College of Cardinals

Cardinals in red vestments during the funeral of Pope John Paul II.

The College of Cardinals, formerly styled Sacred College of Cardinals, is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church.[1] Its membership was 225 as of 28 June 2016.[2] Most cardinals exit the College only by death, although a few leave it by election to the papacy, and still fewer leave by resignation or dismissal. Changes in life expectancy partly account for the increases in the size of the College.[3]

Since the emergence of the College of Cardinals in the Early Middle Ages, the size of the body has historically been limited by popes, ecumenical councils, and even the College itself. From 1099 to 1986, the total number of cardinals was approximately 2,900 (excluding possible undocumented 12th century cardinals, cardinals appointed during the Western Schism by pontiffs now considered to be antipopes, and subject to some other sources of uncertainty), nearly half of which were created after 1655.[4]

History

See also: External cardinal § History

The word cardinal is derived from the Latin cardo, meaning "hinge". The office of cardinal as it is known today slowly evolved during the first millennium from the clergy of Rome. "The first time that the term cardinal appears in the Liber Pontificalis is in the biography of Pope Stephen III(IV) when in the Roman Synod of 769, it was decided that the Roman pontiff should be elected from among the deacons and cardinal priests."[5]

In 845 the Council of Meaux "required Bishops to establish Cardinal titles or parishes in their towns and outlining districts."[6] At the same time, the popes began referring to the cardinal priests of Rome to serves as legates and delegates within Rome at ceremonies, synods, councils, etc., as well as abroad on diplomatic missions and councils. Those who were assigned to the latter roles were given the titles of Legatus a latere (Cardinal Legate) and Missus Specialis (Special Missions).[7]

During the pontificate of Stephen V (816-17), the three classes of the College that are present today began to form. Stephen decreed that all cardinal-bishops were bound to sing Mass on rotation at the high altar at St. Peter's Basilica, one per Sunday. The first class to form was that of the cardinal-deacons, direct theological descendants of the original seven ordained in Acts 6, followed by the cardinal-priests, and finally, the cardinal-bishops.[7]

The College played an integral part in various reforms within the Church as well, as early as the pontificate of Pope Leo IX (1050). In the 12th century, the Third Lateran Council declared that only Cardinals could assume the papacy, a requirement that has since lapsed. In 1130, under Urban II, all the classes were permitted to take part in papal elections; up to this point, only cardinal-bishops had this role.[7]

From the 13th to 15th centuries, the size of the College of Cardinals never exceeded thirty, although there were more than thirty parishes and diaconal districts which could potentially have a titular holder; Pope John XXII (1316–1334) formalized this norm by limiting the College to twenty members.[8] In the ensuing century, increasing the size of the College became a method for the pope to raise funds for construction or war, cultivate European alliances, and dilute the strength of the College as a spiritual and political counterweight to papal supremacy.[8]

The conclave capitulation of the papal conclave, 1352 limited the size of the College to twenty, and decreed that no new cardinals could be created until the size of the College had dropped to 16; however, Pope Innocent VI declared the capitulation invalid the following year.[9][10]

By the end of the 14th century, the practice of solely Italian cardinals had ceased. Between the 14th century and 17th century, there was much struggle for the College between the cardinals of the day and the reigning popes. The most effective way for a pope to increase his power was to increase the number of cardinals, promoting those who had nominated him. Those cardinals in power saw these actions as an attempt to weaken their influence.

The Council of Basel (1431–1437, later transferred to Ferrara and then Florence) limited the size of the College to twenty-four,[11] as did the capitulation of the papal conclave, 1464.[12][13][14] The capitulations of the 1484 (Pope Innocent VIII)[15] and 1513 (Pope Leo X) conclaves contained the same restriction.[16] The capitulation of the papal conclave, 1492 also is known to have contained some restriction on the creation of new cardinals.[17]

The Fifth Council of the Lateran (1512–1517), despite its lengthy regulation of the lives of cardinals, did not speak to the size of the College.[11]

In 1517, Pope Leo X added another thirty-one cardinals, bringing the total to sixty-five so that he could have a supportive majority in the College of Cardinals. Paul IV brought the total to seventy. His immediate successor, Pope Pius IV (1559–1565), raised the limit to seventy-six.[8] Although Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor sought a limit of 26 and complained about the size and quality of the College to his legates to the Council of Trent, and some French attendees advocated a limit of 24, that Council did not prescribe a limit to the size of the College.[11] By the papacy of Sixtus V (1585–1590), the number was set at seventy on 3 December 1587, divided among fourteen cardinal-deacons, fifty cardinal-priests, and six cardinal-bishops.[7]

His successors respected that limit until Pope John XXIII (1958–1963) increased the number of cardinals in successive consistories to 75 (1958), 88 (1960), and 90 (1962).[18] Pope Paul VI (1963–1978) increased the size of the college to 105 (1965), 120 (1967), and 136 (1969). He then altered the significance of the size of the College by restricting the right to vote in conclaves to those under the age of eighty. The number of those cardinals, the cardinal-electors, he limited to a maximum of 120. He removed any limitation on the overall size of the College.[lower-alpha 1][19] The immediate impact was to eliminate the voting rights of 25 cardinals, 14 of them Italians. Cardinal Alfredo Ottaviani, then 80, said the Pope's action was "an act committed in contempt of tradition that is centuries old" and was "throwing over board the bulk of his expert and gifted counselors".[20] Cardinal Eugène Tisserant, 86, objected that each cardinal's health should determine his fitness and suggested that 73-year-old Paul VI seemed frail.[21]

When Paul VI increased the College to 145 members in 1973, the number of cardinal electors was 116.[22] Pope John Paul II's appointments to the College resulted in more than 120 under the age of 80 on several occasions, reaching a high of 135 in February 2001.[23] When exceeding the 120 limit, he approved "temporary derogations" of the rule so that all of those under 80 could participate in a consistory as electors.[24] He also made titular churches of parish churches constructed on the outskirts of Rome after World War II to accommodate the increased size of the College.[19] For several years Pope Francis respected the limitation on cardinal electors. In 2016 he told reporters "we have 13 slots" shortly before naming 13 new cardinals under the age of 80 to bring the number of cardinal electors to 120.[25] When he named cardinals in 2017, however, he increased the number of cardinals under 80 to 121.[26]

Historical data

For the Middle Ages, sources speaking to the size of the College of Cardinals are most frequently those relating to papal elections and conclaves.[3]

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Organisation

Coat of arms style for cardinals.

As of 28 June 2017, the College had 225 members, 121 of whom were eligible to participate in a conclave. The group's size has historically been limited by popes, ecumenical councils, and even the College itself. From 1099 to 1986, the total number of cardinals appointed was approximately 2,900 (excluding possibly undocumented 12th-century cardinals, cardinals appointed during the Western Schism by pontiffs now considered to be antipopes, and subject to some other sources of uncertainty), nearly half of whom were created after 1655.[27]

Functions

A function of the college is to advise the pope about church matters when he summons them to an ordinary consistory,[28] a term derived from the Roman Emperor's crown council. It also attends various functions as a matter of protocol, for example, during the canonization process.

