Chicory
| Common chicory | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 1885 illustration[1] | |
 | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Tribe: | Cichorieae |
| Genus: | Cichorium |
| Species: | C. intybus |
| Binomial name | |
| Cichorium intybus L. | |
| Synonyms[2][3] | |
|
Synonymy
| |
Common chicory, Cichorium intybus,[4] is a somewhat woody, perennial herbaceous plant of the dandelion family Asteraceae, usually with bright blue flowers, rarely white or pink. Many varieties are cultivated for salad leaves, chicons (blanched buds), or roots (var. sativum), which are baked, ground, and used as a coffee substitute and additive. It is also grown as a forage crop for livestock.[5] It lives as a wild plant on roadsides in its native Europe, and is now common in North America, China, and Australia, where it has become widely naturalized.[6][7][8] "Chicory" is also the common name in the United States for curly endive (Cichorium endivia); these two closely related species are often confused.[9]
Names
Common chicory is also known as blue daisy, blue dandelion, blue sailors, blue weed, bunk, coffeeweed, cornflower, hendibeh, horseweed, ragged sailors, succory, wild bachelor's buttons, and wild endive.[10] (Note: "Cornflower" is commonly applied to Centaurea cyanus.) Common names for varieties of var. foliosum include endive, radicchio, radichetta, Belgian endive, French endive, red endive, sugarloaf, and witloof (or witlof).
Description
When flowering, chicory has a tough, grooved, and more or less hairy stem, from 30 to 100 cm (10 to 40 in) tall. The leaves are stalked, lanceolate and unlobed. The flower heads are 2 to 4 cm (0.79 to 1.6 in) wide, and usually light purple or lavender (see picture) and it has been described as light blue, rarely white or pink. Of the two rows of involucral bracts, the inner is longer and erect, the outer is shorter and spreading. It flowers from July until October. The achenes have no pappus (feathery hairs), but do have toothed scales on top.[11]
Leaf chicory
Wild
Wild chicory leaves usually have a bitter taste. Their bitterness is appreciated in certain cuisines, such as in the Ligurian and Apulian regions of Italy and also in southern part of India along with coffee, in Catalonia, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon and Palestine.[12] In Ligurian cuisine, wild chicory leaves are an ingredient of preboggion and in Greek cuisine of horta; in the Apulian region, wild chicory leaves are combined with fava bean puree in the traditional local dish fave e cicorie selvatiche.[13] in Albania, the leaves are used as a spinach substitute, mainly served simmered and marinated in olive oil, or as ingredient for fillings of byrek.
By cooking and discarding the water, the bitterness is reduced, after which the chicory leaves may be sautéed with garlic, anchovies, and other ingredients. In this form, the resulting greens might be combined with pasta[14] or accompany meat dishes.[15]
Cultivated
Chicory may be cultivated for its leaves, usually eaten raw as salad leaves. Cultivated chicory is generally divided into three types, of which there are many varieties:[16]
- Radicchio usually has variegated red or red and green leaves. Some only refer to the white-veined red-leaved type as radicchio, also known as red endive and red chicory. It has a bitter and spicy taste, which mellows when it is grilled or roasted. It can also be used to add color and zest to salads. It is largely used in Italy in different varieties, the most famous being the ones from Treviso (known as radicchio rosso di Treviso),[17][18] from Verona (radicchio di Verona), and Chioggia (radicchio di Chioggia), which are classified as an IGP.[19] It is also common in Greece.
- Sugarloaf looks rather like cos lettuce, with tightly packed leaves.[20]
- Belgian endive is known in Dutch as witloof or witlof ("white leaf"), endive or (very rarely) witloof in the United States,[21] indivia in Italy, endivias in Spain, chicory in the UK, as witlof in Australia, endive in France, and chicon in parts of northern France, in Wallonia and (in French) in Luxembourg. It has a small head of cream-coloured, bitter leaves. It is grown completely underground or indoors in the absence of sunlight to prevent the leaves from turning green and opening up (etiolation). The plant has to be kept just below the soil surface as it grows, only showing the very tip of the leaves. It is often sold wrapped in blue paper to protect it from light, so to preserve its pale colour and delicate flavour. The smooth, creamy white leaves may be served stuffed, baked, boiled, cut and cooked in a milk sauce, or simply cut raw. The tender leaves are slightly bitter; the whiter the leaf, the less bitter the taste. The harder inner part of the stem at the bottom of the head can be cut out before cooking to prevent bitterness. Belgium exports chicon/witloof to over 40 different countries. The technique for growing blanched endives was accidentally discovered in the 1850s at the Botanical Garden of Brussels in Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, Belgium.[22] Today France is the largest producer of endive.[23]
The Catalogna chicory (also known as puntarelle) includes a whole subfamily (some varieties from Belgian endive and some from radicchio)[24] of chicory and used throughout Italy.
