Symphony No. 1 (Sibelius)

Symphony No. 1
by Jean Sibelius
The 1894 group portrait Symposium, with (from l. to r.) Akseli Gallen-Kallela (the artist), the composer Oskar Merikanto, Robert Kajanus and Sibelius. Kajanus conducted the first performance of the revised Symphony in 1900 (1900), which launched Sibelius's international career.

The Symphony No. 1 in E minor, Op. 39, by Jean Sibelius is a symphony started in 1898, and finished in early 1899, when Sibelius was 33. The work was first performed on 26 April 1899 by the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by the composer, in an original version which has not survived. After the premiere, Sibelius made some revisions, resulting in the version performed today. The revised version was completed in the spring and summer of 1900, and was first performed in Berlin by the Helsinki Philharmonic, conducted by Robert Kajanus on 18 July 1900.^[1]

The symphony is characterized by its use of string and woodwind solos; the first movement opens with a long and discursive clarinet solo over a timpani roll; (this idea returns at the start of the fourth movement, fortissimo in the strings, with wind and brass chordal accompaniment), and subsequent movements include violin, viola, and cello solos.

Most performances of the work last between 35 and 40 minutes. Many conductors choose to slacken the speeds suggested by Sibelius's metronome markings, particularly in the fast part (allegro energico) of the first movement. Because of this, many versions of the symphony are about 38–40 minutes long (the publishers suggest the duration is 40 minutes^[2]). In Osmo Vänskä's recording of the work, released in 1997, the first movement is played at the metronome mark suggested by Sibelius and takes 9:42 (compared with the 10½–11½ minute duration of most other recordings).

Instrumentation

2 flutes (both doubling on piccolo), 2 oboes, 2 clarinets (1st and 4th movements in A, 2nd and 3rd in B♭), 2 bassoons, 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, triangle, bass drum, cymbals, harp, and strings

Movements

Like most symphonies, it is in four movements:

1. Andante, ma non troppo – Allegro energico (dotted half note = 108 MM) (in E minor & sonata form with introduction)

             It starts with a well-known long clarinet solo, stating all the basic themes and motif of the symphony. 

2. Andante (ma non troppo lento) (half note = 54 MM) (in E-flat major & ternary form, Variation form)

             Similar to the second movement of Sibelius'  Symphony No. 2, the slow movement starts quietly with tragic themes. And expands into a large and furious passage. With the original themes return at the end and ends calmly.

3. Scherzo: Allegro (dotted half note = 108 MM) (in C major & scherzo and trio form without clearly stated)

              Similar to the third movement of  Symphony No. 2, this fast movement is not light but full of protests and questions. It ends with stretto and ends incompletely, proposing the final howl of the finale.

4. Finale (Quasi una fantasia): Andante – Allegro molto – Andante assai – Allegro molto come prima – Andante (ma non troppo) (in E minor & Fantasia (music) like with an orchestrated introduction from the first movement )

              It starts with a serious and emotional strings unison with brass strikes, using the introduction from the first movement. And soon proceeds into a fantasia with nearly free form.

The first recording was made by Robert Kajanus with the London Symphony Orchestra for the HMV label in May 1930.

References

External links

• Symphony No.1, Op.39: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
• Article
• Flying Inkpot Review
• WAV and MP3 clips from each movement
• First Recording (1930) , conducted by Robert Kajanus.