It also convenes on the death or resignation of a pope as a papal conclave to elect a successor,[29] but is then restricted to eligible Cardinals under the age limit, which was set for the first time in 1970 by Pope Paul VI at 80.[30]

The college has no ruling power except during the sede vacante (papal vacancy) period, and even then its powers are extremely limited by the terms of the current law, which is laid down in the Apostolic constitution Universi Dominici gregis (1996) and the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State.

Historically, cardinals were the clergy serving parishes of the city of Rome under its bishop, the pope. The College acquired particular importance following the crowning of Henry IV as King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor at the age of six, after the unexpected death of Henry III in 1056. Until then, the Holy See was often bitterly fought for among Rome's aristocratic families and external secular authorities had significant influence over who was to be appointed pope, and the Holy Roman Emperor in particular had the special power to appoint him. This was significant as the aims and views of the Holy Roman Emperor and the Church did not always coincide. Churchmen involved in what has become known as the Gregorian Reform took advantage of the new king's lack of power and in 1059 reserved the election of the pope to the clergy of the Church in Rome. This was part of a larger power struggle, which became known as the Investiture Controversy, as the Church and the Emperor each attempted to gain more control over the appointment of bishops, and in doing so wield more influence in the lands and governments they were appointed to. Reserving to the cardinals the election of the pope represented a significant shift in the balance of power in the Early Medieval world. From the beginning of the 12th century, the College of Cardinals started to meet as such, when the cardinal bishops, cardinal priests and cardinal deacons ceased acting as separate groups.[31]

Officials

In the Catholic church, the Dean of the College of Cardinals and the Cardinal Vice-Dean are the president and vice-president of the college. Both are elected by and from the six Cardinal-bishops (cardinals of the highest order, holding suburbicarian dioceses), but the election requires Papal confirmation. Except for presiding and delegating administrative tasks, they have no authority over the cardinals, acting as primus inter pares (first among equals).

The Secretary of State, the prefects of the Congregations of the Roman Curia, the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, the Vicar General of Rome, and the Patriarchs of Venice and Lisbon, are usually Cardinals, with few, usually temporary, exceptions. The Fundamental Law of Vatican City State requires that appointees to the state's legislative body, the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, be cardinals.[32]

Choosing the pope

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Under the terms of Pope Paul VI's motu proprio Ingravescentem Aetatem, cardinals who reached the age of 80 before a conclave opened had no vote in papal elections. Pope John Paul II's Universi Dominici gregis of 22 February 1996 modified that slightly, so that cardinals who have reached the age of 80 before the day the see becomes vacant do not have a vote.[29]

Canon law sets the general qualifications required of someone to be appointed bishop quite broadly, requiring someone of faith and good reputation, thirty-five years old, with a certain level of education.[33] The cardinals have nevertheless elected the Bishop of Rome from among their own membership since the election of Pope Urban VI in 1378. The conclave rules specify the procedures to be followed should they elect someone residing outside Vatican City or not yet a bishop.[34]

Of the 117 cardinals under the age of 80 at the time of Pope Benedict XVI's resignation, 115 participated in the conclave of March 2013 that elected his successor. The two who did not participate were Julius Riyadi Darmaatmadja (for health reasons) and Keith O'Brien (following allegations of sexual misconduct).[35] Of the 115 cardinals who participated in the conclave that elected Pope Francis, 48 were appointed by Pope John Paul II, and 67 by Pope Benedict XVI.

As of 5 August 2017, there are a total of 223 cardinals, of whom 122 are under 80. The Holy See announced on 20 March 2015 that Pope Francis had accepted the resignation by Cardinal Keith O'Brien of the rights and privileges of a Cardinal, although he retains the title.[36] As a result, 121 cardinals are eligible to participate in a future papal election. Of those 121, 19 were appointed by Pope John Paul II, 53 by Pope Benedict XVI, and 49 by Pope Francis.

Antonio Maria Vegliò is the next cardinal expected to turn 80 (on 3 February 2018) and thus lose his right to participate in a conclave.

Current members of the College of Cardinals

The following is the list of all cardinals living as of 5 August 2017. Cardinals appear in order of precedence, which is based on rank and then seniority by date of appointment within rank. Angelo Sodano has the highest precedence as a Cardinal Bishop and Dean of the College of Cardinals. Giovanni Battista Re has second highest precedence as a fellow Cardinal Bishop and Vice-Dean of the College of Cardinals.

Within the College of Cardinals, there are three categories, the highest-ranked Cardinal Bishops, then Cardinal Priests, and finally Cardinal Deacons. Within each category, cardinals are ranked by seniority of appointment to that category. Despite these titles, almost every cardinal is, since the pontificate of Pope John XXIII (1958–1963), a bishop. Anyone not a bishop when his appointment is announced has generally been consecrated bishop before his formal installation, although a few priests appointed cardinals when near or over 80 have obtained permission not to become bishops.

Most of the cardinals are from the Latin Church; those who are from the Eastern Catholic Churches have their church indicated. Cardinals who are not electors are highlighted in red.

