Syed Mohammad Ahsan

Syed Mohammad Ahsan

Admiral S.M. Ahsan (1920–1989)
Governor of East-Pakistan
In office
1 September 1969 – 7 March 1971
President Yahya Khan
Prime Minister Nurul Amin (1970-71)
Finance Minister of Pakistan
In office
5 April 1969 – 3 August 1969
Preceded by N M Uqaili
Succeeded by M.A. Qizilbash
Navy Commander in Chief
In office
20 October 1966 – 31 August 1969
President Ayub Khan
Preceded by V.Adm A.R. Khan
Succeeded by V.Adm Muzaffar Hassan
Chairman of the National Shipping Corporation
In office
1975–1976
Personal details
Born Syed Mohammad Ahsan
December 1920[1]
Hyderabad Deccan, British Indian Empire
(Present-day India)
Died 1989 (aged 68–69)
Islamabad, Pakistan
Resting place Military Graveyard
Citizenship British Indian Empire
 Pakistan
Nationality British Subject (1921–1947)
Pakistan (1947–1989)
Political party Independent
Alma mater Osmania University
Britannia Royal Naval College
Civilian awards Hilal-i-Quaid-e-Azam
Sitara-e-Pakistan
Military service
Nickname(s) 007:509[2]
Admiral Ahsan
Service/branch  Royal Indian Navy (1940–1947)
Pakistan Navy (1947–71)
Years of service 1938–1971
Rank Vice-Admiral (S/No. PN.007)
Unit Navy Executive Branch
Commands Eastern Command
Commander Logistics (COMLOG)
Commander Pakistan Fleet
DG Naval Intelligence (DGNI)
CO PNS Tariq
Aide-de-camp to Louis Mountbatten
Military Advisor East-Pakistan military
Battles/wars

World War II

Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
Military awards Distinguished Service Order

Vice-Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan (Urdu: ﺴﻴﺩ ﻣﺤﻣﺪ ﺍﺣﺴﻦ‎ b. 1920 – d. 1989) HQA, SPk, DSO, often known as S. M. Ahsan, was a three-star admiral, politician, and the Commander in Chief of the Pakistan Navy, serving under President Ayub Khan from 1966 until 1969.[3]

After that, he briefly served in President Yahya Khan's administration as Finance minister before becoming Governor of East Pakistan in September 1969 until resigning in March 1971 to return to Pakistan. Gaining a commission in the Royal Indian Navy, he participated as a naval officer during World War II with the British and later decided to become a Pakistani citizen following the partition of India by the United Kingdom in 1947. He played a crucial role in establishing the Inter-Services Intelligence and served in the war with India in 1965.[4] Assuming the naval command in 1966, he took initiatives such as establishing the naval special forces, expanding the capabilities of Naval Intelligence and modernising the navy.[5][6]

He was a trusted colleague of President Ayub Khan while attending the cabinet meetings chaired by President Ayub which enabled him influentially consolidate his national security role in the Ayub administration. After completing his tenure as naval chief, he was appointed as Governor of East Pakistan while serving as a cabinet minister in the Yahya administration.[4]

On 1 September 1969, Vice-Admiral Ahsan assumed the command of the East Pakistani military while enforcing the martial law, and continued to lead the East Pakistani government and its Eastern Command until his resignation, in protest, on 7 March 1971. He was then posted back to Pakistan.[4]

Biography

Early life and World War II

Syed Mohammad Ahsan was born in Hyderabad Deccan, Indian Empire, to an Urdu-speaking family in December 1920.[1] After being schooled in Hyderabad, he attended the Nizam College of the Osmania University and gained B.A. degree and decided to join the Royal Indian Navy (RIN) in 1938 as a Sub-Lieutenant when his first cousin M.J. Syed joined the Royal Indian Merchant Navy.[1][7][8]

In 1938, he was accepted to join the Britannia Royal Naval College in United Kingdom where he was trained, and after a short probationary period in Royal Navy, he was given commission as Lieutenant in Executive Branch of the Royal Indian Navy.[1][3][9] He specialized in Signals and was an instructor at the Combined Cadet Force in Liverpool, England.[1][7]

