Sultanate of Mogadishu

Sultanate of Mogadishu
Saldanadda Muqdisho
سلطنة مقديشو
10th century–16th century
Flag
The "City of Mogadishu" on Fra Mauro's medieval map.
Capital Mogadishu
Languages Somali, Arabic
Religion Islam
Government Sultanate
Historical era Middle Ages
 •  10th century 10th century
 •  16th century 16th century
Currency Mogadishan
Today part of  Somalia

The Sultanate of Mogadishu (Somali: Saldanadda Muqdisho, Arabic: سلطنة مقديشو‎‎) (fl. 10th-16th centuries) was a medieval trading empire centered in Somalia. It rose as one of the pre-eminent powers in the Horn of Africa during the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries, before being annexed by the Ajuran Sultanate. The Mogadishu Sultanate maintained a vast trading network, dominated the regional gold trade, minted its own currency, and left an extensive architectural legacy in present-day southern Somalia. It was also an ally of the Adal Sultanate.[1]

History

Entrance of a coral stone house in Mogadishu.

According to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, maritime trade connected Somalis in the Mogadishu area with other communities along the Indian Ocean coast as early as the 1st century CE, and the ancient trading power of Sarapion has been postulated to be the predecessor of Mogadishu. With Muslim traders from the Arabian Peninsula arriving c. 900, Mogadishu was well-suited to become a regional center for commerce.

The name "Mogadishu" is held to be derived from the Arabic مقعد شاه Maq'ad Shah ("The seat of the Shah"), a reflection of the city's early Persian influence.[2]

For many years, Mogadishu stood as the pre-eminent city in the بلد البربر Bilad al Barbar ("Land of the Berbers"), which was the medieval Arabic term for the Horn of Africa.[3][4][5] Following his visit to the city, the 12th-century Syrian historian Yaqut al-Hamawi wrote that it was inhabited by swarthy Berbers, the ancestors of Somalis in the area.[6][7]

The Sultanate of Mogadishu developed with the immigration of Emozeidi Arabs, a community whose earliest presence dates back to the 9th or 10th century.[8] This evolved into the Muzaffar dynasty, a joint Somali-Arab federation of rulers, and Mogadishu became closely linked with the powerful Somali Ajuran Sultanate.[9]

Golden Age

During his travels, Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi (1213–1286) noted that the city had already become the leading Islamic center in the region.[10] By the time of the Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta's appearance on the Somali coast in 1331, the city was at the zenith of its prosperity. He described Mogadishu as "an exceedingly large city" with many rich merchants, which was famous for its high quality fabric that it exported to Egypt, among other places.[11][12] Battuta added that the city was ruled by a Somali Sultan, Abu Bakr ibn Sayx 'Umar,[13][14] who was originally from Berbera in northern Somalia and spoke both Somali (referred to by Battuta as Mogadishan, the Benadir dialect of Somali) and Arabic with equal fluency.[14][15] The Sultan also had a retinue of wazirs (ministers), legal experts, commanders, royal eunuchs, and other officials at his beck and call.[14]

Archaeological excavations have recovered many coins from China, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam. The majority of the Chinese coins date to the Song Dynasty, although the Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty "are also represented,"[16] according to Richard Pankhurst.

The Almnara Tower in Mogadishu, erected during the reign of the Sultanate of Mogadishu.

In 1416, Mogadishu sent ambassadors to pay tribute to the Ming dynasty. The Yongle Emperor dispatched Admiral Zheng He to return ambassadors to the Somali city, with Zheng He revisiting Mogadishu along with Barawa in 1430 during his fourth trip. He would also return during his fifth, sixth, and seventh voyages in the Indian Ocean.[17][18]

Ajuran period

In the Middle Ages, Mogadishu along with other coastal Somali cities in the south came under the Ajuran Sultanate's sphere of influence and experienced another Golden Age. Vasco Da Gama, who passed by Mogadishu in the 15th century, noted that it was a large city with houses of four or five storeys high and big palaces in its centre and many mosques with cylindrical minarets.[19] In the 16th century, Duarte Barbosa noted that many ships from the Kingdom of Cambaya sailed to Mogadishu with cloths and spices for which they in return received gold, wax and ivory. Barbaso also highlighted the abundance of meat, wheat, barley, horses, and fruit on the coastal markets, which generated enormous wealth for the merchants.[20] Mogadishu, the center of a thriving weaving industry known as toob benadir (specialized for the markets in Egypt and Syria)[21] Trading across the Arabian Sea enabled major ports like Mogadishu to prosper during the later Middle Ages. Ross E. Dunn describes Mogadishu and other East African Muslim settlements as "a kind of medieval America, a fertile, well-watered land of economic opportunity and a place of salvation from drought, famine, overpopulation, and war at home."[22]

Trade

Somali merchants from Mogadishu established a colony in Mozambique to extract gold from the mines in Sofala.[23]

Mogadishu currency.