Order Consistory
Pope		 Name Country Birthday
Age		 Office
CB 28 June 1991
JPII 		Sodano, AngeloAngelo Sodano  Italy 23 November 1927
89 		Dean of the College of Cardinals and Secretary of State emeritus
CB 21 February 2001
JPII 		Re, Giovanni BattistaGiovanni Battista Re  Italy 30 January 1934
83 		Vice-Dean of the College of Cardinals and Prefect emeritus of the Congregation for Bishops
CB 30 June 1979
JPII 		Etchegaray, RogerRoger Etchegaray  France 25 September 1922
94 		Vice-Dean emeritus of the College of Cardinals and President emeritus of the Pontifical Councils Iustitia et Pax and Cor Unum
CB 25 May 1985
JPII 		Arinze, FrancisFrancis Arinze  Nigeria 1 November 1932
84 		Prefect emeritus of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments
CB 21 October 2003
JPII 		Bertone, TarcisioTarcisio Bertone, S.D.B.  Italy 2 December 1934
82 		Secretary emeritus of State and Camerlengo emeritus of the Holy Roman Church
CB 21 February 2001
JPII 		Saraiva Martins, JoséJosé Saraiva Martins  Portugal 6 January 1932
85 		Prefect emeritus of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints
CB 26 November 1994
JPII 		Sfeir, Nasrallah BoutrosNasrallah Boutros Sfeir  Lebanon 15 May 1920
97 		Patriarch emeritus of Antioch of the Maronites
(Maronite Catholic Church)
CB 20 November 2010
BXVI 		Naguib, AntoniosAntonios Naguib  Egypt 18 March 1935
82 		Patriarch emeritus of Alexandria of the Copts
(Coptic Catholic Church)
CB 24 November 2012
BXVI 		Rahi, Bechara Boutros al-Bechara Boutros al- Rahi  Lebanon 25 February 1940
77 		Patriarch of Antioch of the Maronites
(Maronite Catholic Church)
CP 2 February 1983
JPII 		Kitbunchu, Michael MichaiMichael Michai Kitbunchu  Thailand 25 January 1929
88 		Protopriest since December 2016, Archbishop emeritus of Bangkok
CP 2 February 1983
JPII 		do Nascimento, AlexandreAlexandre do Nascimento  Angola 1 March 1925
92 		Archbishop emeritus of Luanda
CP 2 February 1983
JPII 		Danneels, GodfriedGodfried Danneels  Belgium 4 June 1933
84 		Archbishop emeritus of Mechelen-Brussels
CP 2 February 1983
JPII 		Williams, Thomas StaffordThomas Stafford Williams  New Zealand 20 March 1930
87 		Archbishop emeritus of Wellington
CP 25 May 1985
JPII 		Obando y Bravo, MiguelMiguel Obando y Bravo  Nicaragua 2 February 1926
91 		Archbishop emeritus of Managua
CP 25 May 1985
JPII 		Vidal, RicardoRicardo Vidal  Philippines 6 February 1931
86 		Archbishop emeritus of Cebu
CP 25 May 1985
JPII 		Gulbinowicz, HenrykHenryk Gulbinowicz  Poland 17 October 1923
93 		Archbishop emeritus of Wrocław
CP 25 May 1985
JPII 		Tomko, JozefJozef Tomko  Slovakia 11 March 1924
93 		President emeritus of the Pontifical Committee for International Eucharistic Congresses
CP 25 May 1985
JPII 		Poupard, PaulPaul Poupard  France 30 August 1930
86 		President emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Culture
CP 25 May 1985
JPII 		Wetter, FriedrichFriedrich Wetter  Germany 20 February 1928
89 		Archbishop emeritus of Munich and Freising
CP 25 May 1985
JPII 		Simonis, Adrianus JohannesAdrianus Johannes Simonis  Netherlands 26 November 1931
85 		Archbishop emeritus of Utrecht
CP 25 May 1985
JPII 		Law, Bernard FrancisBernard Francis Law  United States 4 November 1931
85 		Archpriest emeritus of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
CP 28 June 1988
JPII 		Martínez Somalo, EduardoEduardo Martínez Somalo  Spain 31 March 1927
90 		Camerlengo emeritus of the Holy Roman Church
CP 28 June 1988
JPII 		Silvestrini, AchilleAchille Silvestrini  Italy 25 October 1923
93 		Prefect emeritus of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches and Grand Chancellor emeritus of the Pontifical Oriental Institute
CP 28 June 1988
JPII 		Freire Falcão, JoséJosé Freire Falcão  Brazil 23 October 1925
91 		Archbishop emeritus of Brasília
CP 28 June 1988
JPII 		Santos, Alexandre José Maria dosAlexandre José Maria dos Santos  Mozambique 18 March 1924
93 		Archbishop emeritus of Maputo
CP 28 June 1988
JPII 		Tumi, ChristianChristian Tumi  Cameroon 15 October 1930
86 		Archbishop emeritus of Douala
CP 28 June 1991
JPII 		Cassidy, EdwardEdward Cassidy  Australia 5 July 1924
93 		President emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity
CP 28 June 1991
JPII 		Lopez Rodríguez, Nicolás de JesúsNicolás de Jesús Lopez Rodríguez  Dominican Republic 31 October 1936
80 		Archbishop emeritus of Santo Domingo
CP 28 June 1991
JPII 		Mahony, RogerRoger Mahony  United States 27 February 1936
81 		Archbishop emeritus of Los Angeles
CP 28 June 1991
JPII 		Ruini, CamilloCamillo Ruini  Italy 19 February 1931
86 		Vicar General emeritus of His Holiness for the Diocese of Rome and President emeritus of the Peregrinatio ad Petri Sedem
CP 28 June 1991
JPII 		Schwery, HenriHenri Schwery   Switzerland 14 June 1932
85 		Bishop emeritus of Sion
CP 26 November 1994
JPII 		Ortega y Alamino, Jaime LucasJaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino  Cuba 18 October 1936
80 		Archbishop emeritus of San Cristóbal de la Habana
CP 26 November 1994
JPII 		Darmaatmadja, JuliusJulius Darmaatmadja, S.J.  Indonesia 20 December 1934
82 		Archbishop emeritus of Jakarta
CP 26 November 1994
JPII 		Wamala, EmmanuelEmmanuel Wamala  Uganda 15 December 1926
90 		Archbishop emeritus of Kampala
CP 26 November 1994
JPII 		Maida, AdamAdam Maida  United States 18 March 1930
87 		Archbishop emeritus of Detroit
CP 26 November 1994
JPII 		Puljić, VinkoVinko Puljić  Bosnia and Herzegovina 8 September 1945
71 		Archbishop of Vrhbosna (Sarajevo)
CP 26 November 1994
JPII 		Sandoval Iñiguez, JuanJuan Sandoval Iñiguez  Mexico 28 March 1933
84 		Archbishop emeritus of Guadalajara
CP 21 February 1998
JPII 		Medina Estévez, JorgeJorge Medina Estévez  Chile 23 December 1926
90 		Prefect emeritus of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments
CP 21 February 1998
JPII 		Castrillón Hoyos, DaríoDarío Castrillón Hoyos  Colombia 4 July 1929
88 		President emeritus of the Congregation for the Clergy and President emeritus of the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei
CP 21 February 1998
JPII 		Stafford, JamesJames Stafford  United States 26 July 1932
85 		Major Penitentiary emeritus of the Apostolic Penitentiary
CP 21 February 1998
JPII 		De Giorgi, SalvatoreSalvatore De Giorgi  Italy 6 September 1930
