Stress granule
Stress granules are dense aggregations in the cytosol composed of proteins & RNAs that appear when the cell is under stress.[1] The RNA molecules stored are stalled translation pre-initiation complexes: failed attempts to make protein from mRNA. Stress granules are 100–200 nm in size, not surrounded by membrane, and associated with the endoplasmatic reticulum.[2] Note that there are also nuclear stress granules. This article is about the cytosolic variety.
Proposed functions
Stress granules may function to protect RNAs from harmful conditions, thus their appearance under stress.[3] The accumulation of RNAs into dense globules could keep them from reacting with harmful chemicals and safe-guard the information coded in their RNA sequence.
Stress granules might also function as a decision point for untranslated mRNAs. Molecules can go down one of three paths: further storage, degradation, or re-initiation of translation.[4]
The stress proteins that are the main component of stress granules in plant cells are molecular chaperones that sequester, protect, and possibly repair proteins that unfold during heat and other types of stress.[5][6] Therefore, any association of mRNAs with stress granules may simply be a side effect of the association of partially unfolded RNA-binding proteins with stress granules,[7] similar to the association of mRNAs with proteasomes.[8]
Formation
Environmental stress triggers a series of signals which eventually lead to formation of stress granules. Early on, it involves phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF2α. Further downstream, prion-like aggregation of the protein TIA-1 leads to the formation of stress granules. The term prion-like is used because aggregation of TIA-1 is concentration dependent, inhibited by chaperones, and because the aggregates are resistant to proteases.[9] It has also been proposed that microtubules play a role in the formation of stress granules, maybe by transporting granule components. This hypothesis is based on the fact that disruption of microtubules with the chemical nocodazole blocks the appearance of the granules.[10] Furthermore, many signaling molecules were shown to regulate the formation or dynamics of stress granules; these include the master energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK),[11] the O-GlcNAc transferase enzyme (OGT)[12], and the pro-apoptotic kinase ROCK1.[13]
Connection with processing bodies
Stress granules and processing bodies share RNA and protein components, both appear under stress, and can physically associate with one another. While stress granules are associated with mRNAs, processing bodies are thought to be places of mRNA degradation. It has been proposed that mRNAs selected for degradation are passed from stress granules to processing bodies.[14]
Protein composition of stress granules
The complete proteome of stress granules is still unknown, but efforts have been made to catalog all of the proteins that have been experimentally demonstrated to transit into stress granules.[15][16] In 2016, stress granule "cores" were biochemically purified for the first time and proteins in the cores were identified in an unbiased manner using mass spectroscopy. This technical advance lead to the identification of hundreds of new stress granule-localized proteins.[17]
The following is a list of proteins that have been demonstrated to localize to stress granules (compiled from [15][16][17]):
Gene ID | Protein Name | Description | References |
---|---|---|---|
ACTBL2 | ACTBL2 | Beta-actin-like protein 2 | [17] |
ACTR1A | ACTR1A | Alpha-centractin | [17] |
ACTR1B | ACTR1B | Beta-centractin | [17] |
ADAR | ADAR1 | Adenosine Deaminase, RNA Specific | [18][17] |
AGO1 | Argonaute 1 | Argonaute 1, RISC Catalytic Component | [19] |
AGO2 | Argonaute 2 | Argonaute 2, RISC Catalytic Component | [20][19][21][17] |
AKAP9 | AKAP350 | A-Kinase Anchoring Protein 9 | [22] |
ALDH18A1 | ALDH18A1 | Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase | [17] |
ANG | Angiogenin | Angiogenin | [23] |
ANP32E | ANP32E | Acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member E | [17] |
ANXA1 | ANXA1 | Annexin A1 | [17] |
ANXA6 | ANXA6 | Annexin 6 | [17] |
ANXA7 | ANXA7 | Annexin 7 | [17] |