His military career saw his participation in the World War II as a RIN naval officer on the side of the Great Britain and saw actions in the Atlantic battle against German Kriegsmarine.:510–511[2] Upon posting back to British India, he participated in Arakan Campaign in 1942–43 and later served well in the Mediterranean theatre in 1944–45.[1] His actions of valor earned him to be decorated with the Distinguished Service Order by the United Kingdom after the end of World War II in 1945.:511[2]

In 1946, he was appointed as aide-de-camp to Viceroy of India, Lord Mountbatten and assisted him in cabinet meetings to resolve political crises in the British Indian Empire.:169–170[10]

When the United Kingdom announced its intentions to partition of India in 1947, Ahsan decided to opt for Pakistan and was introduced by Lord Mountbatten to Muhammad Ali Jinnah as his aide-de-camp.:169[10] In a meeting with Jinnah, Lord Mountbatten reportedly quoted: [President] Jinnah, I give you Pakistan, I give you my Aide'd camp, Lieutenant Ahsan.":169[10]

At the time of his joining the Pakistan Navy, the Indian Navy sent the military seniority list to Pakistan's Ministry of Defence (MoD) where Lt. Ahsan was the 4th ranking officer in the Executive Branch in terms of seniority with Service No. PN-007.[11] He was assigned as military adviser and ADC to founding father and the first Governor-General M.A. Jinnah.[12][13] In 1947, Lt. Ahsan was the first person at the Jinnah Terminal to receive Lord Mountabattens when they first arrived to Karachi to meet Jinnah.[14] He did not participated in first war war with India on Kashmir crises in 1947.[9]

On 30 September 1949, he witnessed the commissioning of the PNS Tippu Sultan from the Royal Navy and was subsequently promoted as Lieutenant-Commander.[15] He was made First Executive officer of Tippu Sultan and later commanding the PNS Tariq as Commander in 1950.[15] He participated in Task Force 92 alongside with Commander A.R. Khan who commanded the Tippu Sultan and made a first goodwill visit to Malta, Middle East and Eastern Europe.[15] In 1951, he commanded the HMS Tughril which became a part of the 25th Destroyer.[15] In 1955–56, he was posted in the MoD's diplomatic assignment as the Naval attaché at the Pakistan Embassy isituated in the Washington D.C.– the state capital of the United States.[1]

In 1957, he was promoted as Captain and assigned to command the cruiser warship, the PNS Baber, that sailed in Karachi the following year.:55[16]

Staff and command appointments

His first assignment included his role as Deputy Director of Naval Intelligence at the Navy NHQ while establishing his intelligence department.[17]

At December 1952, he was asked by DG ISI Major-General Robert Cawthome to sent a priority report that compiled detail discussions with Pakistani military personnel on the basic principles of the ISI.[17] In addition, he was also asked for military's reaction towards the Basic Principles Committee where he ultimately warned of the theocracy and concluded that the economic disparities between East and West Pakistan must be addressed to prevent the breaking-up of the nation's unity.[17] In 1959–60, he served as chief of staff of the Navy NHQ under the Navy Commander in Chief.[17]

In 1960, he was promoted to the one-star rank, Commodore, and directed the Naval Intelligence during this time.:219[9][18] In 1961–62, he again served on the diplomatic assignment when he was appointed as deputy chief military planning officer of Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) in Bangkok and later became its chief military officer.[1]

In 1962, he was promoted as Rear Admiral and established the Logistics Command to resolve the logistics problems in both East and West Pakistan.[9] In 1964, he was sent to Dacca and took over the chairmanship of the East-Pakistan Inland Water Transport Authority where he had begun training of East-Pakistani military on riverine tactics with the absence of the strong naval presence.:61–62[16] During this time, he became the principle military secretary to President Ayub Khan.[4] In a short time, Rear-Admiral Ahsan gained influence on President Ayub Khan and advised him on important military issues concerning on the defence of the nation at the cabinet meeting chaired by the President Ayub.[4]

While in East, he played a crucial role in deployment of Eastern Command and prevented the East-Pakistani military to involve in East-Pakistani politics while opposing any military action against East Pakistani activists after the riots in 1964 despite the calls.[4][19]