86 		Archbishop emeritus of Palermo
CP 21 February 1998
JPII 		Fernandes de Araújo, SerafimSerafim Fernandes de Araújo  Brazil 13 August 1924
92 		Archbishop emeritus of Belo Horizonte
CP 21 February 1998
JPII 		Rouco Varela, Antonio MaríaAntonio María Rouco Varela  Spain 20 August 1936
80 		Archbishop emeritus of Madrid
CP 21 February 1998
JPII 		Pengo, PolycarpPolycarp Pengo  Tanzania 5 August 1944
73 		Archbishop of Dar-es-Salaam
CP 21 February 1998
JPII 		Schönborn, ChristophChristoph Schönborn, O.P.  Austria 22 January 1945
72 		Archbishop of Vienna
CP 21 February 1998
JPII 		Rivera Carrera, NorbertoNorberto Rivera Carrera  Mexico 6 June 1942
75 		Archbishop of Mexico (City)
CP 21 February 1998
JPII 		Jaworski, MarianMarian Jaworski  Poland 21 August 1926
90 		Archbishop emeritus of Lviv of the Latins
CP 21 February 1998
JPII 		Pujats, JānisJānis Pujats  Latvia 14 November 1930
86 		Archbishop emeritus of Riga
CP 21 February 2001
JPII 		Cacciavillan, AgostinoAgostino Cacciavillan  Italy 14 August 1926
90 		President emeritus of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See
CP 21 February 2001
JPII 		Sebastiani, SergioSergio Sebastiani  Italy 11 April 1931
86 		President emeritus of Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See
CP 21 February 2001
JPII 		Grocholewski, ZenonZenon Grocholewski  Poland 11 October 1939
77 		Prefect emeritus of the Congregation for Catholic Education and Grand Chancellor of the Pontifical Gregorian University
CP 21 February 2001
JPII 		Sepe, CrescenzioCrescenzio Sepe  Italy 2 June 1943
74 		Archbishop of Naples
CP 21 February 2001
JPII 		Kasper, WalterWalter Kasper  Germany 5 March 1933
84 		President emeritus of Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity
CP 21 February 2001
JPII 		Agnelo, Geraldo MajellaGeraldo Majella Agnelo  Brazil 19 October 1933
83 		Archbishop emeritus of São Salvador da Bahia
CP 21 February 2001
JPII 		Rubiano Sáenz, PedroPedro Rubiano Sáenz  Colombia 13 September 1932
84 		Archbishop emeritus of Bogotá
CP 21 February 2001
JPII 		McCarrick, Theodore EdgarTheodore Edgar McCarrick  United States 7 July 1930
87 		Archbishop emeritus of Washington
CP 21 February 2001
JPII 		Bačkis, AudrysAudrys Bačkis  Lithuania 1 February 1937
80 		Archbishop emeritus of Vilnius
CP 21 February 2001
JPII 		Errázuriz Ossa, Francisco JavierFrancisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa, P. Schoenstatt  Chile 5 September 1933
83 		Archbishop emeritus of Santiago de Chile
CP 21 February 2001
JPII 		Napier, WilfridWilfrid Napier, O.F.M.  South Africa 8 March 1941
76 		Archbishop of Durban
CP 21 February 2001
JPII 		Rodríguez Maradiaga, Óscar AndrésÓscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga, S.D.B.  Honduras 29 December 1942
74 		Archbishop of Tegucigalpa
CP 21 February 2001
JPII 		Cipriani Thorne, Juan LuisJuan Luis Cipriani Thorne  Peru 28 December 1943
73 		Archbishop of Lima
CP 21 February 2001
JPII 		Alvarez Martinez, FranciscoFrancisco Alvarez Martinez  Spain 14 July 1925
92 		Archbishop emeritus of Toledo
CP 21 February 2001
JPII 		Hummes, CláudioCláudio Hummes  Brazil 8 August 1934
83 		Prefect emeritus of Congregation for the Clergy
CP 21 February 2001
JPII 		Poletto, SeverinoSeverino Poletto  Italy 18 March 1933
84 		Archbishop emeritus of Turin
CP 21 February 2001
JPII 		Murphy-O'Connor, CormacCormac Murphy-O'Connor  Great Britain 24 August 1932
84 		Archbishop emeritus of Westminster
CP 21 February 2001
JPII 		Lehmann, KarlKarl Lehmann  Germany 16 May 1936
81 		Bishop emeritus of Mainz
CP 21 October 2003
JPII 		Tauran, Jean-LouisJean-Louis Tauran  France 3 April 1943
74 		President of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue, Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church
CP 21 October 2003
JPII 		Herranz Casado, JuliánJulián Herranz Casado  Spain 31 March 1930
87 		President emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts and President of the Disciplinary Commission of the Roman Curia
CP 21 October 2003
JPII 		Lozano Barragán, JavierJavier Lozano Barragán  Mexico 26 January 1933
84 		President emeritus of Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers
CP 21 October 2003
JPII 		Scola, AngeloAngelo Scola  Italy 7 November 1941
75 		Archbishop emeritus of Milan
CP 21 October 2003
JPII 		Okogie, Anthony OlubunmiAnthony Olubunmi Okogie  Nigeria 16 June 1936
81 		Archbishop emeritus of Lagos
CP 21 October 2003
JPII 		Panafieu, BernardBernard Panafieu  France 26 January 1931
86 		Archbishop emeritus of Marseille
CP 21 October 2003
JPII 		Zubeir Wako, GabrielGabriel Zubeir Wako  Sudan 27 February 1941
76 		Archbishop emeritus of Khartoum
CP 21 October 2003
JPII 		Amigo Vallejo, CarlosCarlos Amigo Vallejo, O.F.M.  Spain 23 August 1934
82 		Archbishop emeritus of Seville
CP 21 October 2003
JPII 		Rigali, Justin FrancisJustin Francis Rigali  United States 19 April 1935
82 		Archbishop emeritus of Philadelphia
CP 21 October 2003
JPII 		O'Brien, KeithKeith O'Brien  Great Britain 17 March 1938
79 		Archbishop emeritus of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh
CP 21 October 2003
JPII 		Scheid, EusébioEusébio Scheid  Brazil 8 December 1932
84 		Archbishop emeritus of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro
CP 21 October 2003
JPII 		Antonelli, EnnioEnnio Antonelli  Italy 18 November 1936
80 		President emeritus of the Pontifical Council for the Family
CP 21 October 2003
JPII 		Turkson, PeterPeter Turkson  Ghana 11 October 1948
68 		Prefect of the Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development
CP 21 October 2003
JPII 		Toppo, TelesphoreTelesphore Toppo  India 15 October 1939
77 		Archbishop of Ranchi
CP 21 October 2003
JPII 		Pell, GeorgeGeorge Pell  Australia 8 June 1941
76 		Prefect of the Secretariat for the Economy
CP 21 October 2003
JPII 		Bozanić, JosipJosip Bozanić  Croatia 20 March 1949
68 		Archbishop of Zagreb
CP 21 October 2003
JPII 		Phạm Minh Mẫn, Jean-BaptisteJean-Baptiste Phạm Minh Mẫn  Vietnam 5 March 1934
83 		Archbishop emeritus of Ho Chi Minh City
CP 21 October 2003
JPII 		Barbarin, PhilippePhilippe Barbarin  France 17 October 1950
66 		Archbishop of Lyon
CP 21 October 2003
JPII 		Erdő, PéterPéter Erdő  Hungary 25 June 1952
65 		Archbishop of Esztergom-Budapest
