-3E – Aeronca 65TC Defender. 12 aircraft impressed.^[4] Continental engine.
• L-3F – Aeronca 65CA Defender. 19 aircraft impressed.^[4]
• L-3G – Aeronca 65L Super Chief with side by side seating. 4 aircraft impressed.^[4] Lycoming engine.
• L-3H – Aeronca 65TL Defender. 1 aircraft impressed)^[4] Lycoming engine.
• L-3J – Aeronca 65TC Defender 1 additional aircraft impressed.^[4] Continental engine.
• JR-1 – Three L-3Cs supplied to the US Navy.^[4]
• TG-5 – 250 were built as training gliders for the USAAC.^[4]
• TG-33 – TG-5 converted for prone pilot.^[4][5]
• LNR – Three TG-5s supplied to the US Navy.^[4]

Operators

 Brazil

• Brazilian Air Force L-3C

 United States

• United States Army Air Forces
• United States Navy

 Venezuela

• Aviación Militar – received three L-3Bs.^[6]

Surviving aircraft

Aside from 15 L-3s (2 L-3, 7 L-3B, and 6 L-3C) that remain on the US civil registry as of June 2016,^[7] a number have also found their way into museums

• 42-7798 – O-58A airworthy with Blake W. Henderson of Westmoreland, Tennessee.^[8]
• 42-14773 – L-3 airworthy with Audie L. Hollon of Milan, Missouri.^[9][10]
• 42-36152 – O-58B airworthy with Lee H. Montgomery in Corsicana, Texas. Previously with the Alamo Liaison Squadron in San Antonio, Texas.^[11][12][13]
• 42-36200 – L-3B on static display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB near Dayton, Ohio.^[14][15]
• 43-1844 – O-58B airworthy at the Port Townsend Aero Museum in Port Townsend, Washington.^[16][17][18]
• 43-26772 – L-3B on static display at the Air Zoo in Kalamazoo, Michigan.^[19][20]
• 43-26819 – L-3B on static display at the Museo Nacional Aeronáutico y del Espacio in Santiago, Chile.^[21]
• Unknown – L-3B on static display at the Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington.^[22]
• Unknown – L-3B airworthy at the Cavanaugh Flight Museum in Addison, Texas.^[23][24]
• Unknown – L-3 airworthy at the Wings of Eagles Discovery Center in Elmira, New York.^[25][26]
• Unknown – L-3 on display at the Vintage Flying Museum in Fort Worth, Texas.^[27]
• Unknown – L-3B airworthy at the Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum in Hood River, Oregon.^[28][29][30]
• Unknown – L-3E airworthy with Air Group One of the Commemorative Air Force in El Cajon, California.^[31][32]
• Unknown – L-3E under restoration with the Spirit of Tulsa of the Commemorative Air Force in Tulsa, Oklahoma.^[33][34]
• Unknown – L-3E airworthy with the Missouri Wing of the Commemorative Air Force in Portage Des Sioux, Missouri.^[35][36]
• Unknown – O-58B airworthy with Nicholas S. Kapotes of Pompton Plains, New Jersey.^[37]
• Unknown – O-58B airworthy with James S. Tate of Nashville, Tennessee.^[38]
• Unknown – L-3 on static display at the National D-Day Memorial in Bedford, Virginia.^[39]

Specifications (L-3C)

Data from Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II.^[40]

General characteristics

• Crew: 2: pilot, observer
• Length: 21 ft 10 in (6.67 m)
• Wingspan: 35 ft 0 in (10.67 m)
• Height: 9 ft 1 in (2.74 m)
• Wing area: 169 ft² (15.6 m²)
• Empty weight: 835 lb (379 kg)
• Loaded weight: 1,260 lb (572 kg)
• Powerplant: 1 × Continental O-170-3 OR a Continental O-65-8 flat-4 engine, 65 hp (48 kW)

Performance

• Maximum speed: 87 mph (76 kn, 139 km/h)
• Cruise speed: 79 mph (69 kn, 126 km/h)
• Stall speed: 46 mph (40 kn, 73 km/h)
• Range: 218 mi (189 nmi, 350 km)
• Service ceiling: 10,000 ft (3,050 m)
• Wing loading: 7.45 lb/ft² (36.1 kg/m²)
• Power/mass: .051 hp/lb (85 W/kg)

See also

Related development

• Aeronca 50 Chief

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

• Taylorcraft L-2
• Piper L-4

Related lists

• List of aircraft of World War II
• List of military aircraft of the United States

Notes

References

• Adcock, Al (2005). US Liaison Air in Action – Aircraft Number 195. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron Signal Publications. pp. 21–24. ISBN 0-89747-487-2. 
• Andrade, John M. (1979). U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serials Since 1909. Midland Counties Publications. ISBN 0-904597-22-9. 
• Abel, Alan (2001). Aeronca's Golden Age. Wind Canyon Books. ISBN 1-891118-42-0. 
• Guillemette, Roger. "Aeronca L-3". US Centennial of Flight Commission. Archived from the original on 4 January 2006. Retrieved 2006-01-04. 
• Mondey, David (1996). The Concise Guide to American Aircraft of World War II. London: Chancellor Press. ISBN 185152-706-0. 
• Swanborough, F.G.; Peter M. Bowers (1963). United States Military Aircraft since 1909. London: Putnam. 
• "Venezuela Refurbishes Her Aerial Sombrero". Air International. 5 (3): 118–124, 150. September 1973. 
• "Aeronca L-3 Aircraft Finder". AeroWeb: The Aviation Enthusiast Corner. City University of New York. Retrieved 2006-01-04. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aeronca L-3 Grasshopper.

• L-3 page at the National Museum of the United States Air Force
• L-3 page at Warbird Alley
• L-3 page at Museo Nacional Aeronáutico y del Espacio de Chile