Although leaf chicory is often called "endive", true endive (Cichorium endivia) is a different species in the genus, distinct from Belgian endive.
Root chicory
Root chicory (Cichorium intybus var. sativum) has been cultivated in Europe as a coffee substitute. The roots are baked, roasted, ground, and used as an additive, especially in the Mediterranean region (where the plant is native). As a coffee additive, it is also mixed in Indian filter coffee, and in parts of Southeast Asia, South Africa, and southern United States, particularly in New Orleans. It has been more widely used during economic crises such as the Great Depression in the 1930s and during World War II in Continental Europe. Chicory, with sugar beet and rye, was used as an ingredient of the East German Mischkaffee (mixed coffee), introduced during the "East German coffee crisis" of 1976-79.
Some beer brewers use roasted chicory to add flavor to stouts (commonly expected to have a coffee-like flavour). Others have added it to strong blond Belgian-style ales, to augment the hops, making a witlofbier, from the Dutch name for the plant.
Around 1970, it was found that the root contains up to 20% inulin, a polysaccharide similar to starch. Inulin is mainly found in the plant family Asteraceae as a storage carbohydrate (for example Jerusalem artichoke, dahlia, yacon, etc.). It is used as a sweetener in the food industry with a sweetening power 1⁄10 that of sucrose[25] and is sometimes added to yogurts as a prebiotic. Inulin is also gaining popularity as a source of soluble dietary fiber and functional food.[26]
Chicory root extract is a dietary supplement or food additive produced by mixing dried, ground chicory root with water, and removing the insoluble fraction by filtration and centrifugation. Other methods may be used to remove pigments and sugars. It is used as a source of soluble fiber. Fresh chicory root typically contains, by dry weight, 68% inulin, 14% sucrose, 5% cellulose, 6% protein, 4% ash, and 3% other compounds. Dried chicory root extract contains, by weight, about 98% inulin and 2% other compounds.[27] Fresh chicory root may contain between 13 and 23% inulin, by total weight.[28]
Agents responsible for bitterness
The bitter substances are primarily the two sesquiterpene lactones lactucin and lactucopicrin. Other ingredients are aesculetin, aesculin, cichoriin, umbelliferone, scopoletin, 6,7-dihydrocoumarin, and further sesquiterpene lactones and their glycosides.[29]
Medicinal use
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 96 kJ (23 kcal) |
|
4.7 g | |
| Sugars | 0.7 g |
| Dietary fiber | 4 g |
|
0.3 g | |
|
1.7 g | |
| Vitamins | |
| Vitamin A equiv. |
(36%) 286 μg (32%) 3430 μg10300 μg |
| Thiamine (B1) |
(5%) 0.06 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) |
(8%) 0.1 mg |
| Niacin (B3) |
(3%) 0.5 mg |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) |
(23%) 1.159 mg |
| Vitamin B6 |
(8%) 0.105 mg |
| Folate (B9) |
(28%) 110 μg |
| Vitamin C |
(29%) 24 mg |
| Vitamin E |
(15%) 2.26 mg |
| Vitamin K |
(283%) 297.6 μg |
| Minerals | |
| Calcium |
(10%) 100 mg |
| Iron |
(7%) 0.9 mg |
| Magnesium |
(8%) 30 mg |
| Manganese |
(20%) 0.429 mg |
| Phosphorus |
(7%) 47 mg |
| Potassium |
(9%) 420 mg |
| Sodium |
(3%) 45 mg |
| Zinc |
(4%) 0.42 mg |
|
| |
| |
|
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database | |
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 71 kJ (17 kcal) |
|
4 g | |
| Dietary fiber | 3.1 g |
|
0.1 g | |
|
0.9 g | |
| Vitamins | |
| Thiamine (B1) |
(5%) 0.062 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) |
(2%) 0.027 mg |
| Niacin (B3) |
(1%) 0.16 mg |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) |
(3%) 0.145 mg |
| Vitamin B6 |
(3%) 0.042 mg |
| Folate (B9) |
(9%) 37 μg |
| Vitamin C |
(3%) 2.8 mg |
| Minerals | |
| Calcium |
(2%) 19 mg |
| Iron |
(2%) 0.24 mg |
| Magnesium |
(3%) 10 mg |
| Manganese |
(5%) 0.1 mg |
| Phosphorus |
(4%) 26 mg |
| Potassium |
(4%) 211 mg |
| Sodium |
(0%) 2 mg |
| Zinc |
(2%) 0.16 mg |
|
| |
| |
|
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database | |
Root chicory contains volatile oils similar to those found in plants in the related genus Tanacetum which includes Tansy, and is similarly effective at eliminating intestinal worms. All parts of the plant contain these volatile oils, with the majority of the toxic components concentrated in the plant's root.[30]
Chicory is well known for its toxicity to internal parasites. Studies indicate that ingestion of chicory by farm animals results in reduction of worm burdens,[31][32][33] which has prompted its widespread use as a forage supplement. Only a few major companies are active in research, development, and production of chicory varieties and selections, most in New Zealand.
