String trio

The Trio Broz during a concert for the Harare Festival of Arts 2008

A string trio is a group of three string instruments or a piece written for such a group. The term is generally used with reference to works of chamber music from the Classical period to the present. From at least the 19th century on, the term "string trio" with otherwise unspecified instrumentation normally refers to the combination violin, viola and cello (cf "string quartet", "piano trio" etc.). This is how the term is used by major catalogs, including IMSLP.

History

The earliest string-trio form, found in the early Classical period, consisted of two violins and a cello, a grouping which had grown out of the Baroque trio sonata, while over the course of the 19th century the string trio scored for violin, viola, and cello came to be the predominant type (Tilmouth and Smallman 2001).

Beginning in the second half of the 18th century, although the trio configuration for two violins and cello was not wholly abandoned in classical chamber music (even during the 19th century), the scoring for violin, viola, and cello began to take precedence. Joseph Haydn appears to have been the first composer to use this combination (Tilmouth and Smallman 2001), though he was soon emulated by Luigi Boccherini (Kennedy 1994).

List of string trios

Violin, viola, cello

Composer	Composition
Johann Georg Albrechtsberger (1736–1809)	Divertimento in C major Divertimento in F major Sonata I in C major Sonata II in E♭ major Terzetto in C major, Op. 9a, No. 1 Terzetto in A major, Op. 9a, No. 2 Terzetto in F major, Op. 9a, No. 3 Terzetto in D major, Op. 9a, No. 4 Terzetto in B♭ major, Op. 9a, No. 5 Terzetto in E♭ major, Op. 9a, No. 6
Georges Aperghis (b. 1945)	Faux mouvement (1995)
J.S. Bach (1685–1750)	Goldberg Variations, BWV 988 (1741) (Arr. by Dmitry Sitkovetsky, in memoriam Glenn Gould)
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827)	String Trio in E♭ major, Op. 3 Serenade in D major, Op. 8 String Trio in G major, Op. 9, No. 1 String Trio in D major, Op. 9, No. 2 String Trio in C minor, Op. 9, No. 3
Wilhelm Berger (1861–1911)	String Trio in G minor, Op. 69
Lennox Berkeley (1903–1989)	Trio for strings, Op. 19 (1944)
Howard Blake (b. 1938)	String Trio, Op. 199
Luigi Boccherini (1743–1805)	String Trios, G 95–100 and G 107–112
Carlos Chávez (1899–1978)	Invención II (1965)
Friedrich Cerha (1926-)	9 Bagatellen (2008) Zebra Trio (2010)
Matthew Davidson (b. 1964)	Music for String Trio (2006) (Davidson n.d.)
Karl Ditters von Dittersdorf (1739–1799)	Divertimento in D major Sonatas a tre, Op. 1, Nos. 1–6, k. 200–205 Sonatas, Op. 2, Nos. 1–6, k. 212_17
Ernő Dohnányi (1877–1960)	Serenade in C major, Op. 10
Gottfried von Einem (1918–1996)	String Trio, Op. 74 String Trio (fragment without opus)
Anders Eliasson (1947–2013)	Trio per archi "Ahnungen" (2013)
George Enescu (1881–1955)	Aubade, for violin, viola, and cello (Allegretto grazioso)
Karlheinz Essl (b. 1960)	à trois/seul (1998)
Joseph Leopold Eybler (1765–1846)	String Trio Op. 2 in C major HV 197 String Trio in E flat major (fragment) HV 248
Brian Ferneyhough (b. 1943)	String Trio (1995)
Jean Françaix (1912–1997)	String Trio in C major, Op. 2
Robert Fuchs (1847–1927)	String Trio in A major, Op. 94
de:Joseph Gehot (1756–1820)	String Trios, Op. 2, Nos. 1–6
Yefim Golyshev (1897–1970)	String Trio, Zwölftondauer-Komplexe (twelve-tone-duration complex) (1925)
Jorge Grundman (b. 1961)	String Trio No. 1 in A♭ major String Trio No. 2 in G major String Trio No. 3 in C major
Sofia Gubaidulina (b. 1931)	String Trio
Joseph Haydn (1732–1809)	String Trio in B major, Hob. V:8
Swan Hennessy (1866–1929)	Petit trio celtique, Op. 52 (1921)
