Tiger versus lion

Lion and Tiger Fighting by James Ward, 1797.

Historically, the comparative merits of the lion versus the tiger have been a popular topic of discussion by hunters,[1][2] naturalists,[3] artists and poets, and continue to inspire the popular imagination in the present day.[4][5][6][7] In the past, lions and tigers reportedly competed in the wilderness, where their ranges overlapped in Eurasia.[8][9][10][11] The most common reported circumstance of their meeting is in captivity,[12] either deliberately[5][13] or accidentally.[8][14]

Expert opinions

Favoring the tiger

Favoring the lion

Neutral

History in captivity

An Asiatic lion and two Bengal tigers[28] in captivity at Bannerghatta National Park, near Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

In the circuses of Ancient Rome, exotic beasts, including Barbary lions[29][30][31] and tigers,[32] were commonly pitted against each other. The contest of the lion against the tiger was a classic pairing, amongst others.[13] A mosaic in the House of the Faun in Pompeii shows a fight between a lion and a tiger.[33] There are different accounts of which of these animals beat or killed the other, throughout time. Although lions and tigers can be kept together in harmony in captivity,[34] conflicts between the two species in captivity, which ended up in fatalities, have also been recorded.[5][23][35][36]

Tigers defeating or killing lions

A white tiger at Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park, Pune, India.

Accidental fights or killings

Lions defeating or killing tigers

A lion (possibly Panthera leo leo) at Ljubljana Zoo, Slovenia.

There are also reports of lions beating or mauling tigers. For example, there was a filmed fight, organized by an Indian Prince, in a deep pit in the compound of his palace, and the lion killed the tiger, according to Kailash Sankhala (1978).[24] Other cases are discussed or elaborated upon in subsections below, and in "Expert opinions".[14][23][24][48]

Accidental fights or killings

Competition or coexistence in the Eurasian wilderness

An Asiatic lion in Gir Forest, Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests' ecoregion, India.

Currently, India is the only country on Earth confirmed to have both lions and tigers in its wilderness.[29][54][55] For now, they do not share the same territory in India, but they did in the past,[8][20][56][57] and there is a project mentioned below that could make their meeting in the wild possible, if implemented.[21][58][59]

Before the end of the 20th Century, lions[38][60] and tigers[61][62] had also occurred in other Asian[63] or Eurasian nations, including Iran.[11][29][55][56] As such, there is a Farsi word for 'Lion', which can also mean 'Tiger', used in Iran, the Indian Subcontinent and other areas, that is 'Sher' or 'Shir' (Persian: شیر‎‎),[10][11][29][56][60][64][65] and its significance is discussed below.

According to Colin Tudge (2011), given that both cats hunt large herbivores, it is likely that they had been in competition in Asia. Despite their social nature, lions might have competed with tigers on an individual basis, as they would with each other.[63]

Apart from the possibility of competition, there are legends of Asiatic lions and tigers interacting together to produce hybrid offspring, which would be ligers or tigons.[66][67][68][69][70] From the fossil record, besides genetics,[29][62][71] it would appear that the modern lion and tiger were present in Eurasia since the Pleistocene, when now-extinct relatives also existed there.[10][38][61] Additionally, in the days before Indian Independence, the Maharaja of Gwalior introduced African lions into his area, which is a habitat for Bengal tigers.[72]

Asiatic lion and Bengal tiger

T-12 the Bengal tiger in Ranthambore National Park, Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests' ecoregion, India.

In India, or in the extended modern sense, the Subcontinent,[73] Asiatic lions[38][60][74] and Bengal tigers[61][75][76] coexisted in a number of places, such as the area of Gwalior in the center,[77] and that of Mount Abu (which has a sanctuary) in the north,[78] before the end of the 20th Century.[8][10][20][29][55][56][57][79] Kailash Sankhala (1978) said that the habitat and prey of the Indian lion was not like those of an African savannah, but like habitats of Indian tigers, to an extent, including the dry, deciduous Aravali part of Sariska Tiger Reserve in the State of Rajasthan, and that it was a difficult place for predators to hunt as groups.[24] Today, lions are found in Gir Forest National Park and surrounding areas in the region of Saurashtra,[80] State of Gujarat,[60][81][82] and tigers are found in other places, like Sariska Tiger Reserve[24] and Ranthambore National Park[59] in neighboring Rajasthan, the neighboring states of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, and the Bengali Sunderbans.[82][83] Gir, Sariska and Ranthambore are in the same ecoregion, that of Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests.[75][76] Though the Bengal tiger is reportedly extinct in northern and southeastern Gujarat, the nearest population of tigers to that of Indian lions is the border-area of Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.[29][57][62][75] It is located across the Gulf of Khambhat from Kathiawar Peninsula,[82] and includes the Dangs' Forest[84][85][86] and Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary.[87] Either big cat can be called 'Sher' (Hindi: शेर) and have a fearsome reputation in the Subcontinent,[29][56][60][65] and emigrate from its protected habitat.[21]