1965 war with India and Commander in chief

In 1965, he was stationed back to Pakistan and assumed the command of Naval Intelligence as its Director-General, and participated in second war with India in 1965.[20] Rear-Admiral Ahsan and his staff at the Navy NHQ helped planned out the naval offense in Dwarka and partially leading the fleet as its Commander.[20] The operation met with mixed results but it stopped the Indian Air Force raiding Karachi and Pakistan's coastal areas as Admiral Ahsan collated the intelligence reports on the Indian Navy's strategic western naval positions, and orchestrated naval operations against the Indian Navy.[21]

After the war, he was most senior admiral serving in the navy and was nominated for navy's chief of staff by outgoing naval chief Admiral A.R. Khan in 1966. His nomination papers were approved by President Ayub Khan in 1966, and appointed him as commander in chief of Navy.[1]

In 1967, he was promoted to the three-star rank, Vice-Admiral, and was honored with Sitara-e-Pakistan by Persident Ayub.[22][23]

As a naval chief, he oversaw the induction of the Daphné submarines procured from France in 1966 in navy's submarine branch.[6] In 1966, he held successful negotiation with Turkish Navy to refitted and upgraded the submarine PNS Ghazi.[24]

Since 1966–68, Admiral Ahsan knew of Indian Navy massive procurement and acquisitions of weapon systems being acquired from the Soviet Union and United Kingdom.:63[16] On multiple meetings with President Ayub, he raised the issue of modernizing the navy against India, and kept warning the Army GHQ of potential and possible Indian Navy's attack on West and East region of the country; his reservations were bypassed on every meeting and warnings were not heed due to the financial reasons.:63[16] His Navy NHQ staff was in brief conflict with the Air AHQ staff over the establishment of naval aviation by induction of fighter jets in 1968.:63[16] The Air AHQ staff bypassed his recommendation over the loss of jets and their pilots in seas in an event of conflict with India.:63[16] He succeeded in convincing President Ayub in acquiring the missile boats only, and permissions were granted to procured the Soviet-built Osa-class missile boat in 1968.:106–107[25]

He led series of unsuccessful talks with the Soviet Navy and Russian Marshal Andrei Grechko in 1969 due to their warming of relations with India.:63[16]:108[25] From 1966–69, his Navy NHQ staff tussle with the Finance ministry over the issues of budget and financial support for modernization of navy without any success.:64[16]

He established the Special Services Group Navy (SSG[N]) and commissioned the Pakistan Marines in 1966 after commissioning the naval facilities for training purposes in the special operations.:64[16]

In 1966, he further accepted the recommendation from United States Navy to trained its special forces unit, an equivalent organization to that of U.S. Navy SEALs.[5]

In Karachi, he went on to commission the Naval Academy to provide teaching of the naval staff and cadets instead of sending cadets to United Kingdom for training and education.[26] From 1966–68, he served on the served on the Board of Governors of Cadet College Petaro.[27]

Vice-Admiral Ahsan is also credited with founding Port Qasim – Pakistan's second port – after exploring the coast around Phitti Creek, when he was Chief of Naval Staff.[28] He immediately met with then–Foreign Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto where he convinced Bhutto in 1972 to locate the port there.[28]

After convincing Bhutto, he supervised the construction and establishment of the port where he set up the main industries and machineries at the Port.[28] The main channel of this port bears his name.[28] From 1966–69, he established the East-Pakistan Navy and commissioned the warships, PNS Sylhet and PNS Tughril, in its arm.:64[16] However, he struggled with expanding the East-Pakistan Navy's capabilities as many sailors and officers had defected to India to joined the Awami League's military wing– the Mukti Bahini.:64[16]

Politics

Yahya administration and governorship

After President Ayub Khan tendered resignation due to worsening of law and order situation in the country, and invited army chief General Yahya Khan to take over the presidency.[9] In 1969, he relieved the naval command to Admiral Muzaffar Hassan to be appointed as deputy CMLA under Yahya administration.[29]

In August 1969, he joined the Yahya administration as cabinet minister of finance, statistics, commerce, industry, and planning commission.[30] However, this was short-lived and Admiral Ahsan was appointed as Governor of East-Pakistan on 1 September 1969.:539[31][32]

The assignment was considered very difficult by the Pakistani military when many senior officials in West were reluctant to accept appointments in East Pakistan.[33] The law and order situation was quickly deteriorating under the martial law enforced by Major-General Muzaffaruddin in East.[34][34]

