Sun Bin's Art of War

Sun Bin's Art of War is an ancient Chinese classic work on military strategy written by Sun Bin, an alleged descendant of Sun Tzu who served as a military strategist in the Qi state during the Warring States period. According to historical records from the Han Dynasty, Sun Bin's Art of War contained an extensive 89 chapters, with four volumes of pictures attached, but was lost by the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. As a consequence, Sun Bin's Art of War is sometimes conflated with Sun Tzu's The Art of War.

Rediscovery of the lost works

A Han dynasty (202 BC - 220 AD) copy of Sun Bing's Art of War (in a scroll of wooden strips), from a tomb of Shandong province, now in the Military Museum

In April 1972, bamboo slips of both Sun Tzu's and Sun Bin's works were unearthed in the Yinque Hills (Linyi city, Shandong province). Due to natural erosion, some of the bamboo slips were damaged and difficult to reinterpret. After the initial collection and study by experts, the Cultural Relic Press published a new edition of Sun Bin's Art of War, divided into two volumes, each containing 15 chapters, from the 364 bamboo slips, with a total of 11,000 words.

After a decade of textual research and study, the Cultural Relic Press made a major adjustment to the book: the second volume was no longer considered to be Sun Bin's writings; the first volume was edited and one chapter detailing five types of training was added. The current edition of Sun Bin's Art of War contains 16 chapters from 222 bamboo slips, with a total of 4891 words.

Contents

Chapter 1 : Capturing Pang Juan

Describes the four stratagems employed in the Battle of Guiling:

1. A southward march at the initial stage of the war, to avoid a decisive battle with Pang Juan
2. Launching a false attack and feigning retreat and defeat in Pingling, which reinforced Pang Juan's determination to attack Handan
3. Direct advance on Kaifeng (capital city of the Wei state) to force Pang Juan to turn back to rescue Wei
4. Ambush at Guiling to destroy the enemy in one move

Chapter 2: Meeting King Wei

Sun Bin discusses with King Wei of Qi about war and states: "Only victory in war can bring about authority and prosperity". Sun believes that the historically progressive unification accomplished in war had been an important means of facilitating the submission of feudal lords. To start a war, one must have "a storage of materials, a just cause for war" and must "be well-prepared before launching an attack". Sun also pointed out that "Warmongers will inevitably lose and those who expect to make a fortune out of war will also suffer defeat and disgrace".

Chapter 3: King Wei asks for advice

Sun Bin advises King Wei and Tian Ji, engaging them in a comprehensive discussion on his basic thoughts about strategy and tactics. The chapter focuses on resolute attacks on weakly defended key enemy positions and on the military philosophy of using Tao and flexible principles to attain victory.

Chapter 4: Tian Ji asks how to construct a defence

Set in the Battle of Maling, Sun Bin and Tian Ji discuss the problems of battlefield positions in field operations. The combination of terrain, weapons and the types of soldiers is emphasized.

Chapter 5: Selection of the best soldiers

Comments on the basic principles of building and training an army, and on the factors of field command that will determine victory or defeat. On the topic of building an army, Sun Bin focuses on the employment of the best soldiers in terms of field command. He stresses 'five factors that will lead to constant victory':

1. The commander who has won the sovereign's trust and has an independent command will win.
2. The one who knows the art of war will win.
3. The one who gets uniform support from his soldiers will win.
4. The one whose subordinates work in concert with each other will win.
5. The one who is good at analysing and utilising terrain will win.

There are also five corollaries that will lead to constant defeat:

1. The one whose command is constrained by the sovereign will be defeated.
2. The one who does not know the art of war will be defeated.
3. The one who does not have the support of his soldiers will be defeated.
4. The one whose subordinates do not work in harmony will be defeated.
5. The one who does not know to use spies will be defeated.

Chapter 7: Eight formations

Discusses the methods of a commander and the principles of battle formation. It emphasises that a commander must be well versed in both meteorology and geography. He also must get the support of his people at home, while understanding the actual situation of his enemy. In a direct battle, he knows well the basic points of the eight formations. If one is sure of victory he will fight; if unsure he should not fight. Sun Bin also emphasises that in laying a formation, the army can be divided into three divisions. In each, the best soldiers should be placed as a vanguard and every team should be followed with a sustainable reserve.
He emphasises dividing the army into three teams and engaging one team in battle in while leaving the other two strictly in defence.
Sun Bin says that an army must take an advantageous geographical position to attack enemy in a less defensible position. When land is flat there should be more armed chariots; when terrain is difficult, more cavalry should be sent: and when is narrow and blocked, there should be more archers sent.

Chapter 14: Organisation of military posts

Chapter 14 is similar to military rules and regulations of the later ages. It may be divided into three parts:

1. Regulations for army organization and command, emphasising that all types of organizations, units and systems must complete and appropriately meet the requirements for battle.
2. Regulations for military operations under different enemy situations, different terrain, and different climates. Its focus is to emphasize flexibility in command and in the employment of soldiers, and on the need to make decisions according to the situation.
3. Specific rules on marching, camping, patrolling, guarding, war preparations and logistics.

References

• C.C. Low & associates (1997) Two Military Sages: Sun Zi and Sun Bin. Singapore. Canfonian Pte Ltd.

External links

Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article: 孫臏兵法

• Sun Bin: The Art of Warfare