Plane (Unicode)

In the Unicode standard, a plane is a continuous group of 65,536 (= 216) code points. There are 17 planes, identified by the numbers 0 to 16decimal, which corresponds with the possible values 00–10hexadecimal of the first two positions in six position format (hhhhhh). Plane 0 is the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP), which contains most commonly-used characters. The higher planes 1 through 16 are called "supplementary planes",[1] or humorously "astral planes". As of Unicode version 10.0, six of the planes have assigned code points (characters), and four are named.

The limit of 17 (which is not a power of 2) is due to the design of UTF-16, which can encode 16 supplementary planes and the BMP, to a maximum value of 0x10FFFF,[2] the last code point in plane 16. The encoding scheme used by UTF-8 was designed with a much larger limit of 231 code points (32,768 planes), and can encode 221 code points (32 planes) even if limited to 4 bytes.[3] Since Unicode limits the code points to the 17 planes that can be encoded by UTF-16, code points above 0x10FFFF are invalid in UTF-8 and UTF-32.

The 17 planes can accommodate 1,114,112 code points. Of these, 2,048 are surrogates, 66 are non-characters, and 137,468 are reserved for private use, leaving 974,530 for public assignment.

Planes are further subdivided into Unicode blocks, which, unlike planes, do not have a fixed size. The 280 blocks defined in Unicode 10.0 cover 25% of the possible code point space, and range in size from a minimum of 16 code points (thirteen blocks) to a maximum of 65,536 code points (Supplementary Private Use Area-A and -B, which constitute the entirety of planes 15 and 16). For future usage, ranges of characters have been tentatively mapped out for most known current and ancient writing systems.[4]

Overview

Unicode planes and used code point ranges
Basic Supplementary
Plane 0 Plane 1 Plane 2 Planes 3–13 Plane 14 Planes 15–16
0000–​FFFF 10000–​1FFFF 20000–​2FFFF 30000–​DFFFF E0000–​EFFFF F0000–​10FFFF
Basic Multilingual Plane Supplementary Multilingual Plane Supplementary Ideographic Plane unassigned Supplement­ary Special-purpose Plane Supplement­ary Private Use Area planes
BMP SMP SIP — SSP SPUA-A/B

0000–​0FFF
1000–​1FFF
2000–​2FFF
3000–​3FFF
4000–​4FFF
5000–​5FFF
6000–​6FFF
7000–​7FFF

8000–​8FFF
9000–​9FFF
A000–​AFFF
B000–​BFFF
C000–​CFFF
D000–​DFFF
E000–​EFFF
F000–​FFFF

10000–​10FFF
11000–​11FFF
12000–​12FFF
13000–​13FFF
14000–​14FFF

16000–​16FFF
17000–​17FFF

18000–​18FFF


1B000–​1BFFF

1D000–​1DFFF
1E000–​1EFFF
1F000–​1FFFF

20000–​20FFF
21000–​21FFF
22000–​22FFF
23000–​23FFF
24000–​24FFF
25000–​25FFF
26000–​26FFF
27000–​27FFF

28000–​28FFF
29000–​29FFF
2A000–​2AFFF
2B000–​2BFFF
2C000–​2CFFF
2D000–​2DFFF
2E000–​2EFFF
2F000–​2FFFF

E0000–​E0FFF

15: SPUA-A
F0000–​FFFFF

16: SPUA-B
100000–​10FFFF

Assigned characters as of Unicode version 10.0
Plane Allocated code points[note 1] Assigned characters[note 2]
 0 BMP 65,424 55,294
 1 SMP 22,240 20,265
2 SIP 60,912 60,859
14 SSP 368 337
15 SPUA-A 65,536
16 SPUA-B 65,536
Totals 280,016 136,755
  1. ↑ Code points which have been allocated to a Unicode block.
  2. ↑ The total number of graphic, format and control characters (i.e., excluding private-use characters, noncharacters and surrogate code points).

Basic Multilingual Plane

A map of the Basic Multilingual Plane. Each numbered box represents 256 code points.