The possibility of conflict, between lions and tigers, has been raised in relation to India's Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project, which is meant to introduce Gir Forest's lions to another reserve which is considered to be within the former range of the Indian lion, that is Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh,[58] which was reported to contain some tigers that came from Ranthambore Park, including one called 'T-38'.[8][59] Concerns were raised that the co-presence of lions and tigers would "trigger frequent clashes."[88] The University of Minnesota's Lion Research Project describes one reason to delay the introduction of lions to Kuno Palpur, is the fear that tigers living there would kill the incoming lions. In a one-on-one encounter, it is believed that a Bengal tiger could beat an Indian lion, given its weight advantage.[8][21] However, lions are social, and may form fighting groups, whereas tigers are usually solitary, and it is believed that a group of lions (2 – 3 males) or lionesses (2 – 4 females) is more than match for a single tiger or tigress (See the Section Temperament below). Therefore, it would appear that in order for Asiatic lions to survive in an area with Bengal tigers, after being translocated there, the lions would have to be translocated there as intact groups, rather than as individuals, according to Doctor Craig Packer.[8] Nevertheless, tigers occasionally socialize, like for the purpose of mating, or forming hunting groups.[29][56]

Reginald Innes Pocock (1939) mentioned that some people had the opinion that the tiger played a role in the near-extinction of the Indian lion, but he dismissed this view as 'fanciful'. According to him, there was evidence that tigers inhabited the Subcontinent, before lions. The tigers likely entered Northern India from the eastern end of the Himalayas, through Burma, and started spreading throughout the area, before the lions likely entered Northern India from Balochistan or Persia, and spread to places like the Bengal and the Nerbudda River. Because of that, before the presence of man could limit the spread of lions, tigers reached parts of India that lions did not reach. However, the presence of tigers throughout India did not stop the spread of lions there, in the first place, so Pocock said that it is unlikely that Bengal tigers played a role, significant or subordinate, in the near-extinction of the Indian lion, rather, that man was responsible for it,[56] as was the case with the decline in tigers' numbers.[10][29][61][56][57] As such, Pocock (1939) thought that it was unlikely that serious competition between them regularly occurred, and that even if Indian lions and tigers met, the chance that they would fight for survival was as good as the chance that they would choose to avoid each other, and that their chances of success, if they were to clash, were as good as each other's.[56]

Fights or killings

Clashes between Indian lions and tigers were reported, or even caught on camera, in the 19th and 20th Centuries. It was not clear which species regularly beat the other, according to Doctor Packer (2015).[8][9][79]

Asiatic lion and Caspian tiger

A Caspian tiger killed in northern Iran, early 1940's.

Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria,[95] Turkey, and former members of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, such as Azerbaijan,[10][29] were reported to have had Asiatic lions[55][60] and Caspian tigers[62][96][97][98] (which were closely related to Amur tigers of the Far East, to the extent that they can be considered as being the same subspecies).[99][100] Besides Asia, lions and tigers had occurred in Europe, in the region of the Black Sea, with tigers occurring in Ciscaucasia, and lions occurring in the Balkans,[101] up to Thrace and Macedonia, and possibly the Danube River, at least.[10][29][56]

Velikiy Kniaz Vladimir II Monomakh of Kievan Rus',[102] in his work, "Poucheniya Detyam" (1117), said that while he ruled Turov (in what is now Belarus)[103] and Chernigov (in what is now the Ukraine),[104] he was on a hunt when he was attacked by a lyuti zver (Old Russian for "fierce animal"). The zver sprang towards his thighs, and hurt him and his horse. Traditionally, the zver was considered to be a wolf or lynx, but, according to Heptner and Sludskii (1972), neither would spring at a rider or injure a horse, so it was more likely to be a big cat, with some people thinking that it could have been a leopard, or that it was more likely to be a tiger than a lion. The occurrence of the lion at the southern Russian Steppes, or at the mouth of the Don River (Russia), or its area, is disputed, whereas tigers likely occurred in the Russian Steppes, or at the estuary of the Don River.[10]