Chicory (especially the flower), used as a folk medicine in Germany, is recorded in many books as an ancient German treatment for everyday ailments. It is variously used as a tonic and as a treatment for gallstones, gastro-enteritis, sinus problems and cuts and bruises. (Howard M. 1987). Chicory contains inulin,[34][35] which may help humans with weight loss, constipation, improving bowel function and general health.[36] In rats, it may increase calcium absorption and bone mineral density.[34] It also increases absorption of calcium and other minerals in humans.[37][38][39][40]
Chicory has demonstrated antihepatotoxic potential in animal studies.[41][42][43][44]
Alternative medicine
Chicory has been listed as one of the 38 plants that are used to prepare Bach flower remedies,[45] a kind of alternative medicine. However, according to Cancer Research UK, "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer".[46]
Native American use
The Cherokee use an infusion of the root as a tonic for nerves.[47] The Iroquois use a decoction of the roots as a wash and apply a poultice of it to chancres and fever sores.[48]
Forage
Chicory is highly digestible for ruminants and has a low fiber concentration.[49] Chicory roots are an "excellent substitute for oats" for horses due to their protein and fat content.[50] Chicory contains a low quantity of reduced tannins[49] that may increase protein utilization efficiency in ruminants.[51] Some tannins reduce intestinal parasites.[52][53][54][55] (Excessively large quantities of tannins, however, could bind with and precipitate proteins, resulting in low digestibility and nutrient reduction.[52])
Although chicory might have originated in France, Italy, and India,[56] much development of chicory for use with livestock has taken place in New Zealand.[57]
Forage chicory varieties
- Puna (Grasslands Puna)
- Developed in New Zealand, Grasslands Puna is well adapted to different climates, being grown from Alberta, Canada, to New Mexico and Florida. It is resistant to bolting, which leads to high nutrient levels in the leaves in spring. It also has high resistance to grazing.
- Forage Feast
- A variety from France used for human consumption and also for wildlife plots. It is very cold-hardy and, being lower in tannins than other forage varieties, is suitable for human consumption.
- Choice
- Choice has been bred for high winter and early-spring growth activity, and lower amounts of lactucin and lactone, which are believed to taint milk. It is also use for seeding deer wildlife plots.
- Oasis
- Bred for increased lactone rates for the forage industry, and for higher resistance to fungal diseases like Sclerotinia.
- Puna II
- More winter-active than most other varieties, which leads to greater persistence and longevity.
- Grouse
- A New Zealand variety used as a planting companion for forage brassicas. More prone to early flowering than other varieties, with higher crowns more susceptible to overbrowsing.
- Six Point
- A United States variety, very similar to Puna.
History
The chicory plant is one of the earliest cited in recorded literature. Horace mentions it in reference to his own diet, which he describes as very simple: "Me pascunt olivae, me cichorea, me malvae" ("As for me, olives, endives, and mallows provide sustenance").[58] In 1766, Frederick the Great banned the importation of coffee into Prussia leading to the development of a coffee-substitute by Brunswick innkeeper Christian Gottlieb Förster (died 1801), who gained a concession in 1769/70 to manufacture it in Brunswick and Berlin. By 1795 there were 22 to 24 factories of this type in Brunswick.[59][60] Lord Monboddo describes the plant in 1779[61] as the "chicoree", which the French cultivated as a pot herb. In Napoleonic Era France, chicory frequently appeared as either an adulterant in coffee, or as a coffee substitute.[62] Chicory was also adopted as a coffee substitute by Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War, and has become common in the United States. It was also used in the United Kingdom during the Second World War, where Camp Coffee, a coffee and chicory essence, has been on sale since 1885.