In the Cabinet meeting, President Yahya was told that the situation in East is at a critical, and his government needed an administrator with a good reputation in the province.[32] In an attempt to control the law and order in the country, Admiral Ahsan's service was extended and appointed governor in East and arrived his Dacca to take an oath from Dhaka High Court Justice Salahuddin at the Dhaka University in 1969.:143[1][35] In talks with representatives of Pakistani print and electronic news media, Admiral Ahsan reportedly quoted that he was "pretty sure" that by 1971, new government of elected representatives would replace the interim government.":539[31]

He took over the command of Eastern Command and appointed Lieutenant-General Yaqub Ali Khan as his principle staff officer (PSO) in 1969.:122–125[36]:646[37] Soon after, he was reportedly in conflict with Governor of West Pakistan, Air Marshal Nur Khan, over the issues of legal and political reforms in the country while President Yahya was in conflict with his army chief Lieutenant-General Abdul Hamid Khan on administrative issues in 1969–70.:122[36]

Many initiatives were taken by Admiral Ahsan to resolve the political crises of East by keeping in good terms with President Yahya and noted that the six-point were not new.:84[38] In 1969, he paid a state visit to the United States to meet with Elliot Richardson to gain foreign support for East Pakistan and sustainability in the region.:69[39] In addition, he also arranged the visit of U.S. Navy officials to visit him at the Governor's House, Dhaka to strengthened military relations with the United States.:188–191[10]

In 1970, his government coordinated efforts to rehabilitate the infrastructure after the deadly cyclone and used the military coordinate to relief operations after meeting with President Yahya who had instruct him to "take charge".:33[40][41]

1970 general elections, resignation and 1971 war

In 1970, he oversaw the electoral process to held the nationwide parliamentary elections held in the country in a charged atmosphere.[42] Under his rule, the law and order had been improved and it was projected that Awami League led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman would claim the supermajority in the provincial assembly that would allow them to form the national government in Islamabad.[42] The Awami League secured ~39.2% of the seats in the Parliament as oppose to the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto who end up with !18.6% of the seats — all from West Pakistan.[42] Zulfikar Bhutto refused to negotiate the six-points when President Yahya met with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and put more stress on the situation after telling his party workers not to visit Dhaka.:xxx[43] About the postpone of the power ceremony, Kamal Hossain reportedly notified Admiral Ahsan of "danger" of delaying the power transition.[43]

Together with his principle staff officer Lieutenant-General Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, he provided his arguments on numerous occasions to President Yahya against the military actions in East and their arguments were well-known to the United States's politicians.:151[40][44]

In February 1971, Admiral Ahsan, together with Lieutenant-General Yaqub Ali Khan, attended the cabinet meeting President Yahya Khan, which Admiral Ahsan described as "tense", where the atmosphere was highly "anti-bengali", with no representation from East Pakistan in the policy and decision-making.[42] He provided his intelligence analysis on military option over political one which he preferred the political solution.[42] His stand of view was not well supported which made him highly unpopular at the meeting and returned to Dhaka immediately with his principle staff officer Lieutenant-General Ali Khan.[42] On 22 February 1971, Admiral Ahsan attended the last meeting over the issue of the East Pakistan.[42]

When it became apparent that the military actions and Indian interventions were inevitable, Admiral Ahsan renewed his offer to President Yahya, Rahman, and Bhutto to work out an arrangement where the Pakistani military deployments to support the Eastern Command could get out intact, without being humiliated.:109–110[45] Known as Admiral's Formula, the East Pakistan would eventually gained independence through a co-federation where Yahya would serve its President with East Pakistanis moving to East and Western Pakistanis moving to Pakistan. National assets would equally be divided between Pakistan and East Pakistan as Pakistani military deployments would continue to support the East-Pakistani military.:109–110[45] It was reported that Bhutto supported the idea but later vetoed it due to Yahya's maintaining the presidency.:109–110[45]

On February 1971, he supervised the military deployments in East that were already preparing to conduct a military operation to curb the movement.[46] He became aware of Yahya administration's decision of taking military actions despite his staff officer Lieutenant-General Yaqub Khan's recommendations.[47]