APEX1 | APEX1 | DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase | [17] |
APOBEC3G | APOBEC3G | Apolipoprotein B mRNA Editing Enzyme Catalytic Subunit 3G | [19] |
ARPC1B | ARPC1B | Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1B | [17] |
ASHA1 | AHA1 | Activator Of HSP90 ATPase Activity 1 | [24] |
ATAD2 | ATAD2 | ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 2 | [17] |
ATAD3A | ATAD3A | ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 3A | [17] |
ATP5A1 | ATP5A1 | ATP synthase subunit alpha, mitochondrial | [17] |
ATXN2 | Ataxin 2 | Ataxin 2 | [17][25][26][27][28][29] |
ATXN2L | Ataxin-2 like | Ataxin 2 Like | [17][27] |
BAG3 | BAG3 | BAG family molecular chaperone regulator 3 | [17] |
BANF1 | BANF1 | Barrier-to-autointegration factor | [17] |
BRAT1 | BRAT1 | BRCA1-associated ATM activator 1 | [17] |
BRF1 | BRF1 | BRF1, RNA Polymerase III Transcription Initiation Factor Subunit | [14] |
C15orf52 | C15orf52 | Uncharacterized protein C15orf52 | [17] |
CALML5 | CALML5 | Calmodulin-like protein 5 | [17] |
CALR | Calreticulin/CRT | Calreticulin | [30] |
CAP1 | CAP1 | Adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 | [17] |
CAPRIN1 | Caprin-1 | Cell Cycle Associated Protein 1 | [31][22][32][17] |
CAPZA2 | CAPZA2 | F-actin-capping protein subunit alpha-2 | [17] |
CARHSP1 | CARHSP1 | Calcium-regulated heat stable protein 1 | [17] |
CASC3 | MLN51/BTZ | Cancer Susceptibility 3 | [33][34] |
CBFB | CBFB | Core-binding factor subunit beta | [17] |
CBX1 | CBX1 | Chromobox protein homolog 1 | [17] |
CCAR1 | CARP-1 | Cell Division Cycle And Apoptosis Regulator 1 | [22] |
CCT3 | CCT3 | T-complex protein 1 subunit gamma | [17] |
CCT6A | CCT6A | T-complex protein 1 subunit zeta | [17] |
CDC37 | CDC37 | Cell Division Cycle 37 | [24] |
CDC5L | CDC5L | Cell division cycle 5-like protein | [17] |
CDC73 | CDC73 | Parafibromin | [17] |
CDK1 | CDK1 | Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 | [17] |
CDK2 | CDK2 | Cyclin Dependent Kinase 2 | [35] |
CELF1 | CUGBP1 | CUGBP Elav-Like Family Member 1 | [17][36] |
CENPB | CENPB | Major centromere autoantigen B | [17] |
CERKL | Ceramide-Kinase Like | Ceramide Kinase Like | [37] |
CFL1 | Cofilin-1 | Cofilin-1 | [17] |
CHCHD3 | CHCHD3 | Coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain-containing protein 3, mitochondrial | [17] |
CHORDC1 | CHORDC1/CHP1 | Cysteine and histidine-rich domain-containing protein 1 | [17] |
CIRBP | CIRP | Cold Inducible RNA Binding Protein | [38] |
CIT | CIT | Citron Rho-interacting kinase | [17] |
CLIC4 | CLIC4 | Chloride intracellular channel protein 4 | [17] |
CNBP | ZNF9 | CCHC-Type Zinc Finger Nucleic Acid Binding Protein | [39] |
CNN3 | CNN3 | Calponin-3 | [17] |
CNOT1 | CNOT1 | CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 1 | [17] |
CORO1B | CORO1B | Coronin-1B | [17] |
CPB2 | Carboxypeptidase B2 | Carboxypeptidase B2 | [40] |
CPEB1 | CPEB | Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation Element Binding Protein 1 | [41] |
CPSF3 | CPSF3 | Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor subunit 3 | [17] |
CPSF6 | CPSF6 | Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor subunit 6 | [17] |
CPSF7 | CPSF7 | Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor subunit 7 | [17] |
CRYAB | CRYAB | Alpha-crystallin B chain | [17] |
CSDE1 | CSDE1 | Cold shock domain-containing protein E1 | [17] |
CSE1L | CSE1L | Exportin-2 | [17] |
CSTF1 | CSTF1 | Cleavage stimulation factor subunit 1 | [17] |
CTNNA2 | CTNNA2 | Catenin alpha-2 | [17] |
CTNND1 | CTNND1 | Catenin delta-1 | [17] |
CTTNBP2NL | CTTNBP2NL | CTTNBP2 N-terminal-like protein | [17] |
CWC22 | CWC22 | Pre-mRNA-splicing factor CWC22 homolog | [17] |
DAZAP1 | DAZAP1 | DAZ-associated protein 1 | [17] |
DAZAP2 | PRTB | DAZ Associated Protein 2 | [42] |
DAZL | DAZL1 | Deleted In Azoospermia Like | [43] |
DCD | DCD | Dermcidin | [17] |
DCP1A | DCP1a | Decapping mRNA 1 | [17][41] |
DCTN1 | DCTN1 | Dynactin subunit 1 | [17] |
DDX1 | DEAD box protein 1 | DEAD-Box Helicase 1 | [17][44] |
DDX19A | DDX19A | ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX19A | [17] |
DDX21 | DDX21 | Nucleolar RNA helicase 2 | [17] |
DDX3 | DEAD box protein 3 | DEAD-Box Helicase 3 | [17][45][46] |