The first plane, plane 0, the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP) contains characters for almost all modern languages, and a large number of symbols. A primary objective for the BMP is to support the unification of prior character sets as well as characters for writing. Most of the assigned code points in the BMP are used to encode Chinese, Japanese, and Korean (CJK) characters.

The High Surrogates (U+D800–U+DBFF) and Low Surrogate (U+DC00–U+DFFF) codes are reserved for encoding non-BMP characters in UTF-16 by using a pair of 16-bit codes: one High Surrogate and one Low Surrogate. A single surrogate code point will never be assigned a character.

65,424 of the 65,536 code points in this plane have been allocated to a Unicode block, leaving just 112 code points in unallocated ranges (48 code points at 0870..089F, 48 code points at 1C90..1CBF and 16 code points at 2FE0..2FEF).

As of Unicode 10.0, the BMP comprises the following 162 blocks:

Supplementary Multilingual Plane

A map of the Supplementary Multilingual Plane. Each numbered box represents 256 code points.

Plane 1, the Supplementary Multilingual Plane (SMP), contains historic scripts (except CJK ideographic), and symbols and notation used within certain fields. Scripts include Linear B, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and cuneiform scripts. It also includes English reform orthographies like Shavian and Deseret, and some modern scripts like Osage, Warang Citi, and Adlam. Symbols and notations include historic and modern musical notation; mathematical alphanumerics; Emoji and other pictographic sets; and game symbols for playing cards, Mah Jongg, and dominoes.

As of Unicode 10.0, the SMP comprises the following 108 blocks:

Supplementary Ideographic Plane

A map of the Supplementary Ideographic Plane. Each numbered box represents 256 code points.

Plane 2, the Supplementary Ideographic Plane (SIP), is used for CJK Ideographs, mostly CJK Unified Ideographs, that were not included in earlier character encoding standards.

As of Unicode 10.0, the SIP comprises the following six blocks:

Unassigned planes

Planes 3 to 13 (planes 3 to D in hexadecimal): No characters have yet been assigned to Planes 3 through 13. Plane 3 is tentatively named the Tertiary Ideographic Plane (TIP), but as of version 10.0 there are no characters assigned to it.[5] It is reserved for Oracle Bone script, Bronze Script, Small Seal Script, additional CJK unified ideographs, and other historic ideographic scripts.[6]

It is not anticipated that all these planes will be used in the foreseeable future, given the total sizes of the known writing systems left to be encoded. The number of possible symbol characters that could arise outside of the context of writing systems is potentially huge. At the moment, these 11 planes out of 17 are unused.

Supplementary Special-purpose Plane

A map of the Supplementary Special-purpose Plane. Each numbered box represents 256 code points.

Plane 14 (E in hexadecimal), the Supplementary Special-purpose Plane (SSP), currently contains non-graphical characters. The first block is for special use tag characters. The other block contains glyph variation selectors to indicate an alternate glyph for a character that cannot be determined by context.

As of Unicode 10.0, the SSP comprises the following two blocks:

Private Use Area planes

The two planes 15 and 16 (planes F and 10 in hexadecimal), are designated as "private use planes". They contain blocks called Supplementary Private Use Area-A (PUA-A) and -B (PUA-B), Private Use Areas, which are available for character assignment by parties outside the ISO and the Unicode Consortium. They are used by fonts internally to refer to auxiliary glyphs, for example, ligatures and building blocks for other glyphs. Such characters will have limited interoperability. Software and fonts that support Unicode will not necessarily support character assignments by other parties.

References

  1. ↑ Unicode Consortium Glossary—Supplementary Planes
  2. ↑ See Table 3.5 "UTF-16 Bit Distribution" in the Unicode Standard http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.0.0/UnicodeStandard-6.0.pdf
  3. ↑ See Table 3.6 "UTF-8 Bit Distribution" in the Unicode Standard http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.0.0/UnicodeStandard-6.0.pdf
  4. ↑ Unicode roadmaps
  5. ↑ "Unicode Data". Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  6. ↑ Roadmap to the TIP
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