The cultivated chicory plant has a history reaching back to ancient Egyptian time. Medieval monks raised the plants and when coffee was introduced to Europe, the Dutch thought that chicory made a lively addition to the bean drink.
In the United States chicory root has long been used as a substitute for coffee in prisons.[63] By the 1840s, the port of New Orleans was the second largest importer of coffee (after New York).[62] Louisianans began to add chicory root to their coffee when Union naval blockades during the American Civil War cut off the port of New Orleans, thereby creating a long-standing tradition.[62]
A common meal in Rome, puntarelle, is made with chicory sprouts.[64] The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reports that Chicory is a native plant of western Asia, North Africa and Europe.[4]
Chicory is also mentioned in certain sericulture (silk-growing) texts. It is said that the primary caretaker of the silkworms, the "silkworm mother", should not eat or even touch it.
The chicory flower is often seen as inspiration for the Romantic concept of the Blue Flower (e. g. in German language 'Blauwarte' ≈ 'blue lookout by the wayside'). It could open locked doors, according to European folklore.[65]
Invasive
Cichorium intybus has been declared an invasive species in several states in the USA.[66]
See also
References
- ↑ illustration from Prof. Dr. Otto Wilhelm Thomé Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 1885, Gera, Germany
- ↑ "Cichorium intybus L. synonyms". Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
- ↑ "Cichorium intybus L.". The Plant List. 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
- 1 2 "Cichorium intybus". FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. Retrieved 2013-12-16.
- ↑ Blair, Robert (2011-04-30). "Nutrition and Feeding of Organic Cattle". ISBN 978-1-84593-758-4.
- ↑ "Cichorium intybus". Flora of North America. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
- ↑ Flora of China, Cichorium intybus Linnaeus, 1753. 菊苣 ju ju Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Atlas of Living Australia Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "Endive, Chicory and Witloof". Aggie Horticulture. Texas AgriLife Extension Service, Texas A&M System. Retrieved 2013-12-16.
- ↑ John Cardina; Cathy Herms; Tim Koch; Ted Webster. "Chickory Cichorium intybus". Ohio Perennial & Biennial Weed Guide. Ohio State University OARDC Extension. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
- ↑ Rose, Francis (1981). The Wild Flower Key. Frederick Warne & Co. pp. 390–391. ISBN 0-7232-2419-6.
- ↑ Tijen İnaltong. "Wild Herbs of Turkey". Turkish Cultural Foundation. Retrieved 2013-12-16.
- ↑ Kyle Phillips. "Fava Bean Puree with Wild Chicory Recipe - Fave e Cicorie Selvatiche". About.com. Retrieved 2013-12-16.
- ↑ "Wild Chicory Spaghetti". Dolce Vita Diaries. Nudo Italia. 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2013-12-16.
- ↑ Jaume Fàbrega, El gust d'un poble: els plats més famosos de la cuina catalana. Llomillo fregit amb xicoires
- ↑ Leach, Frann (2004), Organic Gardening: How to grow organic Chicory, Gardenzone.info
- ↑ Radicchio Rosso di Treviso IGP - Tardivo (Red Radicchio of Treviso - Late harvest) (in Italian), Consorzio Tutela Radicchio Rosso di Treviso e Variegato di Castelfranco IGP, retrieved 2013-08-25
- ↑ Radicchio Rosso: The Marvel from Treviso, About.com, retrieved 2013-08-25
- ↑ Radicchio di Verona IGP (Radicchio of Verona IGP) (in Italian), TreVenezie, 2 February 2009, retrieved 2013-08-25
- ↑ Sugarloaf Chicory, Wairarapa Eco Farms, retrieved 2013-08-25
- ↑ witloof, vocabulary.com, retrieved 2013-08-25
- ↑ "Belgian endive- Cichorium intybus". The Food Museum. Archived from the original on 2005-07-29.
- ↑ "About". Frenchvegetables.com.
- ↑ Cicoria Asparago o Catalogna - Long-stemmed Italian Chicory, PROJECTFOODLAB, March 17, 2011, retrieved 2013-08-25
- ↑ Joseph O'Neill (2008-06-01). "Using inulin and oligofructose with high-intensity sweeteners". New Hope 360. Penton. Retrieved 2013-12-16.