DDX47 | DDX47 | Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX47 | [17] |
DDX50 | DDX50 | ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX50 | [17] |
DDX58 | RIG-I | DExD/H-Box Helicase 58 | [47] |
DDX6 | DEAD box protein 6 | DEAD-Box Helicase 6 | [17][26][48][41][19] |
DERA | DERA | Deoxyribose-Phosphate Aldolase | [49] |
DHX30 | DHX30 | Putative ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX30 | [17] |
DHX36 | RHAU | DEAH-Box Helicase 36 | [50] |
DHX58 | LGP2 | DExH-Box Helicase 58 | [47] |
DISC1 | Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 | Disrupted In Schizophrenia 1 | [51] |
DKC1 | DKC1 | H/ACA ribonucleoprotein complex subunit 4 | [17] |
DNAI1 | Axonemal Dynein Intermediate Chain 1 | Dynein Axonemal Intermediate Chain 1 | [52] |
DNAJA1 | DNAJA1 | DnaJ homolog subfamily A member 1 | [17] |
DNAJC8 | DNAJC8 | DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 8 | [17] |
DPYSL2 | DPYSL2 | Dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2 | [17] |
DPYSL3 | DPYSL3 | Dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 3 | [17] |
DSP | DSP | Desmoplakin | [17] |
DST | DST | Dystonin | [17] |
DSTN | DSTN | Destrin | [17] |
DTX3L | DTX3L | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase DTX3L | [17] |
DYNC1H1 | Cytoplasmic Dynein Heavy Chain 1 | Dynein Cytoplasmic 1 Heavy Chain 1 | [52] |
DYNLL1 | Cytoplasmic Dynein Light Polypeptide | Dynein Light Chain LC8-Type 1 | [53] |
DYNLL2 | DYNLL2 | Dynein light chain 2, cytoplasmic | [17] |
DYRK3 | DYRK3 | Dual Specificity Tyrosine Phosphorylation Regulated Kinase 3 | [54] |
DZIP1 | DZIP1 | DAZ Interacting Zinc Finger Protein 1 | [55] |
EDC4 | EDC4 | Enhancer of mRNA-decapping protein 4 | [17] |
EIF2A | EIF2A | Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2A | [14][17][22][56] |
EIF2AK2 | Protein Kinase R/PKR | Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Alpha Kinase 2 | [47] |
EIF2B1-5 | EIF2B | Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2B | [56] |
EIF2S1 | EIF2A subunit 1 | Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Subunit Alpha | [17] |
EIF2S2 | EIF2A subunit 2 | Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Subunit Beta | [17] |
EIF3A | EIF3A | Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 3 Subunit A | [17][20][57] |
EIF3B | EIF3B | Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 3 Subunit B | [14][17][42][58][59] |
EIF3D | EIF3D | Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit D | [17] |
EIF3E | EIF3E | Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit E | [17] |
EIF3F | EIF3F | Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit F | [17] |
EIF3G | EIF3G | Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit G | [17] |
EIF3H | EIF3H | Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit H | [17] |
EIF3I | EIF3I | Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit I | [17] |
EIF3J | EIF3J | Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit J | [17] |
EIF3K | EIF3K | Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit K | [17] |
EIF3L | EIF3L | Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit L | [17] |
EIF3M | EIF3M | Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit M | [17] |
EIF4A1 | EIF4A1 | Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4A1 | [17][60] |
EIF4B | EIF4B | Eukaryotic translation Initiation factor 4B | [17] |
EIF4E | EIF4E | Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E | [57][56][2][61][34][62] |
EIF4G1 | EIF4G1 | Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4G1 | [17][57][56][2][61][63][64][42][65] |
EIF4G2 | EIF4G2 | Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4G2 | [17] |
EIF4H | EIF4H | Eukaryotic translation Initiation factor 4H | [17] |
EIF5A | EIF5A | Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 5A | [58] |
ELAVL1 | HuR | ELAV Like RNA Binding Protein 1 | [17][66][57][67][61][62][42][53][68][69] |
ELAVL2 | ELAVL2 | ELAV-like protein 2 | [17] |
ELAVL4 | HuD | ELAV Like RNA Binding Protein 4 | [70] |
EPPK1 | EPPK1 | Epiplakin | [17] |
ETF1 | ETF1 | Eukaryotic peptide chain release factor subunit 1 | [17] |
EWSR1 | EWSR1 | EWS RNA Binding Protein 1 | [71][72] |
FAM120A | FAM120A | Constitutive coactivator of PPAR-gamma-like protein 1 | [17] |
FAM98A | FAM98A | Protein FAM98A | [17] |