CP 21 October 2003
JPII 		Ouellet, MarcMarc Ouellet, P.S.S.  Canada 8 June 1944
73 		Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops
CP 24 March 2006
BXVI 		Levada, WilliamWilliam Levada  United States 15 June 1936
81 		Prefect emeritus of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
CP 24 March 2006
BXVI 		Rode, FrancFranc Rode, C.M.  Slovenia 23 September 1934
82 		Prefect emeritus of Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life
CP 24 March 2006
BXVI 		Vallini, AgostinoAgostino Vallini  Italy 17 April 1940
77 		Vicar General emeritus of Rome, Archpriest emeritus of the papal Lateran Basilica and Grand Chancellor of the Pontifical Lateran University
CP 24 March 2006
BXVI 		Urosa Savino, JorgeJorge Urosa Savino  Venezuela 28 August 1942
74 		Archbishop of Caracas
CP 24 March 2006
BXVI 		Rosales, GaudencioGaudencio Rosales  Philippines 10 August 1932
85 		Archbishop emeritus of Manila
CP 24 March 2006
BXVI 		Ricard, Jean-PierreJean-Pierre Ricard  France 25 September 1944
72 		Archbishop of Bordeaux
CP 24 March 2006
BXVI 		Cañizares Llovera, AntonioAntonio Cañizares Llovera  Spain 15 October 1945
71 		Archbishop of Valencia
CP 24 March 2006
BXVI 		Cheong Jin-suk, NicolasNicolas Cheong Jin-suk  South Korea 7 December 1931
85 		Archbishop emeritus of Seoul
CP 24 March 2006
BXVI 		O'Malley, Seán PatrickSeán Patrick O'Malley, O.F.M. Cap.  United States 29 June 1944
73 		Archbishop of Boston
CP 24 March 2006
BXVI 		Dziwisz, StanisławStanisław Dziwisz  Poland 27 April 1939
78 		Archbishop emeritus of Kraków
CP 24 March 2006
BXVI 		Caffarra, CarloCarlo Caffarra  Italy 1 June 1938
79 		Archbishop emeritus of Bologna
CP 24 March 2006
BXVI 		Zen Ze-Kiun, JosephJoseph Zen Ze-Kiun, S.D.B.  China 13 January 1932
85 		Bishop emeritus of Hong Kong
CP 24 March 2006
BXVI 		Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo, AndreaAndrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo  Italy 27 August 1925
91 		Archpriest emeritus of St. Paul's Outside-the-Walls
CP 24 March 2006
BXVI 		Vanhoye, AlbertAlbert Vanhoye, S.J.  France 24 July 1923
94 		Priest of the Society of Jesus
CP 24 November 2007
BXVI 		Brady, SeánSeán Brady  Ireland 16 August 1939
77 		Archbishop emeritus of Armagh
CP 24 November 2007
BXVI 		Martínez Sistach, LluísLluís Martínez Sistach  Spain 29 April 1937
80 		Archbishop emeritus of Barcelona
CP 24 November 2007
BXVI 		Vingt-Trois, AndréAndré Vingt-Trois  France 7 November 1942
74 		Archbishop of Paris
CP 24 November 2007
BXVI 		Bagnasco, AngeloAngelo Bagnasco  Italy 14 January 1943
74 		Archbishop of Genoa
CP 24 November 2007
BXVI 		Sarr, Théodore-AdrienThéodore-Adrien Sarr  Senegal 28 November 1936
80 		Archbishop emeritus of Dakar
CP 24 November 2007
BXVI 		Gracias, OswaldOswald Gracias  India 24 December 1944
72 		Archbishop of Bombay (Mumbai)
CP 24 November 2007
BXVI 		Robles Ortega, FranciscoFrancisco Robles Ortega  Mexico 2 March 1949
68 		Archbishop of Guadalajara
CP 24 November 2007
BXVI 		DiNardo, DanielDaniel DiNardo  United States 23 May 1949
68 		Archbishop of Galveston-Houston
CP 24 November 2007
BXVI 		Scherer, OdiloOdilo Scherer  Brazil 21 September 1949
67 		Archbishop of São Paulo
CP 24 November 2007
BXVI 		Njue, JohnJohn Njue  Kenya 31 December 1944
72 		Archbishop of Nairobi
CP 24 November 2007
BXVI 		Karlic, Estanislao EstebanEstanislao Esteban Karlic  Argentina 7 February 1926
91 		Archbishop emeritus of Paraná
CP 20 November 2010
BXVI 		Vela Chiriboga, Raúl EduardoRaúl Eduardo Vela Chiriboga  Ecuador 1 January 1934
83 		Archbishop emeritus of Quito
CP 20 November 2010
BXVI 		Monsengwo Pasinya, LaurentLaurent Monsengwo Pasinya  Democratic Republic of the Congo 7 October 1939
77 		Archbishop of Kinshasa
CP 20 November 2010
BXVI 		Romeo, PaoloPaolo Romeo  Italy 20 February 1938
79 		Archbishop emeritus of Palermo
CP 20 November 2010
BXVI 		Wuerl, DonaldDonald Wuerl  United States 12 November 1940
76 		Archbishop of Washington
CP 20 November 2010
BXVI 		Damasceno Assis, RaymundoRaymundo Damasceno Assis  Brazil 15 February 1937
80 		Archbishop emeritus of Aparecida
CP 20 November 2010
BXVI 		Nycz, KazimierzKazimierz Nycz  Poland 1 February 1950
67 		Archbishop of Warsaw
CP 20 November 2010
BXVI 		Ranjith, MalcolmMalcolm Ranjith  Sri Lanka 15 November 1947
69 		Archbishop of Colombo
CP 20 November 2010
BXVI 		Marx, ReinhardReinhard Marx  Germany 21 September 1953
63 		Archbishop of Munich and Freising
CP 20 November 2010
BXVI 		Estepa Llaurens, José ManuelJosé Manuel Estepa Llaurens  Spain 1 January 1926
91 		Military Archbishop emeritus of Spain
CP 18 February 2012
BXVI 		Alencherry, GeorgeGeorge Alencherry  India 19 April 1945
72 		Major Archbishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly
(Syro-Malabar Catholic Church)
CP 18 February 2012
BXVI 		Collins, Thomas ChristopherThomas Christopher Collins  Canada 16 January 1947
70 		Archbishop of Toronto
CP 18 February 2012
BXVI 		Duka, DominikDominik Duka, O.P.  Czech Republic 26 April 1943
74 		Archbishop of Prague
CP 18 February 2012
BXVI 		Eijk, WimWim Eijk  Netherlands 22 June 1953
64 		Archbishop of Utrecht
CP 18 February 2012
BXVI 		Betori, GiuseppeGiuseppe Betori  Italy 25 February 1947
70 		Archbishop of Florence
CP 18 February 2012
BXVI 		Dolan, Timothy M.Timothy M. Dolan  United States 6 February 1950
67 		Archbishop of New York
CP 18 February 2012
BXVI 		Woelki, RainerRainer Woelki  Germany 18 August 1956
60 		Archbishop of Cologne
CP 18 February 2012
BXVI 		Tong Hon, JohnJohn Tong Hon  China 31 July 1939
78 		Bishop emeritus of Hong Kong
CP 18 February 2012
BXVI 		Mureșan, LucianLucian Mureșan  Romania 23 May 1931
86 		Major Archbishop of Făgăraş and Alba Iulia
(Romanian Greek-Catholic Church)
CP 24 November 2012
BXVI 		Cleemis, BaseliosBaselios Cleemis  India 15 June 1959
58 		Major Archbishop of Trivandrum
(Syro-Malankara Catholic Church)
CP 24 November 2012
BXVI 		Onaiyekan, JohnJohn Onaiyekan  Nigeria 29 January 1944
73 		Archbishop of Abuja
CP 24 November 2012
BXVI 		Salazar Gómez, RubénRubén Salazar Gómez  Colombia 22 September 1942
74 		Archbishop of Bogotá
CP 24 November 2012
BXVI 		Tagle, Luis AntonioLuis Antonio Tagle  Philippines 21 June 1957
60 		Archbishop of Manila
CP 22 February 2014
FRA 		Parolin, PietroPietro Parolin  Italy 17 January 1955