In Afghanistan, it is possible that lions occurred at least in the southwest and southern parts. Tigers bred at the upper reaches of the Hari Rud or Tedzhen Darya at Herat.[10][56] Tigers were found at a tributary of the Amu Darya called the "Pyandzh River," from where they could invade another place (like Persian tigers that invaded what was the Soviet Union), and the Geri, Kunduz and Murghab Rivers. Intrusions from the Soviet Union were reported in the 1960s.[10] In 1997, a tiger was reportedly killed in the northeastern region.[96]

In ancient times, Panthera leo persica lived in much of its namesake home of Persia, including in northern regions near the Transcaucasian and Turkestani parts of the Soviet Union, which is why Heptner and Sludskii (1972) could not deny that they had been in the Turkestani region also. Many years ago, in the north, lions had been in the area of Tehran, and the Persian upland. Around the year 900, they were encountered in the south, although not frequently. However, in the 1870s, they occurred in western region, in the southwestern part of the Zagros Mountains, near Mesopotamia, and in forested areas which were south and southeast of Shiraz. Persian tigers also occurred in regions close to the Soviet Union, including the north-western region, enough for them to invade the Trans-Caucasus and Turkestan, including those of the Atrek Basin and Gorgan.[10]

The Euphrates and Tigris Rivers flow from Turkey to Iraq, through the Syrian region.[105] Lions were seen along the upper reaches of the Euphrates (Biledzhik, 1877) (Alston and Danford 1880) in the 1870s, before disappearing there by the end of the 19th Century, though they otherwise survived in that period, in Mesopotamia and the Arabian peninsula. In the 1850s, lions also occurred in the upper courses of the Tigris, near Mosul in the north. In the 1860s, there were many lions in reed marshes, along the banks of the two rives, though mostly in their lower reaches (Blanford, 1876).[10] Two lions in the region of Mosul were reported for the last time in 1914, and the last lion in Iraq was slaughtered on the lower Tigris in 1918.[29][74][106] Mazandaran tigers also occurred in Iraq,[107] on the banks of the Euphrates and Tigris.[97] In 1887, a tiger was killed near Mosul (Kock, 1990).[96][97]

In Ash-Shām (Arabic: اَلـشَّـام‎‎),[108][109] before the end of the 19th Century, the lion occurred from Syria[95] in the north, to Palestine in the south. In particular, lions had been present in the area of Aleppo, even as late as 1891 (Kinnear, 1920).[10][29] Up to the 1970s, the tiger had been reported in the area of Hatay, which includes Amuq Valley, and had been transferred from Syria to Turkey, during the Second World War.[95] Apart from that, Turkish tigers were reported from the Plain of Selçuk in the western region,[110][111] to sparse forests and riverine corridors in the eastern region, which borders Iraq and Syria.[97][98] In February 1970, a tiger was reportedly killed near Uludere in Şırnak Province, Hakkari Region.[96][97] Anatolian lions had been in parts of the eastern region, apparently up to the 19th Century, and before that, throughout Asia Minor, excepting the region of the Pontic Mountains in the north.[10]

In what was to be the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic in the Soviet Union in 1922,[112] in the northern part of its range there, bypassing the eastern part of the Caucasus, the lion occurred in an area which extended unevenly from foot-hills and the Araks River near Yerevan (in what is now Armenia)[113] in the east, almost to Tbilisi (in what is now Georgia)[114] in the west, from Absheron Peninsula (in what is now Azerbaijan)[115] in the south, to the Samur River (in the region of what is now the border between Azerbaijan and Dagestan Republic in Russia)[116] in the north. This place includes what are now the Lagodekhi Protected Areas[117] in the Caucasus mixed forests' ecoregion.[118] Lions were hunted by local hunters called 'shirvans' or 'shirvanshakhs', and became extinct by the end of the 10th Century. The Hyrcanian tiger was found in the areas of Tbilisi and Baku in Apsheron Peninsula (which has a wildlife sanctuary[119][120] in the Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests' ecoregion),[121] and was reported to have intruded territories, like those of Baku and Tbilisi, from other places, like that of the Talysh Mountains and Lankaran Lowland in what is now Azerbaijan.[10][98][115] The Trans-Caucasus is home to a tugay type of forest, and lions and tigers would have hunted prey like deer here.[10]