During the 14th century, Mogadishu established its own Mogadishu currency for its medieval trading empire in the Indian Ocean.[24] It centralized its commercial hegemony by minting coins to facilitate regional trade. The currency bore the names of the 23 successive Sultans of Mogadishu. The oldest pieces date back to 1323-24 and on the front bear the name of Abu Bakr ibn Muhaamad, the then Sultan of Mogadishu.[25] On the back of the coins, the names of the four Caliphs of the Rashidun Caliphate are inscribed.[26] Other coins were also minted in the style of the extant Fatimid and the Ottoman currencies. Mogadishan coins were in widespread circulation. Pieces have been found as far away as modern United Arab Emirates, where a coin bearing the name of a 15th-century Somali Sultan Ali b. Yusuf of Mogadishu was excavated.[24] Bronze pieces belonging to the Sultans of Mogadishu have also been found at Belid near Salalah in Dhofar.[27] The coins continued to be minted until the 18th century.[24]

Upon arrival in Mogadishu's harbour, it was custom for small boats to approach the arriving vessel, and their occupants to offer food and hospitality to the merchants on the ship. If a merchant accepted such an offer, then he was obligated to lodge in that person's house and to accept their services as sales agent for whatever business they transacted in Mogadishu.

Sultans of Mogadishu

According to the 16th century explorer Leo Africanus, the Mogadishu Sultanate (Magadazo) was the principal city-state within the larger Adea Kingdom, located south of the Adal Sultanate and east of the Abyssinian Empire. It was ruled by an Islamic aristocracy, which paid tribute to the Christian king of Abyssinia.[28] Leo Africanus also indicates that the native inhabitants of the Adea polity were of the same origins as the denizens of the northern Adal Sultanate. They were generally of an olive complexion, with some darker. They were shirtless, wearing only sarongs, and used Arabic as a lingua franca. Their weaponry consisted of lances and bows and arrows. Most were Muslims, although a few adhered to heathen bedouin tradition; there were also a number of Abyssinian Christians further inland. Magadazo itself was a wealthy, powerful and well-built city-state, which maintained commercial trade with the sultanates of Aden and Cambay, among other kingdoms.[29] It was surrounded by walled stone fortifications: initially, only towards the hinterland, but later also on the littoral, so as to provide a bulwark against marauding by the pagan Cafri "negroes" of the interior and the early Portuguese explorers, respectively.[30]

The various Sultans of Mogadishu are mainly known from the Mogadishan currency on which many of their names are engraved. However, their succession dates and genealogical relations are obscure.[31] The founder of the Sultanate was reportedly Fakr ad-Din, who was related to Sheikh Abadir Umar ar-Rida, the patron saint of Harar.[32] While only a handful of the pieces have been precisely dated, the Mogadishu Sultanate's first coins were minted at the beginning of the 14th century, with the last issued around the late 17th century. The following list of the Sultans of Mogadishu is abridged and is primarily derived from these mints.[33] The first of two dates uses the Islamic calendar, with the second using the Julian calendar; single dates are based on the Julian (European) calendar.

# Sultan Reign Notes
1 Abu Bakr b. Fakhr ad Din fl 1250 Founder of the Mogadishu Sultanate's first ruling house, the Fakr ad-Din dynasty.
2 Abu Bakr b. Muhammad fl 722/1322-1323 Ruling Sultan when Ibn Battuta visited the kingdom in 1331.
3 Al-Rahman b. al-Musa'id probably 8th/14th century
4 Yusuf b. Sa'id fl 8th/14th century
5 Sultan Muhammad fl 8th/14th century
6 Rasul b. 'Ali fl 8th/14th century
7 Yusuf b. Abi Bakr fl 8th/14th century
8 Malik b. Sa'id unknown dates, style of 8th/14th century
9 Sultan 'Umar fl 9th/15th century (?)
10 Zubayr b. 'Umar fl c. 9th/15th century