Heinrich von Herzogenberg (1843–1900)	String Trios, Op. 27, Nos. 1 & 2
Paul Hindemith (1895–1963)	String Trio No. 1, Op. 34 String Trio No. 2 Des kleinen Elektromusikers Lieblinge
Gilad Hochman (b. 1982)	Brief Memories for String Trio (2004) (Hochman n.d.).
Franz Anton Hoffmeister (1754–1812)	Terzetto Scholastico Streichtrio
Vagn Holmboe (1909–1996)	Gioco (Game) for string trio (1983)
Johann Nepomuk Hummel (1778–1837)	String Trio no. 1 in E♭ major String Trio no. 2 in G major
André Jolivet (1905–1974)	Suite for String trio
Gideon Klein (1919–1945)	String Trio (1944)
Zoltán Kodály (1882–1967)	Intermezzo-Allegretto
Hans Krása (1899–1944)	TANEC, for string trio Passacaglia and Fugue, for string trio
Ernst Krenek 1900–1991)	String Trio, Op. 118 String Trio Parvula Corona Musicalis: ad honorem Johannis Sebastiani Bach, Op. 122 String Trio in 12 Stations, Op. 235
Frank Martin (1890–1974)	Trio (1936)
Donald Martino (1931–2005)	String Trio (1954)
Bohuslav Martinů (1890–1959)	String Trio No. 1, H. 136 (1923) String Trio No. 2, H. 238 (1934)
Siegfried Matthus (b. 1934)	Windspiele, for string trio
Darius Milhaud (1892–1974)	Sonatine à trois, Op. 221b (1940) String Trio, Op. 274 (1947)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791)	Divertimento, in E♭ major, K. 563 (1788)^{[nb 1]}
Ernst Naumann (1832–1910)	Trio in D major, Op. 12
Ștefan Niculescu (1927–2008)	String Trio (1957, rev. 1977) Per Tre (1985)
Krzysztof Penderecki (b. 1933)	String Trio (1990–91)
Václav Pichl (1741–1805)	String Trios, Op. 4, Nos. 1–6 Trios concertans, Op. 7, Nos. 1–6
Wayne Peterson (b. 1927)	String Trio (2007)
Ignaz Pleyel (1757–1831)	3 String Trios, B 401–403
Max Reger (1873–1916)	String Trio no. 1 in A minor, Op. 77b String Trio No. 2 in D minor, Op. 141b
Carl Reinecke (1824–1910)	String Trio in C minor, Op. 249
Wolfgang Rihm (b. 1952)	Musik für drei Streicher (1977)
Alessandro Rolla (1757–1841)	String Trio in E♭ major, Op. 11 String Trios, BI 341, 342, 343, 344, 346, 347, 348, 349, 351, 397, 405, 410
Guy Ropartz (1864–1955)	Trio in A minor for Strings (1934–35)
Albert Roussel (1896–1937)	String Trio, Op. 58
Kaija Saariaho (1952-)	Cloud Trio (2009)
Ernest Sauter (1928–2013)	Trio no. 1 (1999) Ballade (2001) Trio No. 3, Trois mouvements contrastés (2007)
Giacinto Scelsi (1905–1988)	Trio for strings (1958)
Alfred Schnittke (1934–1998)	String Trio (1985)
Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951)	String Trio, Op. 45 (1946)
Franz Schubert (1797–1828)	String Trio in B♭ major, D 581 (Berger 2001, 373) String Trio in B♭ major, D 471 (in one movement) (Berger 2001, 373)
Jean Sibelius (1865–1957)	Suite (Trio) in A major (1889, revised 1912) Trio in G minor (1893–94)
Robert Simpson (1921–1997)	String Trio (1987)
Nikos Skalkottas (1904–1949)	String Trio No. 2 (1935)
Karlheinz Stockhausen (1928–2007)	Hoffnung (2007) (Günther 2008)
Sergei Taneyev (1856–1915)	String Trio in D major (1880)
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840–1893)	Allegretto moderato (1863–64)
Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887–1959)	String Trio (1945)
Graham Waterhouse (b. 1962)	Epitaphium (2007) Zeichenstaub (2010)
Rolf Wallin (1957-)	Sway (2010)
Anton Webern (1883–1945)	Satz for String Trio, Op. posth. String Trio (1927), his first instrumental work using the twelve tone technique
Egon Wellesz (1885–1974)	String Trio, Op. 86 (1962) Four Works for string trio, Op. 105 (1969, second version 1971)
John Woolrich (b. 1954)	String Trio (1996)
Charles Wuorinen (b. 1938)	String Trio (1968)
Iannis Xenakis (1922–2001)	Ikhoor {Ιχώρ} (1978)
La Monte Young (1935)	Trio (1958)
Bernd Alois Zimmermann (1918–1970)	Trio (1944)