FASTK | FAST | Fas Activated Serine/Threonine Kinase | [14] |
FBL | FBL | rRNA 2-O-methyltransferase fibrillarin | [17] |
FHL1 | FHL1 | Four and a half LIM domains protein 1 | [17] |
FLNB | FLNB | Filamin-B | [17] |
FMR1 | FMRP | Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 | [13][17][33][34][61][73][74] |
FNDC3B | FNDC3B | Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 3B | [17] |
FSCN1 | FSCN1 | Fascin | [17] |
FTSJ3 | FTSJ3 | pre-rRNA processing protein FTSJ3 | [17] |
FUBP3 | FUBP3 | Far upstream element-binding protein 3 | [17] |
FUS | FUS | FUS RNA Binding Protein | [17][20][71][72][75][76] |
FXR1 | FXR1 | FMR1 Autosomal Homolog 1 | [17][73][61][62][77] |
FXR2 | FXR2 | FMR1 Autosomal Homolog 2 | [17][73][61] |
G3BP1 | G3BP1 | G3BP Stress Granule Assembly Factor 1 | [17][78][79][14][62][80][77] |
G3BP2 | G3BP2 | G3BP Stress Granule Assembly Factor 2 | [17][81][82] |
GEMIN5 | Gemin-5 | Gem Nuclear Organelle Associated Protein 5 | [63] |
GFPT1 | GFPT1 | Glutamine—fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase [isomerizing] 1 | [17] |
GNB2 | GNB2 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 | [17] |
GRB7 | GRB7 | Growth Factor Receptor Bound Protein 7 | [83] |
GSPT1 | eRF3 | G1 To S Phase Transition 1 | [84] |
H1F0 | H1F0 | Histone H1.0 | [17] |
H1FX | H1FX | Histone H1x | [17] |
H2AFV | H2AFV | Histone H2A.V | [17] |
HABP4 | Ki-1/57 | Hyaluronan Binding Protein 4 | [85] |
HDAC6 | HDAC6 | Histone Deacetylase 6 | [80] |
HELZ | HELZ | Probable helicase with zinc finger domain | [17] |
HELZ2 | HELZ2 | Helicase with zinc finger domain 2 | [17] |
HMGA1 | HMGA1 | High mobility group protein HMG-I/HMG-Y | [17] |
HMGB3 | HMGB3 | High mobility group protein B3 | [17] |
HMGN1 | HMGN1 | Non-histone chromosomal protein HMG-14 | [17] |
HNRNPA1 | HnRNPA1 | Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A1 | [17][20][86][87][88] |
HNRNPA2B1 | HnRNPA2/B1 | Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 | [17][89] |
HNRNPA3 | HNRNPA3 | Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A3 | [17] |
HNRNPAB | HNRNPAB | Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A/B | [17] |
HNRNPH2 | HNRNPH2 | Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H2 | [17] |
HNRNPK | HnRNPK | Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein K | [17][69][90] |
HNRNPUL1 | HNRNPUL1 | Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U-like protein 2 | [17] |
HSP90AA1 | HSP90 | Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha | [17] |
HSPA4 | HSP70 RY | Heat shock 70 kDa protein 4 | [17] |
HSPA9 | HSP70 9B | Stress-70 protein, mitochondrial | [17] |
HSPB1 | HSP27 | Heat Shock Protein Family B (Small) Member 1 | [17][91] |
HSPD1 | HSPD1 | 60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial | [17] |
Htt | Huntingtin | Huntingtin | [32] |
IFIH1 | MDA5 | Interferon Induced With Helicase C Domain 1 | [47] |
IGF2BP1 | IGF2BP1 | Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 | [17] |
IGF2BP2 | IGF2BP2 | Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 | [17] |
IGF2BP3 | IGF2BP3 | Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 mRNA Binding Protein 3 | [17][81] |
IK | IK | Protein Red | [17] |
ILF3 | NF90 | Interleukin Enhancer Binding Factor 3 | [92] |
IPO7 | IPO7 | Importin-7 | [17] |
IPPK | IP5K | Inositol-Pentakisphosphate 2-Kinase | [93] |
ITGB1 | ITGB1 | Integrin beta-1 | [17] |
KANK2 | KANK2 | KN motif and ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 2 | [17] |
KHDRBS1 | Sam68 | KH RNA Binding Domain Containing, Signal Transduction Associated 1 | [17][94][95] |
KHDRBS3 | KHDRBS3 | KH domain-containing, RNA-binding, signal transduction-associated protein 3 | [17] |
KHSRP | KSRP/FBP2 | KH-Type Splicing Regulatory Protein | [17][96] |
KIAA1524 | CIP2A | Protein CIP2A | [17] |
KIF23 | KIF23 | Kinesin-like protein KIF23 | [17] |
KIF2A | Kinesin Heavy Chain Member 2 | Kinesin Family Member 2A | [52] |
KLC1 | Kinesin Light Chain 1 | Kinesin Light Chain 1 | [52] |
KNPA1 | Importin-ɑ5 | Karyopherin Subunit Alpha 1 | [17][97] |
KPNA2 | Importin-ɑ1 | Karyopherin Subunit Alpha 2 | [17][97][98] |
KNPA3 | Importin-ɑ4 | Karyopherin Subunit Alpha 3 | [97] |
KPNA6 | Importin-ɑ7 | Importin subunit alpha | [17] |
KPNB1 | Importin-β1 | Karyopherin Subunit Beta 1 | [17][97] |