For what used to be the Turkestani region of the Soviet Union, which now comprises the countries Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan,[122][123] Heptner and Sludskii (1972) could not exclude the possibility of lions occurring in the southern part of the area, which is close to Iran, and along the upper Amu Darya, which has a tributary called "Sherabad Darya," which touches a town called 'Shirabad'. In the southwestern part, tigers occurred in the area of the Kopet Dag, along the Atrek River to the Caspian Sea, and the river's tributaries, the Chandyr and Sumbar Rivers, including the area of Tedzhen, often as intruders from Iran. They also occurred in the regions of the Amu and Syr Daryas, and others, in a vast area extending to the region of Western Siberia or Lake Baikal in the east, where the Amur tiger also reportedly occurred. Two tigers that were captured in southwestern Tajikistan harbored tapeworms (Taenia bubesei) which were also recovered from the lion, according to Chernyshev (1953).[10]

Fights or killings

Just as there is literature on the Asiatic lion clashing with the Bengal tiger in historical India,[8][9][79] there is literature on the former clashing with the Caspian or Siberian tiger elsewhere:

Cave lion and tiger

An illustration of a Eurasian cave lion with a hunted reindeer, by Heinrich Harder.

In prehistoric times, before the 10th millennium BC,[38] the Upper Pleistocene Eurasian cave lion[126][127] had occurred throughout much of Eurasia, including the Caucasus, what is now Siberia in Russia, and what used to be Beringia. Judging from cave paintings, such as those of Chauvet, cave lions were social, having formed hunting groups like their modern relatives. Their great distribution may have enabled them to influence the distributions of sympatric carnivores like the tiger, through direct or indirect competition. In fact, during the Pleistocene, the tiger appeared to have been confined to the Far East, from Siberia in the north to the Sunda Islands in the south. It was during the Holocene, by which time the cave lion had become rare or extinct,[38][128] that the tiger spread westwards to places like the Caucasus and Indian Subcontinent.[10][61][62][71][129]

Physical comparison

Comparative profiles of the lion and tiger (assuming similar sizes).[54]

Comparative size

Males

A captive Amur tiger at Copenhagen Zoo, Denmark.
The Bengal tiger.

Females

A Siberian tigress with a cub.
A Katanga lioness[38] with a cub near Otjiwarongo, Namibia.

Length

Males

Females

Men with a restrained lion in Iran. Photograph by Antoin Sevruguin (1830's – 1933).

Height at the shoulder

Temperament

A Sumatran tiger.
Cameroon lions in Mefou National Park.

Skulls

Comparison of tiger and lion skulls.

Lions' skulls rival those of tigers in size[61] or length (Pease, 1913, page 101),[145] with even the largest known skulls of tigers being smaller than the largest known skulls of lions, albeit slightly. Apart from their sizes, the skulls of lions and tigers are generally similar, with there being differences in structural features of the lower jaws, relative lengths of their noses,[10] and the frontal regions.[56] In fact, the skulls of lions, especially from Asia, were so similar to those of tigers that Heptner and Sludskii (1972) argued that the lion was closer to the tiger than to other animals like the leopard and jaguar, unlike what others believed.[10][153]

Brain size

Comparative illustration of tiger and lion skulls.

A study by Oxford University scientists has shown that tigers have much bigger brains, relative to body size, than lions and other big cats. Although comparisons showed that lion skulls were larger overall, the tiger's cranial volume is the largest — even the skulls of small Balinese tigresses (65–80 kg (143–176 pounds))[148] have cranial volumes as large as those of huge male Southern African lions.[154][155]

Bite force

A Masai lion dragging a carcass at Masai Mara, Kenya.

Tigers have been shown to have higher average bite forces (such as at the canine tips) than lions.[156] The bite force adjusted for body mass allometry (BFQ) for tiger is 127, while that for lion is 112.[157] Tigers have a well-developed sagittal crest and coronoid processes, providing muscle attachment for their strong bite.[158] Tigers also have exceptionally stout teeth, and the canines are the longest and biggest among all living felids, measuring from 7.5 to 10 cm (3.0 to 3.9 in) in length, and are larger and longer than those of a similar-sized lion,[158][159] probably because tigers need to bring down larger prey alone than lions, which usually hunt large prey in groups.[159]

Paw-swipe

A Javan tiger at Ujung Kulon, 1938.