Two violins, cello

Composer	Composition
Alexander Alyabyev (1787–1851)	Variations on a Russian folk song
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827)	String Trio in E minor, Hess 29
Luigi Boccherini (1743–1805)	String Trios, G 77–94, 101–106, 113–36, 577–78 (for some of the trios, authorship is uncertain) Divertimenti G 137–42 (authorship doubtful)
Alexander Borodin (1833–1887)	String Trio in G minor on a Russian folk song
de:Siegfried Borris (1906–1987)	Terzettino
Werner Egk (1901–1983)	Trio in G minor
de:Joseph Gehot (1756–1820)	String Trios, Op. 5, Nos. 1–6
Peter Hänsel (1770–1831)	String Trio in D major String Trio in F major String Trio in C major Streichtrio in F major, Op. 40, No. 1 Streichtrio in G minor, Op. 40, No. 2 Streichtrio in E major, Op. 40, No. 3
Joseph Haydn (1732–1809)	String Trios, Hob. V:1–21 (except Hob. V:8) String Trios, Hob. V:F1, D1, B1, G1, D3, A2, C1, C4 (authorship doubtful)
Franz Anton Hoffmeister (1754–1812)	6 String Trios, Op. 22 3 String Trios, Op. 37 6 Trios Progressives, Op. 28
Wilhelm Killmayer (b. 1927)	Trio for two violins and cello
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791)	String Trio in B♭ major, K. 266/271f
Ignaz Pleyel (1757–1831)	6 String Trios, B 404–409 3 String Trios, B 410–12 3 String Trios, B 413–15
de:Johann Mederitsch (1752–1835)	Fantasia Terza
Joseph Schuster (1748–1812)	String Trio in A minor
Johann Baptist Wanhal (1739–1813)	String Trios, Op. 5, Nos. 1–6 String Trios, Op. 12, Nos. 1–6 String Trios, Op. 17, Nos. 1–6

Two violins, viola

Composer	Composition
Frank Bridge (1879–1941)	Rhapsody Trio (1928)
Antonín Dvořák (1841–1904)	Terzetto in C major, Op. 74 Drobnosti (Miniatures), Op. 75a
Robert Fuchs (1847–1927)	2 Terzetten, Op. 61 Terzett in C-sharp minor, Op. 107
Zoltán Kodály (1882–1967)	Serenade, for two violins and viola String Trio, Op. 20
Sergei Taneyev (1856–1915)	String Trio in D major, Op. 21 (1907)

Alternative scoring

Composer	Composition
F.L. Gaßmann (1729–1774)	String Trio in E♭ major, for 2 violas and cello String Trio in B♭ major, for 2 violas and cello
Sergei Taneyev (1856–1915)	String Trio in E♭ major, Op. 31, for violin, viola and violotta
John Zorn (b. 1953)	Walpurgisnacht (2004) for violin, viola and double bass

Notes

↑ Arrangements of 6 Preludes and Fugues by J. S. and W. F. Bach, K. 404a (1782) is sometimes attributed to Mozart, which is doubtful.

Sources

Berger, Melvin. 2001. Guide to Chamber Music, third, corrected edition. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-41879-7; ISBN 978-0-486-31672-7 (ebook).
Davidson. n.d. "Music for String Trio by Matthew Davidson." composers.com Retrieved April 5, 2014.
Günther, Andreas. 2008. "Karlheinz Stockhausen, HOFFNUNG (2007)". Programme book of the world première of Hoffnung, 31 August 2008, Cologne, by members of musikFabrik.
Hochman, Gilad. n.d. "Brief Memories for String Trio (2004)" GiladHochman.com Retrieved April 5, 2014.
Kennedy, Michael (ed.). 1994. "String Trio". The Oxford Dictionary of Music, second edition revised, associate editor Joyce Bourne. London and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-869162-9.
Tilmouth, Michael, and Basil Smallman. 2001. "String Trio". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.

External links

Dresden String Trio

Musical ensembles by number
Solo: 1	Drum solo Guitar solo One-man band Piano solo
Duet: 2	Piano duet Piano four hands Musical duo
Trio: 3	Clarinet-cello-piano Clarinet-viola-piano Clarinet-violin-piano Flute, viola and harp Jazz trio Organ trio Piano Piano six hands Power trio (in rock music and heavy metal music) String
Quartet: 4	Jazz quartet Piano Rock or pop quartet Saxophone String Wind Woodwind
Quintet: 5	Brass Piano Pierrot ensemble Rock or pop quintet String Wind
Sextet: 6	Piano String
Other	Septet: 7 Octet: 8 String Nonet: 9 Decet: 10 Duodecet: 12
Large groups	Big band Brass band Choir Concert band Orchestra Singakademie

Violin family
Instruments	Violin Viola Cello Double bass Violin range Kit violin Five string violin Violino piccolo Viola range Vertical viola Viola pomposa Tenor range Tenor violin/Tenor viola Violotta Viola profunda Cello range Baritone violin Cello da spalla Cellone Bass range Bass violin Violone Octobass
Parts	Bass bar Bow Bridge Chinrest Endpin F-hole Fingerboard Frog Nut Scroll Shoulder rest Sound post Tailpiece Tuning peg
Techniques	Bowing Col legno Down bow Up bow Martelé Portato Spiccato Tremolo Arpeggio Artificial harmonic Double stop Fingering Finger substitution Bariolage Pizzicato Scordatura (changing string tuning) Vibrato
Ensembles and genres	String quartet String trio String quintet String sextet String octet String section String orchestra Violin concerto Viola concerto Cello concerto Double bass concerto Violin sonata Viola sonata Cello sonata Carnatic music
Other	Violin physics Violin history Jazz bass Jazz violin Rosin Stradivarius Viol Violin lutherie Violin musical styles Violin octet

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