L1 ORF retrotransposon | LINE1 ORF1p | LINE1 ORF1 protein | [17][20] |
LARP1 | LARP1 | La-related protein 1 | [17] |
LARP4 | La-Related protein 4 | La Ribonucleoprotein Domain Family Member 4 | [17][99] |
LBR | LBR | Lamin-B receptor | [17] |
LEMD3 | LEMD3 | Inner nuclear membrane protein Man1 | [17] |
LIN28A, LIN28B | LIN28 | Lin-28 Homolog A, B | [100] |
LMNA | LMNA | Prelamin-A/C | [17] |
LPP | LPP | Lipoma-preferred partner | [17] |
LSM14A | RAP55 | LSM14A, mRNA Processing Body Assembly Factor | [17][101][102] |
LSM14B | LSM14B | Protein LSM14 homolog B | [17] |
LSM3 | LSM3 | U6 snRNA-associated Sm-like protein LSm3 | [17] |
LUC7L | LUC7L | Putative RNA-binding protein Luc7-like 1 | [17] |
LUZP1 | LUZP1 | Leucine zipper protein 1 | [17] |
MACF1 | MACF1 | Microtubule-actin cross-linking factor 1, isoforms 1/2/3/5 | [17] |
MAEL | MAEL | Maelstrom Spermatogenic Transposon Silencer | [103] |
MAGEA4 | MAGEA4 | Melanoma-associated antigen 4 | [17] |
MAGED1 | MAGED1 | Melanoma-associated antigen D1 | [17] |
MAGED2 | MAGED2 | Melanoma-associated antigen D2 | [17] |
MAGOHB | MAGOHB | Protein mago nashi homolog 2 | [17] |
MAP1LC3A | LC3-I | Microtubule Associated Protein 1 Light Chain 3 Alpha | [104][105] |
MAP4 | MAP4 | Microtubule-associated protein 4 | [17] |
MAP4K4 | MAP4K4 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 | [17] |
MAPK8 | JNK1 | Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8 | [106] |
MAPRE1 | MAPRE1 | Microtubule-associated protein RP/EB family member 1 | [17] |
MARS | MARS | Methionine—tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic | [17] |
MBNL1 | MBNL1 | Muscleblind Like Splicing Regulator 1 | [44] |
MCM4 | MCM4 | DNA replication licensing factor MCM4 | [17] |
MCM5 | MCM5 | DNA replication licensing factor MCM5 | [17] |
MCM7 | MCM7 | DNA replication licensing factor MCM7 | [17] |
METAP1 | METAP1 | Methionine aminopeptidase | [17] |
MEX3A | MEX3A | RNA-binding protein MEX3A | [17] |
MEX3B | MEX3B | Mex-3 RNA Binding Family Member B | [107] |
MEX3C | MEX3C | Mex-3 RNA Binding Family Member C | [108] |
MFAP1 | MFAP1 | Microfibrillar-associated protein 1 | [17] |
MKI67 | MKI67 | Antigen KI-67 | [17] |
MOV10 | MOV-10 | Mov10 RISC Complex RNA Helicase | [17][19] |
MSH6 | MSH6 | DNA mismatch repair protein Msh6 | [17] |
MSI1 | Musashi-1 | Musashi RNA Binding Protein 1 | [102] |
MSI2 | MSI2 | RNA-binding protein Musashi homolog 2 | [17] |
MTHFD1 | MTHFD1 | C-1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, cytoplasmic | [17] |
MTOR | MTOR | Mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin | [54] |
MYO6 | MYO6 | Unconventional myosin-VI | [17] |
NCOA3 | SRC-3 | Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3 | [109] |
NEXN | NEXN | Nexilin | [17] |
NONO | NonO | Non-POU Domain Containing Octamer Binding | [17][110] |
NOP58 | NOP58 | Nucleolar protein 58 | [17] |
NOSIP | NOSIP | Nitric oxide synthase-interacting protein | [17] |
NRG2 | Neuregulin-2 | Neuregulin-2 | [59] |
NSUN2 | NSUN2 | tRNA (cytosine(34)-C(5))-methyltransferase | [17] |
NTMT1 | NTMT1 | N-terminal Xaa-Pro-Lys N-methyltransferase 1 | [17] |
NUDC | NUDC | Nuclear migration protein nudC | [17] |
NUFIP1 | NUFIP | NUFIP1, FMR1 Interacting Protein 1 | [61] |
NUFIP2 | NUFIP2 | Nuclear fragile X mental retardation-interacting protein 2 | [17] |
NUP205 | NUP205 | Nuclear pore complex protein Nup205 | [17] |
NUP98 | NUP98 | Nuclear pore complex protein Nup98-Nup96 | [17] |
OAS1 | OAS | 2′–5′ oligoadenylate synthetase | [47] |
OGFOD1 | TPA1 | 2-Oxoglutarate And Iron Dependent Oxygenase Domain Containing 1 | [111] |
OGG1 | OGG1 | 8-Oxoguanine DNA Glycosylase | [112] |
PABPC1 | PABP1 | Poly(A) Binding Protein Cytoplasmic 1 | [17][91][67][25][73][34][61][81] |
PABPC4 | PABPC4 | Polyadenylate-binding protein 4 | [17] |
PAK4 | PAK4 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 4 | [17] |
PALLD | Palladin | Palladin | [17] |
PARG | PARG/PARG99/PARG102 | Poly(ADP-Ribose) Glycohydrolase | [113] |
PARP12 | PARP-12/ARTD12 | Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Family Member 12 | [113] |
PARP14 | PARP-14 | Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Family Member 14 | [113] |
PARP15 | PARP-15 | Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Family Member 15 | [113] |