Roar

A Malayan tiger at Cincinnati Zoo, the United States of America.
An East African lion snarling in Tanzania.

Lions and tigers, like other Pantherid Felidae, are capable of roaring.[153] In a zoo, if a tiger is near a lion, and it roars, then the lion may roar in response, like it would as if another lion did, and some people may not be able to distinguish between their roars.[56] However, that does not mean that no differences exist between them.[54][61][161][162] Charles Frederick Partington, said that, in comparison, whereas a lion's roar would be loud and terrifying, but with 'grandeur', a tiger's cry would be 'horrid' and 'appalling', with a 'piercing' effect.[54] A similar description of the tiger's roar was given by Herne.[89]

Frequency

A male lion's roar can have a fundamental frequency of about 195 Hertz, whereas that of a lioness' roar may exceed 206 Hertz.[161]

Loudness

A tiger's roar can be heard up to 3 km (1.9 mi) away (Mazák, 1981).[61] A lion's roar can reach 114 decibels/meter (McComb et al. 1994; Peters and Wozencraft 1996),[38] and can be heard up to 5 km (3.1 mi) (Guggisberg 1975), or at least 8 km (5.0 mi) away in optimal conditions (Sunquist & Sunquist, 2002), making it the loudest of the cat family.[29][161][162]

Mythical character comparison

18th-century naturalists and authors compared the species' characters, generally in favor of the lion.[163] Oliver Goldsmith ranked the lion first among carnivorous mammals, followed by the tiger, which in his view "seems to partake of all the noxious qualities of the lion, without sharing any of his good ones. To pride, courage and strength, the lion joins greatness, clemency and generosity; but the tiger is fierce without provocation, and cruel without necessity."[164] Charles Knight, writing in "The English Cyclopaedia", disparaged the opinions of naturalists Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon and Thomas Pennant in this context, stating "the general herd of authors who eulogise the 'courage, greatness, clemency and generosity' of the lion, contrasting it with the unprovoked ferocity, unnecessary cruelty and poltroonery of the tiger, becomes ridiculous, though led by such names as Buffon and Pennant."[163]

The lion's mane

Central African lions in Virunga National Park, Congo-Kinshasa.
East African lions in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania.

About the lion's mane, Knight wrote "The lion has owed a good deal to his mane and his noble and dignified aspect; but appearances are not always to be trusted."[163] In fact, a study was done by scientists Craig Packer and Peyton West that claimed that the mane of the lion was strictly for mating purposes. Darker-maned lions were more often picked by females to breed, while light-maned lions were not so lucky. A lion's mane did not always purposely help in a fight, and it might even hinder the male lion, slowing it down when it attacks, according to Packer and West.[165]

However, Clyde (1939)[23] and Kailash (1978)[24] believed that the mane could defend part of the lion's neck, in a fight against the tiger, and this had been reported. When the Shimlan tiger fought Atlas, it tried biting Atlas' neck, but it could not, due to the mane blocking its teeth, and interfering with its respiratory system.[36] According to Heptner and Sludskii (1997), Barbary and Cape lions had the "most luxuriant and extensive manes" among lions, with "tresses on flanks and abdomen." As for the Indian lion, which has a smaller mane than its African cousins,[10][56] apart from African lions that have weak manes or are maneless,[166] during the fight reported by St. Landry Democrat (1887),[90] The Eaton Democrat (1887),[91] The Iola Register (1887),[92] The Milan Exchange (1887),[93] and The Sydney Mail (1889),[9] from The Sun (New York) (1889), though the tiger could bite the lion's body, it was not mentioned to have bitten the lion's neck.

Arts and literature

Art

The Seringapatam medal shows a lion defeating a tiger.
Sculptures of a tiger and lion fighting, with the former dominating the latter, by Emile-Joseph-Alexandre Gouget, in Le musée d'Art et d'Industrie de la ville de Roubaix.