- ↑ Madrigal L. Sangronis E. "Inulin and derivates as key ingredients in functional foods. [Review]" [Spanish] Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion. 57(4):387-96, 2007 Dec.
- ↑ Kim, Meehye; Shin, HK (1996). "The Water-Soluble Extract of Chicory Reduces Glucose uptake from the Perfused Jejunum in Rats" (PDF). J. Nutr. 126 (9): 2236–2242. PMID 8814212. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
- ↑ Wilson, Robert; S; Y (2004). "Chicory Root Yield and Carbohydrate Composition is Influenced by Cultivar Selection, Planting, and Harvest Date". Crop Sci. 44 (3): 748–752. doi:10.2135/cropsci2004.0748. Archived from the original on 2008-10-13. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
- ↑ Harsh Pal Bais, GA Ravishankar (2001) Cichorium intybus L – cultivation, processing, utility, value addition and biotechnology, with an emphasis on current status and future prospects. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 81, 467-484 (online)
- ↑ Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West, Gregory L. Tilford, ISBN 0-87842-359-1
- ↑ Heckendorn, F; Häring, DA; Maurer, V; Senn, M; Hertzberg, H (2007-05-15). "Individual administration of three tanniferous forage plants to lambs artificially infected with Haemonchus contortus and Cooperia curticei". Vet Parasitol. 146 (1–2): 123–34. PMID 17336459. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.01.009.
- ↑ Athanasiadou, S.; Gray, D; Younie, D; Tzamaloukas, O; Jackson, F; Kyriazakis, I (February 2007). "The use of chicory for parasite control in organic ewes and their lambs". Parasitology. 134 (Pt 2): 299–307. PMID 17032469. doi:10.1017/S0031182006001363.
- ↑ Tzamaloukas, O.; Athanasiadou, S; Kyriazakis, I; Huntley, JF; Jackson, F (March 2006). "The effect of chicory ( Cichorium intybus ) and sulla ( Hedysarum coronarium ) on larval development and mucosal cell responses of growing lambs challenged with Teladorsagia circumcincta". Parasitology. 132 (Pt 3): 419–26. PMID 16332288. doi:10.1017/S0031182005009194.
- 1 2 Roberfroid, MB; Cumps, J; Devogelaer, JP (2002). "Dietary chicory inulin increases whole-body bone mineral density in growing male rats". The Journal of Nutrition. 132 (12): 3599–602. PMID 12468594.
- ↑ Roberfroid MB (2007). "Inulin-type fructans: functional food ingredients". Journal of Nutrition. 137 (11 suppl): 2493S–2502S. PMID 17951492.
- ↑ "Inulin". WebMD. Retrieved 2013-12-16.
- ↑ Coudray, C.; Bellanger, J.; Castiglia-Delavaud, C.; Rémésy, C.; Vermorel, M.; Rayssignuier, Y. (1997-06-01). "Effect of soluble or partly soluble dietary fibres supplementation on absorption and balance of calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc in healthy young men". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 51 (6): 375–380. ISSN 0954-3007. PMID 9192195. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600417.
- ↑ Abrams, Steven A.; Griffin, Ian J.; Hawthorne, Keli M.; Liang, Lily; Gunn, Sheila K.; Darlington, Gretchen; Ellis, Kenneth J. (2005-08-01). "A combination of prebiotic short- and long-chain inulin-type fructans enhances calcium absorption and bone mineralization in young adolescents". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 82 (2): 471–476. ISSN 0002-9165. PMID 16087995.
- ↑ Abrams, Steven A.; Hawthorne, Keli M.; Aliu, Oluseyi; Hicks, Penni D.; Chen, Zhensheng; Griffin, Ian J. (2007-10-01). "An inulin-type fructan enhances calcium absorption primarily via an effect on colonic absorption in humans". The Journal of Nutrition. 137 (10): 2208–2212. ISSN 0022-3166. PMID 17884999.
- ↑ Abrams, Steven A.; Griffin, Ian J.; Hawthorne, Keli M. (2007-11-01). "Young adolescents who respond to an inulin-type fructan substantially increase total absorbed calcium and daily calcium accretion to the skeleton". The Journal of Nutrition. 137 (11 Suppl): 2524S–2526S. ISSN 0022-3166. PMID 17951496.