62 		Secretary of State
CP 22 February 2014
FRA 		Nichols, VincentVincent Nichols  Great Britain 8 November 1945
71 		Archbishop of Westminster
CP 22 February 2014
FRA 		Brenes, LeopoldoLeopoldo Brenes  Nicaragua 7 March 1949
68 		Archbishop of Managua
CP 22 February 2014
FRA 		Lacroix, GéraldGérald Lacroix, I.S.P.X.  Canada 27 July 1957
60 		Archbishop of Quebec
CP 22 February 2014
FRA 		Kutwa, Jean-PierreJean-Pierre Kutwa  Côte d'Ivoire 22 December 1945
71 		Archbishop of Abidjan
CP 22 February 2014
FRA 		Tempesta, Orani JoãoOrani João Tempesta, O. Cist  Brazil 23 June 1950
67 		Archbishop of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro
CP 22 February 2014
FRA 		Bassetti, GualtieroGualtiero Bassetti  Italy 7 April 1942
75 		Archbishop of Perugia-Città della Pieve
CP 22 February 2014
FRA 		Poli, Mario AurelioMario Aurelio Poli  Argentina 29 November 1947
69 		Archbishop of Buenos Aires
CP 22 February 2014
FRA 		Yeom Soo-jung, AndrewAndrew Yeom Soo-jung  South Korea 5 December 1943
73 		Archbishop of Seoul
CP 22 February 2014
FRA 		Ezzati Andrello, RicardoRicardo Ezzati Andrello, S.D.B.  Chile 7 January 1942
75 		Archbishop of Santiago de Chile
CP 22 February 2014
FRA 		Ouédraogo, Philippe NakellentubaPhilippe Nakellentuba Ouédraogo  Burkina Faso 25 January 1945
72 		Archbishop of Ouagadougou
CP 22 February 2014
FRA 		Quevedo, OrlandoOrlando Quevedo, O.M.I.  Philippines 11 March 1939
78 		Archbishop of Cotabato
CP 22 February 2014
FRA 		Langlois, ChiblyChibly Langlois  Haiti 29 November 1958
58 		Bishop of Les Cayes
CP 22 February 2014
FRA 		Sebastián Aguilar, FernandoFernando Sebastián Aguilar, C.M.F.  Spain 14 December 1929
87 		Archbishop emeritus of Pamplona y Tudela
CP 22 February 2014
FRA 		Felix, KelvinKelvin Felix  Saint Lucia 15 February 1933
84 		Archbishop emeritus of Castries
CP 14 February 2015
FRA 		Clemente, Manuel José Macário do NascimentoManuel José Macário do Nascimento Clemente  Portugal 16 July 1948
69 		Patriarch of Lisbon
CP 14 February 2015
FRA 		Souraphiel, Berhaneyesus DemerewBerhaneyesus Demerew Souraphiel, C.M.  Ethiopia 14 July 1948
69 		Archbishop of Addis Abeba
(Ethiopian Catholic Church)
CP 14 February 2015
FRA 		Dew, John AtcherleyJohn Atcherley Dew  New Zealand 5 May 1948
69 		Archbishop of Wellington
CP 14 February 2015
FRA 		Menichelli, EdoardoEdoardo Menichelli  Italy 14 October 1939
77 		Archbishop emeritus of Ancona-Osimo
CP 14 February 2015
FRA 		Nguyễn Văn Nhơn, PierrePierre Nguyễn Văn Nhơn  Vietnam 1 April 1938
79 		Archbishop of Hanoi
CP 14 February 2015
FRA 		Suárez Inda, AlbertoAlberto Suárez Inda  Mexico 30 January 1939
78 		Archbishop emeritus of Morelia
CP 14 February 2015
FRA 		Bo, Charles MaungCharles Maung Bo, S.D.B.  Myanmar 29 October 1948
68 		Archbishop of Yangon
CP 14 February 2015
FRA 		Kovitvanit, KriengsakKriengsak Kovitvanit  Thailand 27 June 1949
68 		Archbishop of Bangkok
CP 14 February 2015
FRA 		Montenegro, FrancescoFrancesco Montenegro  Italy 22 May 1946
71 		Archbishop of Agrigento
CP 14 February 2015
FRA 		Sturla Berhouet, Daniel FernandoDaniel Fernando Sturla Berhouet, S.D.B.  Uruguay 4 July 1959
58 		Archbishop of Montevideo
CP 14 February 2015
FRA 		Blázquez Pérez, RicardoRicardo Blázquez Pérez  Spain 13 April 1942
75 		Archbishop of Valladolid
CP 14 February 2015
FRA 		Lacunza Maestrojuán, José LuisJosé Luis Lacunza Maestrojuán, O.A.R.  Panama 24 February 1944
73 		Bishop of David
CP 14 February 2015
FRA 		Gomes Furtado, ArlindoArlindo Gomes Furtado  Cape Verde 15 November 1949
67 		Bishop of Santiago de Cabo Verde
CP 14 February 2015
FRA 		Mafi, Soane Patita PainiSoane Patita Paini Mafi  Tonga 19 December 1961
55 		Bishop of Tonga
CP 14 February 2015
FRA 		Pimiento Rodríguez, José de JesúsJosé de Jesús Pimiento Rodríguez  Colombia 18 February 1919
98 		Archbishop emeritus of Manizales
CP 14 February 2015
FRA 		Villalba, Luis HéctorLuis Héctor Villalba  Argentina 11 October 1934
82 		Archbishop emeritus of Tucumán
CP 14 February 2015
FRA 		Duarte Langa, JúlioJúlio Duarte Langa  Mozambique 27 October 1927
89 		Bishop emeritus of Xai-Xai
CP 19 November 2016
FRA 		Nzapalainga, DieudonnéDieudonné Nzapalainga, C.S.Sp.  Central African Republic 14 March 1967
50 		Archbishop of Bangui
CP 19 November 2016
FRA 		Osoro Sierra, CarlosCarlos Osoro Sierra  Spain 16 May 1945
72 		Archbishop of Madrid
CP 19 November 2016
FRA 		da Rocha, SérgioSérgio da Rocha  Brazil 21 October 1959
57 		Archbishop of Brasília
CP 19 November 2016
FRA 		Cupich, Blase JosephBlase Joseph Cupich  United States 19 March 1949
68 		Archbishop of Chicago
CP 19 November 2016
FRA 		D'Rozario, PatrickPatrick D'Rozario, C.S.C.  Bangladesh 1 October 1943
73 		Archbishop of Dhaka
CP 19 November 2016
FRA 		Porras Cardozo, Baltazar EnriqueBaltazar Enrique Porras Cardozo  Venezuela 10 October 1944
72 		Archbishop of Mérida
CP 19 November 2016
FRA 		De Kesel, JozefJozef De Kesel  Belgium 17 June 1947
70 		Archbishop of Mechelen-Brussels
CP 19 November 2016
FRA 		Piat, MauriceMaurice Piat, C.S.Sp.  Mauritius 17 July 1941
76 		Bishop of Port-Louis
CP 19 November 2016
FRA 		Aguiar Retes, CarlosCarlos Aguiar Retes  Mexico 9 January 1950
67 		Archbishop of Tlalnepantla
CP 19 November 2016
FRA 		Ribat, JohnJohn Ribat, M.S.C.  Papua New Guinea 9 February 1957
60 		Archbishop of Port Moresby
CP 19 November 2016
FRA 		Tobin, Joseph WilliamJoseph William Tobin, C.Ss.R.  United States 3 May 1952
65 		Archbishop of Newark
CP 19 November 2016
FRA 		Fernandez, Anthony SoterAnthony Soter Fernandez  Malaysia 22 April 1932
85 		Archbishop emeritus of Kuala Lumpur
CP 19 November 2016
FRA 		Corti, RenatoRenato Corti  Italy 1 March 1936
81 		Bishop emeritus of Novara
CP 19 November 2016
FRA 		Khoarai, Sebastian KotoSebastian Koto Khoarai, O.M.I.  Lesotho 11 September 1929
87 		Bishop emeritus of Mohale's Hoek
CP 28 June 2017
FRA 		Zerbo, JeanJean Zerbo  Mali 27 December 1943
73 		Archbishop of Bamako
CP 28 June 2017
FRA 		Omella i Omella, Juan JoséJuan José Omella i Omella  Spain 21 April 1946
71 		Archbishop of Barcelona
CP 28 June 2017
FRA 		Arborelius, AndersAnders Arborelius, O.C.D.  Sweden 24 September 1949
67 		Bishop of Stockholm
CP 28 June 2017
FRA 		Mangkhanekhoun, Louis-Marie LingLouis-Marie Ling Mangkhanekhoun  Laos 8 April 1944
73 		Vicar Apostolic of Paksé