PAWR | PAWR | PRKC apoptosis WT1 regulator protein | [17] |
PCBP2 | PCBP2/HNRNPE2 | Poly(RC) Binding Protein 2 | [17][40] |
PCNA | PCNA | Proliferating cell nuclear antigen | [17] |
PDCD6IP | PDCD6IP | Programmed cell death 6-interacting protein | [17] |
PDLIM1 | PDLIM1 | PDZ and LIM domain protein 1 | [17] |
PDLIM4 | PDLIM4 | PDZ and LIM domain protein 4 | [17] |
PDLIM5 | PDLIM5 | PDZ and LIM domain protein 5 | [17] |
PDS5B | PDS5B | Sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog B | [17] |
PELO | PELO | Protein pelota homolog | [17] |
PFDN4 | PFDN4 | Prefoldin subunit 4 | [17] |
PFN1 | Profilin 1 | Profilin 1 | [17][29] |
PFN2 | Profilin 2 | Profilin 2 | [17][29] |
PGAM5 | PGAM5 | Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PGAM5, mitochondrial | [17] |
PHB2 | Prohibitin 2 | Prohibitin 2 | [12] |
PHLDB2 | PHLDB2 | Pleckstrin homology-like domain family B member 2 | [17] |
PKP1 | Plakophilin 1 | Plakophilin 1 | [77] |
PKP2 | Plakophilin 2 | Plakophilin 2 | [17] |
PKP3 | Plakophilin 3 | Plakophilin 3 | [77] |
POLR2B | POLR2B | DNA-directed RNA polymerase | [17] |
POP7 | RPP20 | POP7 Homolog, Ribonuclease P/MRP Subunit | [79] |
PPME1 | PPME1 | Protein phosphatase methylesterase 1 | [17] |
PPP1R10 | PPP1R10 | Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 10 | [17] |
PPP1R18 | PPP1R18 | Phostensin | [17] |
PPP2R1A | PPP2R1A | Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A alpha isoform | [17] |
PQBP1 | PQBP-1 | Polyglutamine Binding Protein 1 | [114] |
PRDX1 | PRDX1 | Peroxiredoxin-1 | [17] |
PRDX6 | PRDX6 | Peroxiredoxin-6 | [17] |
PRKCA | PKC-ɑ | Protein Kinase C Alpha | [81] |
PRKRA | PACT | Protein Activator Of Interferon Induced Protein Kinase EIF2AK2 | [17][24] |
PRMT1 | PRMT1 | Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1 | [17] |
PRMT5 | PRMT5 | Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 5 | [17] |
PRRC2A | PRRC2A | Protein PRRC2A | [17] |
PRRC2C | PRRC2C | Protein PRRC2C | [17] |
PSMD2 | PSMD2 | 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 2 | [17] |
PTBP3 | PTBP3 | Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 3 | [17] |
PTGES3 | PTGES3 | Prostaglandin E synthase 3 | [17] |
PTK2 | FAK | Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2 | [83] |
PUM1 | Pumilio-1 | Pumilio homolog 1 | [17] |
PUM2 | Pumilio-2 | Pumilio RNA Binding Family Member 2 | [34] |
PURA | PURA | Transcriptional activator protein Pur-alpha | [17] |
PURB | PURB | Transcriptional activator protein Pur-beta | [17] |
PXDNL | PMR1 | Peroxidasin Like | [115] |
PYCR1 | PYCR1 | Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase | [17] |
RAB1A | RAB1A | Ras-related protein Rab-1A | [17] |
RACGAP1 | RACGAP1 | Rac GTPase-activating protein 1 | [17] |
RACK1 | RACK1 | Receptor For Activated C Kinase 1 | [12][65][116] |
RAD21 | RAD21 | Double-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog | [17] |
RAN | RAN | RAN, Member RAS Oncogene Family | [98] |
RANBP1 | RANBP1 | Ran-specific GTPase-activating protein | [17] |
RBBP4 | RBBP4 | Histone-binding protein RBBP4 | [17] |
RBFOX1 | RBFOX1 | RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog | [17] |
RBM12B | RBM12B | RNA-binding protein 12B | [17] |
RBM26 | RBM26 | RNA-binding protein 26 | [17] |
RBM4 | RBM4 | RNA Binding Motif Protein 4 | [117] |
RBM42 | RBM42 | RNA Binding Motif Protein 42 | [90] |
RBMS1 | RBMS1 | RNA-binding motif, single-stranded-interacting protein 1 | [17] |
RBMS2 | RBMS2 | RNA-binding motif, single-stranded-interacting protein 2 | [17] |
RBPMS | RBPMS | RNA-binding protein with multiple splicing | [118] |
RC3H1 | Roquin-1 | Ring Finger And CCCH-Type Domains 1 | [119] |
RC3H2 | MNAB | Ring Finger And CCCH-Type Domains 2 | [119] |
RCC1 | RCC1 | Regulator of chromosome condensation | [17] |
RCC2 | RCC2 | Protein RCC2 | [17] |
RFC3 | RFC3 | Replication factor C subunit 3 | [17] |
RFC4 | RFC4 | Replication factor C subunit 4 | [17] |
RGPD3 | RGPD3 | RanBP2-like and GRIP domain-containing protein 3 | [17] |
RHOA | RhoA | Ras Homolog Family Member A | [13] |
RNASEL | RNAse L | Ribonuclease L | [47] |
RNF214 | RNF214 | RING finger protein 214 | [17] |
RNH1 | RNH1 | Ribonuclease inhibitor | [17][23] |
ROCK1 | ROCK1 | Rho Associated Coiled-Coil Containing Protein Kinase 1 | [13] |