Disheartened and isolated by his colleagues, Admiral Ahsan returned to East Pakistan to pick up his personal belongings and tried getting in telephoned with President Yahya without success.[43] On March 7, 1971, Admiral Ahsan resigned in protest and immediately requested to be posted back Navy NHQ in Karachi, Pakistan.[42] At the Dhaka International Airport, he was asked by Bengali journalists about how it felt to be back in a land where he had once wielded authority.[48]

His response was as profound as it was coruscating as he intoned: Kaise kaise rang badalte hain asmaan ke (lit. How the skies change colour! Nothing else needed to be said.")[48] He participated in the war with India in 1971 but without an assignment of any command at the Navy NHQ and sought honorable discharge from the navy after the war ended in the winter of 1971.[46]

In an article titled A nation's shame published in the Newsline magazine of September 2000, the Admiral Ahsan concluded:

But who was responsible for creating this hostile atmosphere and hatred among the people? The situation deteriorated further after General Yahya Khan postponed the first session of the newly elected constituent assembly. It became very clear immediately after the election results that the generals were not prepared to transfer power to the Awami League. First the delay in summoning the National Assembly session and later its postponement confirmed the Bengalis' worst fears, that the election results were not acceptable both to the generals and to the majority of West Pakistani politicians. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto publicly called for a boycott of the assembly session. Such a transgression was bound to further fuel public resentment.

War Enquiry Commission

He welcomed the formation of the War Enquiry Commission that was to be chaired by Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman in 1972, and attended its proceedings.[42] He confessed in the War Enquiry Commission and aptly described the hostile mood of the military leadership when they decided to postpone the assembly session and launch a military operation in the eastern province.[42]

Admiral Ahsan publicly stated:

On arrival in Rawalpindi, I was alarmed to notice the high tide of militarism flowing turbulently.... There was open talk of a military solution according to plan. I was caught quite unaware in this atmosphere for I know of no military solution which could possibly solve whatever crisis was supposed to be impending in the minds of the authorities. It was evident from the statement that the decision to launch a military operation was taken without consulting the Governor of East Pakistan who was the only sane voice in the government. The President presided over the meeting of the governors and martial law administrators attended as usual by the military and the civilian officers of the intelligence community. It is relevant to record that among the tribe of governors and MLAs, I was the only non-army governor and the only active naval officer in the midst of active service men. I was the only person, though a non-Bengali, who had to represent the sentiments of seventy million Bengalis to a Pakistani government. During the past 17 months, in meetings and conferences, my brief ran counter to the cut-and-dried solutions of Pakistan representatives and civil servants. The president invariably gave decisions which accommodated East Pakistan's viewpoint, at least partially. This made me unpopular with my colleagues who probably thought I was "difficult at best" and "sold" to the Bengalis at worst.[42]

Legacy

post-retirement, death and honours

After retiring from Navy in 1971, Admiral Ahsan remained one of the notable naval chief of Pakistan Navy and key figure who witnessed notable events in the military history of South Asia.:511[2]

He was appointed chairman of Port Qasim Authority in 1972 and later chairman of National Shipping Corporation from 1975–76.[49] After leaving the public service in 1976, he spent his remaining years in quietness and put himself out of public eye during his last years. During his last years, Admiral Ahsan learned French and played bridge.[50][51]

Ahsan died peacefully in 1989 in his villa located in Islamabad and was given an honorary guard of honor by the Government of Pakistan and buried in military graveyard in Karachi per accordance to his will. His death was mourned by Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, President Ghulam Ishaq, Chairman joint chiefs Admiral Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey, and Chiefs of Staff of Army, Navy, and Air Force.

In 1990, the Pakistan Navy announced of establishing a naval base in Balochistan and commissioned in 1991 as PNS Ahsan to honor his services.[52] The base was given commissioned by Chief of the Naval Staff Admiral Yastur-ul-Haq Malik.[52]

The main channel of the Port Qasim bears his name, as it known as Ahsan Channel, which was inaugurated by Prime minister Benazir Bhutto who acknowledged Admiral Ahsan's as the founder of Port Qasim at a speech on the occasion of the opening of a new terminal at Port Qasim on 4 August 1989.[53]