CP 28 June 2017
FRA 		Rosa Chávez, GregorioGregorio Rosa Chávez  El Salvador 3 September 1942
74 		Auxiliary Bishop of San Salvador
CD 21 October 2003
JPII 		Martino, RenatoRenato Martino  Italy 23 November 1932
84 		Protodeacon; President emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace
CD 24 November 2007
BXVI 		Sandri, LeonardoLeonardo Sandri  Argentina 18 November 1943
73 		Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches
CD 24 November 2007
BXVI 		Lajolo, GiovanniGiovanni Lajolo  Italy 3 January 1935
82 		President emeritus of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State and President emeritus of the Governatorate of Vatican City State
CD 24 November 2007
BXVI 		Cordes, Paul JosefPaul Josef Cordes  Germany 5 September 1934
82 		President emeritus of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum
CD 24 November 2007
BXVI 		Comastri, AngeloAngelo Comastri  Italy 17 September 1943
73 		Archpriest of St. Peter's Basilica, Vicar General for the Vatican City State and President of the Fabric of Saint Peter
CD 24 November 2007
BXVI 		Ryłko, StanisławStanisław Ryłko  Poland 4 July 1945
72 		Archpriest of the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore and President emeritus of the Pontifical Council for the Laity
CD 24 November 2007
BXVI 		Farina, RaffaeleRaffaele Farina, S.D.B.  Italy 24 September 1933
83 		Archivist and Librarian emeritus of the Holy Roman Church
CD 20 November 2010
BXVI 		Amato, AngeloAngelo Amato, S.D.B.  Italy 8 June 1938
79 		Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints
CD 20 November 2010
BXVI 		Sarah, RobertRobert Sarah  Guinea 15 June 1945
72 		Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship
CD 20 November 2010
BXVI 		Monterisi, FrancescoFrancesco Monterisi  Italy 28 May 1934
83 		Archpriest emeritus of the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
CD 20 November 2010
BXVI 		Burke, Raymond LeoRaymond Leo Burke  United States 30 June 1948
69 		Patron of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
CD 20 November 2010
BXVI 		Koch, KurtKurt Koch   Switzerland 15 March 1950
67 		President of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity
CD 20 November 2010
BXVI 		Sardi, PaoloPaolo Sardi  Italy 1 September 1934
82 		Vice-Chamberlain emeritus of the Holy Roman Church
CD 20 November 2010
BXVI 		Piacenza, MauroMauro Piacenza  Italy 15 September 1944
72 		Major Penitentiary of the Apostolic Penitentiary
CD 20 November 2010
BXVI 		de Paolis, VelasioVelasio de Paolis, C.S.  Italy 19 September 1935
81 		President emeritus of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See
CD 20 November 2010
BXVI 		Ravasi, GianfrancoGianfranco Ravasi  Italy 18 October 1942
74 		President of the Pontifical Council for Culture
CD 20 November 2010
BXVI 		Sgreccia, ElioElio Sgreccia  Italy 6 June 1928
89 		President emeritus of the Pontifical Academy for Life
CD 20 November 2010
BXVI 		Brandmüller, WalterWalter Brandmüller  Germany 5 January 1929
88 		President emeritus of the Pontifical Committee of Historical Sciences
CD 18 February 2012
BXVI 		Filoni, FernandoFernando Filoni  Italy 15 April 1946
71 		Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
CD 18 February 2012
BXVI 		Monteiro de Castro, ManuelManuel Monteiro de Castro  Portugal 29 March 1938
79 		Major Penitentiary emeritus of the Apostolic Penitentiary
CD 18 February 2012
BXVI 		Abril y Castelló, SantosSantos Abril y Castelló  Spain 21 September 1935
81 		Archpriest emeritus of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
CD 18 February 2012
BXVI 		Vegliò, Antonio MariaAntonio Maria Vegliò  Italy 3 February 1938
79 		President emeritus of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerants
CD 18 February 2012
BXVI 		Bertello, GiuseppeGiuseppe Bertello  Italy 1 October 1942
74 		President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State
CD 18 February 2012
BXVI 		Coccopalmerio, FrancescoFrancesco Coccopalmerio  Italy 6 March 1938
79 		President of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts
CD 18 February 2012
BXVI 		Braz de Aviz, JoãoJoão Braz de Aviz  Brazil 24 April 1947
70 		Prefect of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life
CD 18 February 2012
BXVI 		O'Brien, Edwin FrederickEdwin Frederick O'Brien  United States 8 April 1939
78 		Grand Master of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem
CD 18 February 2012
BXVI 		Calcagno, DomenicoDomenico Calcagno  Italy 3 February 1943
74 		President of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See
CD 18 February 2012
BXVI 		Versaldi, GiuseppeGiuseppe Versaldi  Italy 30 July 1943
74 		Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education
CD 18 February 2012
BXVI 		Grech, ProsperProsper Grech, O.S.A.  Malta 24 December 1925
91 		Priest of the Order of Saint Augustine
CD 24 November 2012
BXVI 		Harvey, James MichaelJames Michael Harvey  United States 20 October 1949
67 		Archpriest of the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
CD 22 February 2014
FRA 		Baldisseri, LorenzoLorenzo Baldisseri  Italy 29 September 1940
76 		Secretary General of the Synod of Bishops
CD 22 February 2014
FRA 		Müller, Gerhard LudwigGerhard Ludwig Müller  Germany 31 December 1947
69 		Prefect emeritus of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
CD 22 February 2014
FRA 		Stella, BeniaminoBeniamino Stella  Italy 18 August 1941
75 		Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy
CD 14 February 2015
FRA 		Mamberti, DominiqueDominique Mamberti  France 7 March 1952
65 		Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura
CD 14 February 2015
FRA 		De Magistris, LuigiLuigi De Magistris  Italy 23 February 1926
91 		Pro-Major Penitentiary emeritus of Apostolic Penitentiary
CD 14 February 2015
FRA 		Rauber, Karl-JosefKarl-Josef Rauber  Germany 11 April 1934
83 		Apostolic Nuncio (retired)
CD 19 November 2016
FRA 		Zenari, MarioMario Zenari  Italy 5 January 1946
71 		Apostolic Nuncio to Syria
CD 19 November 2016
FRA 		Farrell, Kevin JosephKevin Joseph Farrell  United States 2 September 1947
69 		Prefect of the Dicastery for the Laity, Family and Life
CD 19 November 2016
FRA 		Simoni, ErnestErnest Simoni  Albania 18 October 1928
88 		Priest of the Archdiocese of Shkodër-Pult