Battles between the two were painted in the 18th and 19th centuries by Eugène Delacroix, George Stubbs and James Ward. Ward's paintings, which portrayed lion victories in accordance with the lion's symbolic value in Great Britain, have been described as less realistic than Stubbs.[167]

The British Seringapatam medal shows a lion defeating a tiger in battle; an Arabic language banner on the medal displays the words Asad Allāh al-Ghālib (Arabic: أسَـد الله الـغَـالِـب‎‎, "Lion of God the Conqueror"). The medal commemorated the British victory at the 1799 Battle of Seringapatam (in the town now known as Srirangapatna) over Tipu Sultan — who used tigers as emblems, as opposed to the British emblematic use of lions.[168]

Literature

English literature compared their battle strengths.[169] The poets Edmund Spenser, Allan Ramsey, and Robert Southey described lion victories.[169] In the view of a 19th-century literary critic, these contests established "sovereignty of the animal world."[169] In the Hindu epic Mahabharata, Narada told Srinjaya that tigers were fiercer and more ruthless than lions.[170]

Cinema

In Paalai, a Tamil film, there is dialogue about the characteristics of the tiger and lion. It concludes that the tiger is superior. In the film, the tiger is the symbol and flag of the native Tamil tribal people and the lion is the symbol and flag of non-Tamil Singhal (literally meaning 'Leonine') people.[171]

Sports

The city of Detroit, Michigan has professional sports teams named after Tigers and Lions competing (along with other sports franchises) for attention of sports fans in the greater Detroit area and beyond. A 2012 poll indicated that the Tigers were slightly more popular than the Lions among Michigan residents,[172] although this has been disputed by other commentators.[173][174]

See also

Tigers

Lions

References

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  2. 1 2 John Hampden Porter (1894). Wild beasts; a study of the characters and habits of the elephant, lion, leopard, panther, jaguar, tiger, puma, wolf, and grizzly bear. p. 239.
  3. ↑ Ronald Tilson, Philip J. Nyhus (2010), "Tiger morphology", Tigers of the world, Academic Press, ISBN 9780815515708
  4. ↑ William Bridges (22 August 1959). Lion vs. tiger: who'd win?. The Spokesman-Review. Retrieved 2016-02-28.
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  6. ↑ Thomas, Isabel (2006). Lion vs. Tiger. Raintree. ISBN 978-1-4109-2398-1.
  7. ↑ London Express (1900-12-27). "Animal Fighters". Past Papers. Retrieved 2017-01-09.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Packer, C. "Frequently asked questions". University of Minnesota Lion Research Project. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
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  12. ↑ Clyde Beatty, Earl Wilson (1941), Jungle performers
  13. 1 2 Roland Auguet (1994). Cruelty and civilization: the Roman games. ISBN 978-0-415-10453-1.
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  27. ↑ "Bannerghatta National Park". Bengaloorutourism.com. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
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  33. ↑ "Tiger, lion and bear form unusual friendship". 7 Dec 2009.
  34. ↑ Herbert Treadwell Wade (1930). The New International Encyclopaedia, Volume 22. Dodd, Mead and Company. Retrieved 2017-05-29.
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  166. ↑ Frank McLynn (2006). 1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World. Canongate Books. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-8021-4228-3. George Stubbs, the most famous and original animal painter of his time who was just reaching his peak in 1759, liked to display combats of lion versus tiger, though he did not commit the egregious mistake made in James Ward's animal pictures painted later in the century where the lion symbolises Britain and the tiger India; in reality, as we know very clearly from the obscene animal fights staged by the Ancient Romans in the arena, the tiger would win every time
  167. ↑ Maya Jasanoff (2007). Edge of Empire: Lives, Culture, and Conquest in the East, 1750–1850. Random House. ISBN 978-0-307-42571-3.
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  169. ↑ Prof. Muneo Tokunaga John D. Smith K M Ganguli. "Tiger in Hindu epic Mahabharatha". The Mahabharata in Sanskrit. Sacred Texts. pp. SECTION LXVIII. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
  170. ↑ IMDb (2011). "Paalai". Retrieved 2016-07-27.
  171. ↑ "Tigers Win A Title: Most Popular Team In Michigan". CBS Detroit. 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
  172. ↑ "The Lions are king of Detroit". OU New Bureau. 2012-10-23. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
  173. ↑ Sean Gagnier (2012-07-18). "Detroit is a football town". Retrieved 2016-07-27.

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