See also

References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 Singh, Satyindra. Blueprint to Bluewater, the Indian Navy, 1951-65. Lancer Publishers. ISBN 9788170621485. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  3. 1 2 "Vice Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan, (20 Oct. 1966, 31 Aug. 1969)". Pillars of Pakistan. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Shafiullah, K. M. (1995). "The Establishment of Eastern High Command". Muktijuddhe Bangladesh [Bangladesh at War] (in Bengali). Agamee Prakshani. pp. 26–31. ISBN 984-401-322-4.
  5. 1 2 "Navy Special Forces". Global Security.org. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
  6. 1 2 "Power of Deep: The PNS Hangor". Pakistan Navy. Naval Directorate of Inter-Services Public Relations (Naval ISPR). Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  7. 1 2 Staff. "Bangabhaban– The President House of Bangladesh". bangabhaban.gov.bd. BD Government. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  8. ↑ Cowasjee, Ardeshir (25 September 2005). "Sayeed of Singapore". DAWN. Archived from the original on 5 March 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Cheema, Pervaiz Iqbal (2002). The Armed Forces of Pakistan: The Pakistan Navy. New York University Press. pp. 86~90. ISBN 978-0-8147-1633-5.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Carter, Captain Harry. The Life and Loves of a United States Naval Aviator. iUniverse. ISBN 9781475950724. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  11. ↑ Kazi, Dr. KGN. "The first few executive officers transferred to the Pakistan Navy on Partition". Flickr. Dr. KGN Kazi's 1950s archives. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  12. ↑ "Memories of M.A. Jinnah". m-a-jinnah.blogspot.com (Blog). 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  13. ↑ "Uninhibited joy on the face of the Quaid as he lands in Karachi on 7 August 1947: Jinnah with his Naval ADC Lieutenant S.M. Ahsan" (Blog). 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  14. ↑ Kazi, Dr. KGN. "Flickr:Receive Lord Mountabattens in Karachi". m.flickr.com. Kazi's 1947 archives. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Tariq, Usman. "The First Destroyer". pakdef.org/. Pakdef Usman. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Goldrick, James. No Easy Answers: The Development of the Navies of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, 1945-1996. Lancer Publishers. ISBN 9781897829028. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Submarine Operations: The ISI. "Submarine Operations: The ISI". pakdef.org. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  18. ↑ Roy, Mihir K. War in the Indian Ocean. Lancer Publishers. ISBN 9781897829110. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  19. ↑ Khan, Gul Hassan (1993). Memoirs of Lt. Gen. Gul Hassan Khan. Karachi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-577445-0.
  20. 1 2 "1965 WAR: AYUB KHAN: Of False Pride and Mis-Belief". Indian Defence. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  21. ↑ Islam, Major Rafiqul (1997) [First published 1981]. "§ East Pakistan Under Gentle Naval Officer: Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan, a man of peace". A Tale of Millions (2nd ed.). Dhaka: Ananna. pp. 40–49. ISBN 984-412-033-0.
  22. ↑ "History of Pakistan Navy" (Google Docs). 15 December 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  23. ↑ Kazi, Ghulam Nabi (15 December 2008). "Admiral S M Ahsan takes over from Admiral A R Khan". Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  24. ↑ Tasneem, Vice Admiral Ahmed (May 2001). "Remembering Our Warriors". www.defencejournal.com. Vice Admiral Ahmed Tasneem, Defence Journal. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  25. 1 2 Lancer Publishers, G. M. Transition to Triumph: History of the Indian Navy, 1965-1975. Lancer Publishers. ISBN 9781897829721. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  26. ↑ "Training Establishments : PNS Rahbar". Pakistan Navy. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  27. ↑ "Board of Governors". Petaro Cadet College. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
  28. 1 2 3 4 Raza, Syed Rasul (2008), "§Chapter II: Industrial Reforms and Development Philosophy. The Era of Nationalization.", Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto: The Architect of New Pakistan, Karachi, Sindh: The Economic Policies, pp. 17-20
  29. ↑ Khan, Gul Hassan (2005) [First published 1993]. "§ The Final Hope for United Pakistan". Memoirs of Lt. Gen. Gul Hassan Khan. Karachi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-547329-9.