RPS19 | Ribosomal Protein S19 | Ribosomal Protein S19 | [57] |
RPS3 | 40S Ribosomal Protein S3 | 40S Ribosomal Protein S3 | [56][57] |
RPS6 | Ribosomal Protein S6 | Ribosomal Protein S6 | [56][2][61] |
RPS6KA3 | RSK2 | Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase A3 | [120] |
RPTOR | RAPTOR | Regulatory Associated Protein of mTOR Complex 1 | [48][54] |
RSL1D1 | RSL1D1 | Ribosomal L1 domain-containing protein 1 | [17] |
RTCB | RTCB | tRNA-splicing ligase RtcB homolog, formerly C22orf28 | [17] |
S100A7A | S100A7A | Protein S100-A7A | [17] |
S100A9 | S100A9 | Protein S100-A9 | [17] |
SAFB2 | SAFB2 | Scaffold attachment factor B2 | [17] |
SAMD4A | SMAUG1 | Sterile Alpha Motif Domain Containing 4A | [121] |
SEC24C | SEC24C | Protein transport protein Sec24C | [17] |
SERBP1 | PAI-RBP1/SERBP1 | SERPINE1 mRNA Binding Protein 1 | [20][122][46] |
SFN | SFN | 14-3-3 protein sigma | [17] |
SFPQ | PSF | Splicing Factor Proline And Glutamine Rich | [17][110] |
SFRS3 | SFRS3 | Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 3 | [17] |
SIPA1L1 | SIPA1L1 | Signal-induced proliferation-associated 1-like protein 1 | [17] |
SIRT6 | Sirtuin 6 | Sirtuin 6 | [123] |
SMARCA1 | SMARCA1/SNF2L1 | Probable global transcription activator SNF2L1 | [17] |
SMC4 | SMC4 | Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein | [17] |
SMG1 | SMG-1 | SMG1, Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay Associated PI3K Related Kinase | [121][124] |
SMN1 | Survivial of Motor Neuron | Survival Of Motor Neuron 1, Telomeric | [79][125][126] |
SMU1 | SMU1 | WD40 repeat-containing protein SMU1 | [17] |
SND1 | Tudor-SN | Staphylococcal Nuclease And Tudor Domain Containing 1 | [18] |
SNRPF | SNRPF | Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein F | [17] |
SNTB2 | SNTB2 | Beta-2-syntrophin | [17] |
SORBS1 | SORBS1 | Sorbin and SH3 domain-containing protein 1 | [17] |
SORBS3 | Vinexin | Sorbin And SH3 Domain Containing 3 | [127] |
SPAG5 | Astrin | Sperm Associated Antigen 5 | [48] |
SPATS2L | SGNP | Spermatogenesis Associated Serine Rich 2 Like | [17][128] |
SPECC1L | SPECC1L | Cytospin-A | [17] |
SRI | SRI | Sorcin | [17] |
SRP68 | Signal Recognition Particle 68 | Signal Recognition Particle 68 | [19] |
SRP9 | SRP9 | Signal Recognition Particle 9 | [129] |
SRRT | SRRT | Serrate RNA effector molecule homolog | [17] |
SRSF1 | ASF/SF2 | Serine And Arginine Rich Splicing Factor 1 | [130] |
SRSF3 | SRp20 | Serine And Arginine Rich Splicing Factor 3 | [131][132] |
SRSF4 | SRSF4 | Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 4 | [17] |
SRSF7 | 9G8 | Serine And Arginine Rich Splicing Factor 7 | [20] |
STAT1 | STAT1 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta | [17] |
STAU1 | Staufen 1 | Staufen Double-Stranded RNA Binding Protein 1 | [17][67][34][133] |
STAU2 | Staufen 2 | Staufen Double-Stranded RNA Binding Protein 2 | [17][67] |
STIP1 | STIP1/HOP | Stress-induced-phosphoprotein 1 | [17][24] |
STRAP | STRAP | Serine-threonine kinase receptor-associated protein | [17] |
SUGP2 | SUGP2 | SURP and G-patch domain-containing protein 2 | [17] |
SUN1 | SUN1 | SUN domain-containing protein 1 | [17] |
SYCP3 | SYCP3 | Synaptonemal complex protein 3 | [17] |
SYNCRIP | SYNCRIP | Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein Q | [17][134] |
TAF15 | TAF15 | TATA-Box Binding Protein Associated Factor 15 | [17][71][72][75] |
TARDBP | TDP-43 | TAR DNA Binding Protein | [17][68][135][136][87][89][60] |
TCEA1 | TCEA1 | Transcription elongation factor A protein 1 | [17] |
TCP1 | TCP1 | T-complex protein 1 subunit alpha | [17] |
TDRD3 | Tudor Domain Containing 3 | Tudor Domain Containing 3 | [46][137][138] |
TERT | TERT | Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase | [139] |
TIA1 | TIA-1 | TIA1 Cytotoxic Granule Associated RNA Binding Protein | [2][17][20][26][34][42][53][74][80][86][91][125] |
TIAL1 | TIAR | TIA1 Cytotoxic Granule Associated RNA Binding Protein Like 1 | [17][34][61][67][68][91][125] |
TMOD3 | TMOD3 | Tropomodulin-3 | [17] |
TNKS | PARP-5a | Tankyrase | [113] |
TNKS1BP1 | TNKS1BP1 | 182 kDa tankyrase-1-binding protein | [17] |
TNPO1 | Transportin-1 | Transportin-1 | [17][140] |
TNPO2 | Transportin-2 | Transportin-2 | [17] |