References

  1. ↑ Jenkins, Everett (1 July 2000). The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500-1799): A Comprehensive Chronolog. Mcfarland. p. 49. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  2. ↑ David D. Laitin, Said S. Samatar, Somalia: Nation in Search of a State, (Westview Press: 1987), p. 12.
  3. ↑ Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama, (Cambridge University Press: 1998), p. 121.
  4. ↑ J. D. Fage, Roland Oliver, Roland Anthony Oliver, The Cambridge History of Africa, (Cambridge University Press: 1977), p. 190.
  5. ↑ George Wynn Brereton Huntingford, Agatharchides, The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: With Some Extracts from Agatharkhidēs "On the Erythraean Sea", (Hakluyt Society: 1980), p. 83.
  6. ↑ Roland Anthony Oliver, J. D. Fage, Journal of African history, Volume 7, (Cambridge University Press.: 1966), p.30
  7. ↑ I.M. Lewis, A modern history of Somalia: nation and state in the Horn of Africa, 2nd edition, revised, illustrated, (Westview Press: 1988), p.20
  8. ↑ I.M. Lewis, Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar, and Saho, Issue 1, (International African Institute: 1955), p.47
  9. ↑ I.M. Lewis, The modern history of Somaliland: from nation to state, (Weidenfeld & Nicolson: 1965), p. 37
  10. ↑ Michael Dumper, Bruce E. Stanley (2007). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. US: ABC-CLIO. p. 252.
  11. ↑ Helen Chapin Metz (1992). Somalia: A Country Study. US: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. ISBN 0844407755.
  12. ↑ P. L. Shinnie, The African Iron Age, (Clarendon Press: 1971), p.135
  13. ↑ Versteegh, Kees (2008). Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, Volume 4. Brill. p. 276. ISBN 9004144765.
  14. 1 2 3 David D. Laitin, Said S. Samatar, Somalia: Nation in Search of a State, (Westview Press: 1987), p. 15.
  15. ↑ Chapurukha Makokha Kusimba, The Rise and Fall of Swahili States, (AltaMira Press: 1999), p.58
  16. ↑ Pankhurst, Richard (1961). An Introduction to the Economic History of Ethiopia. London: Lalibela House. ASIN B000J1GFHC., p. 268
  17. ↑ History of Ming, History of Mogadishu, volume 326
  18. ↑ Louise Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas, p149-150
  19. ↑ Da Gama's First Voyage pg.88
  20. ↑ East Africa and its Invaders pg.38
  21. ↑ Gujarat and the Trade of East Africa pg.35
  22. ↑ Dunn, Ross E. (1987). The Adventures of Ibn Battuta. Berkeley: University of California. p. 373. ISBN 0-520-05771-6., p. 125
  23. ↑ pg 4 - The quest for an African Eldorado: Sofala, By Terry H. Elkiss
  24. 1 2 3 Northeast African Studies, Volume 2. 1995. p. 24.
  25. ↑ The Oxford History of Islam. 1999. p. 502.
  26. ↑ The Numismatic Chronicle. 1978. p. 188.
  27. ↑ Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, Volume 1. The Seminar. 1970. p. 42. ISBN 0231107145. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  28. ↑ Africanus, Leo (1526). The History and Description of Africa. Hakluyt Society. p. 53. Retrieved 16 July 2017. Adea, the second kingdome of the land of Aian, situated upon the easterne Ocean, is confined northward by the kingdome of Adel, & westward by the Abassin empire.[...] The inhabitants being Moores by religion, and paying tribute to the emperour of Abassia[...] unto the foresaid kingdome of Adea belongeth the kingdome of Magadazo, so called of the principall citie therein
  29. ↑ Africanus, Leo (1526). The History and Description of Africa. Hakluyt Society. pp. 53–54. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  30. ↑ Africanus, Leo (1526). The History and Description of Africa. Hakluyt Society. pp. 51 & 53. Retrieved 27 July 2017. The land of Aian is accounted by the Arabians to be that region which lyeth betweene the narrow entrance to the Red sea, and the river Quilimanci ; being upon the sea-coast for the most part inhabited by the said Arabians ; but the inland-partes thereof are peopled with a black nation which are Idolators. It comprehendeth two kingdomes ; Adel and Adea. Adel is a very large kingdome, and extendeth from the mouth of the Arabian gulfe to the cape of Guardafu called of olde by Ptolemey Aromata promontorium.[...] Adea, the second kingdome of the land of Aian, situate upon the easterne Ocean, is confined northward by the kingdome of Adel, & westward by the Abassin empire.[...] The inhabitants being Moores by religion, and paying tribute to the emperour of Abassin, are (as they of Adel before-named) originally descended of the Arabians[...] In all which space the cities standing upon the sea-coast ; before the Portugals discovered the east Indies, lay open and unfortified to the sea (bicause the Arabians themselves were absolute lords thereof) but were strongly walled toward the lande, for feare of the Cafri, or lawlesse wilde Negros, who were deadly enimies to the Arabians, and utterly misliked their so neere neighbourhood. Howbeit since the Portugals taking of Magadazo, and divers other townes upon the coast, they have applied themselves very much to fortification.
  31. ↑ Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties. Columbia University Press. p. 139. ISBN 0231107145. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  32. ↑ Luling, Virginia (2001). Somali Sultanate: The Geledi City-state Over 150 Years. Transaction Publishers. p. 272. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  33. ↑ Album, Stephen (1993). A Checklist of Popular Islamic Coins. Stephen Album. p. 28. ISBN 0963602403. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
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