Demographics

By appointing pope

The College of Cardinals is divided into three orders: Cardinal-Bishops (CB), Cardinal-Priests (CP), and Cardinal-Deacons (CD). The number of cardinals eligible to vote appears in parentheses.

Created by Cardinal bishops (CB) Cardinal priests (CP) Cardinal deacons (CD) Total Percentage of total
John Paul II (JPII)
16 October 1978 – 2 April 2005		 7 (0) 77 (19) 1 (0) 85 (19) 38.1% (15.7%)
Benedict XVI (BXVI)
19 April 2005 – 28 February 2013		 2 (1) 47 (33) 29 (19) 78 (53) 35.0% (43.8%)
Francis (FRA)
13 March 2013 – present 		0 (0) 51 (43) 9 (6) 60 (49) 26.9% (40.5%)
Total 9 (1) 175 (95) 39 (25) 223 (121) 100% (100%)
Percentage of total 4.0% (0.8%) 78.5% (78.5%) 17.5% (20.7%) 100% (100%)
Percentage of total cardinals eligible to participate in a conclave: 54.3%

By continent vs. geographic distribution of Catholics

2013 World Representation in the College of Cardinals
Region Total Population Catholics % Catholic % of Catholic total % of College of Cardinals
Africa 885,103,542 135,211,325 15.27% 12.57% 8.17%
Asia and Middle East 3,889,093,723 123,851,272 3.18% 11.51% 9.62%
Europe 750,072,510 283,916,457 37.85% 26.37% 57.65%
Continental Central America 42,883,849 32,317,384 75.36% 3.00% 1.00%
North America and Caribbean 472,952,469 192,274,838 40.65% 17.88% 12.98%
South America 371,363,897 299,570,011 80.66% 27.87% 10.58%
Oceania 30,686,468 7,747,654 25.24% 0.72% 1.92%

By nationality

As of 5 August 2017

Number of cardinals Nationality
44 Italy
17 United States
13 Spain
10 Brazil
9 France, Germany
6 Mexico, Poland
4 Argentina, Colombia, India, Philippines
3 Canada, Chile, Nigeria, Portugal, United Kingdom
2 Australia, Belgium, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, South Korea, Switzerland, Thailand, Venezuela, Vietnam
1 Albania, Angola, Austria, Bangladesh, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Kenya, Laos, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Myanmar, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Romania, Saint Lucia, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Tanzania, Tonga, Uganda, Uruguay

From Italy over time

Italian-born cardinals as percentage of total College of Cardinals (1903–2013)
February 2013 22.60
April 2005 17.09
October 1978 22.50
August 1978 22.80
1963 35.36
1958 35.80
1939 54.80
1922 51.60
1914 50.76
1903 56.25

By particular church sui iuris

217 out of 223 cardinals (117 out of 121 cardinal-electors) belong to the Latin church, which accounts for 98% of all Catholic believers. Of 223 cardinals, 7 (3.12%) belong to one of the Eastern Catholic Churches; of 121 cardinal-electors, 4 (3.30%) belong to such a Church.

The four cardinal-electors are:

The other three cardinals are:

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Paul VI set the 120 limit in November 1970, effective 1 January 1971

References

  1. ↑ 1983 CIC, Bk. II, Pt. II, Sec. I, Chap. III The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church Archived 3 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  2. ↑ "Pope to new cardinals: You’re not called to be ‘Princes of the Church’". Crux. June 28, 2016. Retrieved June 28, 2016.
  3. 1 2 Broderick, 1987, p. 13.
  4. ↑ Broderick, 1987, p. 11.
  5. ↑ Miranda, S. (2003). The New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition. Detroit: Gale.
  6. ↑ van Lierde, Peter C. (1964). What Is a Cardinal?. New York: Hawthorne Books Inc. p. 14.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Noonan, James-Charles (2012). The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church, Revised Edition. New York: Sterling Ethos. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-1-40278730-0.
  8. 1 2 3 Pham, 2004, p. 65.
  9. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 52–54.
  10. ↑ Jugie, Pierre. Levillain, ed. 2002. "Cardinal." pp. 241–242.
  11. 1 2 3 Miranda, Salvador. 1998. "Guide to documents and events (76–2005)."
  12. ↑ Burkle-Young, Francis A. 1998. "The election of Pope Paul II (1464)."
  13. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 78-79.
  14. ↑ Walsh, 2003, p. 109.
  15. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 82.
  16. ↑ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 92.
  17. ↑ Burkle-Young, Francis A. 1998. "The election of Pope Alexander VI (1492)."
  18. ↑ Pham, 2004, p. 65-66.
  19. 1 2 Pham, 2004, p. 66.
  20. ↑ Friendly Jr., Alfred (27 November 1970). "Ottaviani Deplores Papal Action Barring Vote of Aged Cardinals". New York Times. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  21. ↑ "Crítica de dos Cardenales contra el Papa Paulo VI" (in Spanish). UP. 26 November 1970. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  22. ↑ Hofmann, Paul (3 February 1973). "30 Cardinals Named; Three Are American". New York Times. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  23. ↑ Stanley, Alessandra (22 February 2001). "Shaping a Legacy, Pope Installs 44 Cardinals". New York Times. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
  24. ↑ Mickens, Robert (24 April 2017). "Letter from Rome The Next Stage of Francis's Mission". Commonwealth Magazine. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
  25. ↑ Gagliarducci, Andrea (13 October 2016). "What's the thought behind Pope Francis' choices for cardinals?". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  26. ↑ McElwee, Joshua J. (21 May 2017). "Francis names five new cardinals, including associate of Oscar Romero". La Stampa. Retrieved 9 July 2017. After the upcoming consistory, Francis will have named 49 of 121 cardinals able to vote in a papal conclave.
  27. ↑ Broderick, 1987, p. 11.
  28. ↑ CIC 1983, can. 349
  29. 1 2 John Paul II, Ap. Const. Universi Dominici gregis in AAS 88 (1996)
  30. ↑ Walsh, Michael (2011). The Cardinals: Thirteen Centuries of the Men Behind the Papal Throne. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 17. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  31. ↑ Broderick, J.F. 1987. "The Sacred College of Cardinals: Size and Geographical Composition (1099–1986)." Archivum historiae Pontificiae, 25: 8.
  32. ↑ Pope John Paul II (26 November 2000). "Fundamental Law of Vatican City State" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 11 April 2008.
  33. ↑ "Code of Canon Law, Chapter II: Bishops". The Holy See. Archived from the original on 19 February 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  34. ↑ Universi Dominici gregis, 88–90
  35. ↑ Pigott, Robert (25 February 2013). "Cardinal Keith O'Brien resigns as Archbishop". BBC News. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
  36. ↑ Allen Jr., John L. (20 March 2015). "In rare step, Scottish prelate caught in sex scandal quits as cardinal". Crux. Retrieved 20 March 2015.

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