TNRC6B | TNRC6B | Trinucleotide repeat-containing gene 6B protein | [17] |
TOMM34 | TOMM34 | Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM34 | [17] |
TOP3B | Topoisomerase (DNA) III Beta | Topoisomerase (DNA) III Beta | [138] |
TPM1 | TPM1 | Tropomyosin alpha-1 chain | [17] |
TPM2 | TPM2 | Tropomyosin beta chain | [17] |
TRAF2 | TRAF2 | TNF Receptor Associated Factor 2 | [64] |
TRDMT1 | DNMT2 | tRNA Aspartic Acid Methyltransferase 1 | [141] |
TRIM21 | TRIM21 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM21 | [17] |
TRIM25 | TRIM25 | E3 ubiquitin/ISG15 ligase TRIM25 | [17] |
TRIM56 | TRIM56 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM56 | [17] |
TRIP6 | TRIP6 | Thyroid receptor-interacting protein 6 | [17] |
TUBA1C | TUBA1C | Tubulin alpha-1C chain | [17] |
TUBA3C | TUBA3C | Tubulin alpha-3C/D chain | [17] |
TUBA4A | TUBA4A | Tubulin alpha-4A chain | [17] |
TUBB3 | TUBB3 | Tubulin beta-3 chain | [17] |
TUBB8 | TUBB8 | Tubulin beta-8 chain | [17] |
TUFM | TUFM | Elongation factor Tu, mitochondrial | [17] |
TXN | TXN | Thioredoxin | [17] |
U2AF1 | U2AF1 | Splicing factor U2AF 35 kDa subunit | [17] |
UBA1 | UBA1 | Ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 1 | [17] |
UBAP2 | UBAP2 | Ubiquitin-associated protein 2 | [17] |
UBAP2L | UBAP2L | Ubiquitin-associated protein 2-like | [17] |
UBB | Ubiquitin | Ubiquitin | [69][80] |
UPF1 | UPF1 | UPF1, RNA Helicase and ATPase | [17][124] |
UPF2 | UPF2 | UPF2, RNA Helicase and ATPase | [124] |
USP10 | USP10 | Ubiquitin Specific Peptidase 10 | [17][116] |
USP5 | USP5 | Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 5 | [17] |
VASP | VASP | Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein | [17] |
VCP | VCP | Valosin Containing Protein | [17][142] |
WDR62 | WDR62 | WD Repeat Domain 62 | [106] |
XRN1 | XRN1 | 5'-3' Exoribonuclease 1 | [14] |
YARS | YARS | Tyrosine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic | [17] |
YBX1 | YB-1 | Y-Box Binding Protein 1 | [17][20][19][44] |
YBX3 | YBX3 | Y-box-binding protein 3 | [17] |
YES1 | YES1 | Tyrosine-protein kinase Yes | [17] |
YTHDF1 | YTHDF1 | YTH domain family protein 1 | [17] |
YTHDF2 | YTHDF2 | YTH domain family protein 2 | [17] |
YTHDF3 | YTHDF3 | YTH domain family protein 3 | [17] |
YWHAB | 14-3-3 | Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/Tryptophan 5-Monooxygenase Activation Protein Beta | [17][107] |
YWHAH | 14-3-3 | 14-3-3 protein eta | [17] |
YWHAQ | 14-3-3 | 14-3-3 protein theta | [17] |
ZBP1 | ZBP1 | Z-DNA Binding Protein 1 | [143][144] |
ZC3H14 | ZC3H14 | Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 14 | [17] |
ZC3H7A | ZC3H7A | Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 7A | [17] |
ZC3H7B | ZC3H7B | Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 7B | [17] |
ZC3HAV1 | PARP-13.1/PARP-13.2/ARTD13 | Zinc Finger CCCH-Type Containing, Antiviral 1 | [17][113] |
ZFP36 | TTP/TIS11 | ZFP36 Ring Finger Protein/Trisetrapolin | [14][106][145][146][147] |
ZNF638 | ZNF638 | Zinc finger protein 638 | [17] |
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- ↑ Stöhr, Nadine; Lederer, Marcell; Reinke, Claudia; Meyer, Sylke; Hatzfeld, Mechthild; Singer, Robert H.; Hüttelmaier, Stefan (2006-11-20). "ZBP1 regulates mRNA stability during cellular stress". The Journal of Cell Biology. 175 (4): 527–534. ISSN 0021-9525. PMC 2064588 . PMID 17101699. doi:10.1083/jcb.200608071.
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External links
Review articles:
- Anderson P, Kedersha N (Mar 2006). "RNA granules". J Cell Biol. 172 (6): 803–8. PMC 2063724 . PMID 16520386. doi:10.1083/jcb.200512082.
- Kedersha N, Anderson P (Nov 2002). "Stress granules: sites of mRNA triage that regulate mRNA stability and translatability". Biochem. Soc. Trans. 30 (Pt 6): 963–9. PMID 12440955. doi:10.1042/BST0300963.
— molecular details of stress granule assembly & function - Sandqvist A, Sistonen L (Jan 2004). "Nuclear stress granules: the awakening of a sleeping beauty?". J Cell Biol. 164 (1): 15–7. PMC 2171964 . PMID 14709538. doi:10.1083/jcb.200311102.
Laboratories:
- Anderson lab, post-transcriptional control & inflammatory response
- Zhou lab, neurodegenerative disease
- Morimoto lab, transcriptional regulation & heat shock
- Boccaccio lab, Staufen & stress granules