- ↑ Tabassum N., Qazi M.A., Shah A., Shah M.Y. "Curative potential of Kashni (Cichorium intybus Linn.) extract against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatocellular damage in rats" Pharmacologyonline 2010 2 (971-978)
- ↑ Hassan HA. Yousef MI. "Ameliorating effect of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.)-supplemented diet against nitrosamine precursors-induced liver injury and oxidative stress in male rats."Food & Chemical Toxicology. 48(8-9):2163-9, 2010 Aug-Sep.
- ↑ Ahmed B. Khan S. Masood MH. Siddique AH."Anti-hepatotoxic activity of cichotyboside, a sesquiterpene glycoside from the seeds of Cichorium intybus." Journal of Asian Natural Products Research. 10(3-4):223-31, 2008 Mar-Apr.
- ↑ L. Zafar R. Mujahid Ali S."Anti-hepatotoxic effects of root and root callus extracts of Cichorium intybus" Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 63(3):227-31, 1998 Dec.
- ↑ D. S. Vohra (1 June 2004). Bach Flower Remedies: A Comprehensive Study. B. Jain Publishers. p. 3. ISBN 978-81-7021-271-3. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
- ↑ "Flower remedies". Cancer Research UK. Retrieved September 2013. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey 1975 Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History. Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co. (p. 29)
- ↑ Herrick, James William 1977 Iroquois Medical Botany. State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis (p. 476)
- 1 2 Agronomy, American Society of (2005-10-25). "Advances in agronomy". ISBN 978-0-12-000786-8.
- ↑ Bureau Of Manufactures, United States (1915). "Commerce reports". Bureau Of Foreign And Domestic Commerce.
|first1=missing|last1=in Authors list (help) - ↑
- 1 2 "Tannins, Nutrition and Internal Parasites". NR International. Archived from the original on 2008-12-10.
- ↑ Schreurs, NM. Molan AL. Lopez-Villalobos N. Barry TN. McNabb WC. (2002). "Effects of grazing undrenched weaner deer on chicory or perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture on the viability of gastrointestinal nematodes and lungworms". Veterinary Record. 151 (12): 348–53. doi:10.1136/vr.151.12.348.
- ↑ Kidane, A. Houdijk JG. Athanasiadou S. Tolkamp BJ. Kyriazakis I. (2010). "Effects of maternal protein nutrition and subsequent grazing on chicory (Cichorium intybus) on parasitism and performance of lambs". Journal of Animal Science. 88 (4): 1513–21. doi:10.2527/jas.2009-2530.
- ↑ Schreurs, NM. Molan AL. Lopez-Villalobos N. Barry TN. McNabb WC (2002). "Effects of grazing undrenched weaner deer on chicory or perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture on the viability of gastrointestinal nematodes and lungworms". Veterinary Record. 151 (12): 348–53. doi:10.1136/vr.151.12.348.
- ↑ Archived January 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "Making good use of chicory". 2011-03-25. Archived from the original on 2011-07-27.
- ↑ Horace, Odes 31, ver 15, ca 30 BC
- ↑ Thomas Hengartner; Christoph Maria Merki, eds. (1999). Genußmittel. Frankfurt a. M. New York: Campus Verlag. ISBN 3-593-36337-2.
- ↑ Carl Philipp Ribbentrop (1796). Vollständige Geschichte und Beschreibung der Stadt Braunschweig. (in German). 2. Braunschweig. pp. 146–148.
- ↑ Letter from Monboddo to John Hope, 29 April 1779; reprinted by William Knight 1900 ISBN 1-85506-207-0
- 1 2 3 Guas, David; Raquel Pelzel (2009). DamGood Sweet: Desserts to Satisfy Your Sweet Tooth, New Orleans Style. Newtown, Connecticut: Taunton Press. pp. 60–64. ISBN 978-1-60085-118-6.
- ↑ (a) Delaney, John H. "New York (State). Dept. of Efficiency and Economy Annual Report". Albany New York, 1915, p. 673. Accessed via Google Books.
(b) "Prison Talk" website; Kentucky section: "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-13. Retrieved 2008-03-18.. - ↑ "Rome food and cuisine". Rome.info. Retrieved 2013-12-16.
- ↑ Howard, Michael. Traditional Folk Remedies (Century, 1987), p.120.
- ↑ "chicory, Cichorium intybus". invasive.org. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
External links
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- ITIS 36762
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