  30. ↑ Dr. GN. Kazi. "Pakistan's Smallest Cabinet". Dr. GN. Kazi. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  31. 1 2 Sengupta, Nitish K. Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Penguin Books India. ISBN 9780143416784. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
  32. 1 2 Salik, Siddiq (1997) [First published in 1977]. "§The Man of Honor and Integrity: Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan, Unified Commander of Pakistan Armed Forces in East Pakistan". Witness To Surrender. Oxford University Press. pp. 60–90. ISBN 978-0-19-577761-1.
  33. ↑ Salik, Siddiq (1997) [First published in 1977]. "§ The Hot Boiling Water". Witness To Surrender. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577761-1.
  34. 1 2 Jones, Owen Bennet (2003). Pakistan: Eye of the Storm. Yale University Press. pp. 60–90. ISBN 0-300-10147-3.
  35. ↑ Nabi, Dr Nuran. Bullets of '71: A Freedom Fighter's Story. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781452043838. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  36. 1 2 Rizvi, H. Military, State and Society in Pakistan. Springer. ISBN 9780230599048. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  37. ↑ Bhattacharya, Brigadier Samir. NOTHING BUT!: Book Three: What Price Freedom. Partridge Publishing. ISBN 9781482816259. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  38. ↑ Sisson, Richard; Rose, Leo E. War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520076655. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  39. ↑ Hayes, Jarrod. Constructing National Security: U.S. Relations with India and China. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107040427. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  40. 1 2 Raghavan, Srinath. 1971. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674731295. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  41. ↑ Schanberg, Sydney (November 22, 1970). "Yahya Condedes 'Slips' In Relief". New York Times.
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Cowasjee, Ardeshir (17 September 2000). "A Nation's Shame". DAWN. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
  43. 1 2 3 Tripathi, Salil. The Colonel Who Would Not Repent: The Bangladesh War and Its Unquiet Legacy. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300221022. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  44. ↑ Haqqani, Husain. Magnificent Delusions: Pakistan, the United States, and an Epic History of Misunderstanding. PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781610393171. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  45. 1 2 3 Ehtisham, S. Akhtar. A Medical Doctor Examines Life on Three Continents: A Pakistani View. Algora Publishing. ISBN 9780875866345. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  46. 1 2 Matinuddin, Kamal (1994). "§The Turning Point: Admiral's Resignation, the decision fills with regrets". Tragedy of Errors: East Pakistan Crisis 1968 - 1971. Lahore: Wajidalis. pp. 170–200. ISBN 969-8031-19-7.
  47. ↑ Ali, Tariq. The Duel: Pakistan on the Flight Path of American Power. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781471105883. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  48. 1 2 Ahsan, Syed Badrul (31 January 2016). "Remembering Sahibzada Yaqub Khan". The Opinion Pages. Syed Badrul Ahsan, BD news. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  49. ↑ Port Qasim Authority. "Port Qasim Authority". pqa.gov.pk. Port Qasim Authority. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  50. ↑ Reza, Sultan (30 October 2006). "I Remember, I Remember; How Can I Forget?". archive.is. Archived from the original on 30 October 2006. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  51. ↑ Roy, Tridev (4 April 2005). "‘Had Yahya heeded sane advice’". archive.is. Tridev Roy. Archived from the original on 4 April 2005. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  52. 1 2 "Their Name Liveth for Ever More". pakdef.org. PakDef Ahsan. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  53. ↑ GoP. "Port Qasim Authority LNG Carriers" (PDF). webcache.googleusercontent.com. Govt of Pakistan. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Military offices
Preceded by
Afzal Rahman Khan		 Commander-in-Chief, Pakistan Navy
20 October 1966 – 31 August 1969 		Succeeded by
Muzaffar Hassan
Preceded by
Sahabzada Yaqub Khan		 Martial Law Administrator
1 September 1969 – 7 March 1971 		Succeeded by
Sahabzada Yaqub Khan
Preceded by
MGen Muzaffaruddin		 Unified Commander of Eastern Military High Command
1 September 1969 – 7 March 1971 		Succeeded by
Air Cdre Mitty Masud
Political offices
Preceded by
Sahabzada Yaqub Khan		 Governor of East Pakistan
1969–1971 		Succeeded by
Sahabzada Yaqub Khan
Preceded by
N M Uqaili		 Finance Minister of Pakistan
1969 		Succeeded by
Muzaffar Ali Khan Qizilbash
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