Stochastic electrodynamics

Pilot-wave theories like SED model quantum behaviour as emergent effects due to some underlying sub-quantum physics.[1][2] (a) A hydrodynamic walker (emulating a particle) in a circular corral. Trajectories are colour-coded according to the droplet’s local speed. (b) The probability distribution of the walker’s position corresponds roughly to the amplitude of the corral’s Faraday wave mode.[3]
Diagram made by Antony Valentini in a lecture about the De Broglie–Bohm theory. Valentini argues quantum theory is a special equilibrium case of a wider physics and that it may be possible to observe and exploit quantum non-equilibrium[4]

Stochastic electrodynamics (SED) an extension of the de Broglie–Bohm interpretation of quantum mechanics, with the electromagnetic zero-point field (ZPF) playing a central role as the guiding pilot-wave. The theory is a deterministic nonlocal hidden-variable theory.[5][6] It is distinct from other more mainstream interpretations of quantum mechanics such as the Copenhagen interpretation and Everett's many-worlds interpretation.[7] SED describes energy contained in the electromagnetic vacuum at absolute zero as a stochastic, fluctuating zero-point field. The motion of a particle immersed in this stochastic zero-point radiation generally results in highly nonlinear, sometimes chaotic or emergent, behaviour. Modern approaches to SED consider the quantum properties of waves and particles as well-coordinated emergent effects resulting from deeper (sub-quantum) nonlinear matter-field interactions.[8][9][10][11] [12]

Given the posited emergent nature of quantum laws in SED, it has been argued that they form a kind of "quantum equilibrium" that has an analogous status to that of thermal equilibrium in classical dynamics. In principle therefore, SED allows other "quantum non-equilibrium" distributions, for which the statistical predictions of quantum theory are violated. It is controversially argued that quantum theory is merely a special case of a much wider nonlinear physics, a physics in which non-local (superluminal) signalling is possible, and in which the uncertainty principle can be violated.[13][14] It has also been proposed that inertia is one such emergent law.[15][16] The reported results are subject to considerable argument, with accusations that it leads to the possibility of anti-gravity, reactionless drives or free energy.[17]

Classical background field

The background field is introduced as a Lorentz force in the (classical) Abraham-Lorentz-Dirac equation (see: Abraham–Lorentz–Dirac force), where the classical statistics of the electric and magnetic fields and quadratic combinations thereof are chosen to match the vacuum expectation values of the equivalent operators in QED. The field is generally represented as a discrete sum of Fourier components each with amplitude and phase that are independent classical random variables, distributed so that the statistics of the fields are isotropic and unchanged under boosts. This prescription is such that each Fourier mode at frequency (f) is expected to have an energy of hf/2, equaling that of the ground state of the vacuum modes of QED. Unless cut off, the total field has an infinite energy density, with a spectral energy density (per unit frequency per unit volume) [2h/c3]f3 where h is Planck's constant. Consequently, the background field is a classical version of the electromagnetic ZPF of QED, though in SED literature the field is commonly referred to simply as 'the ZPF' without making that distinction. It should be noted that any finite cutoff frequency of the field itself would be incompatible with Lorentz invariance. For this reason, some researchers prefer to think of cutoff frequency in terms of the response of particles to the field rather than as a property the field itself.

Brief history

Stochastic electrodynamics is a term for a collection of research efforts of many different styles based on the ansatz that there exists a Lorentz invariant random electromagnetic radiation. The basic ideas have been around for a long time; but Marshall (1963) and Brafford seem to have been the originators of the more concentrated efforts starting in the 1960s.[18] Thereafter Timothy Boyer, Luis de la Peña and Ana María Cetto were perhaps the most prolific contributors in the 1970s and beyond.[19][20][21][22][23] Others have made contributions, alterations and proposals concentrating on the application of SED to problems in QED. A separate thread has been the investigation of an earlier proposal by Walther Nernst attempting to use the SED notion of a classical ZPF to explain inertial mass as due to a vacuum reaction.

In 2000, Trevor Marshall derived an experimental prediction of SED dubbed "spontaneous parametric up-conversion" (SPUC) as a dual process to the well-known spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC).[24] SPUC was tested in 2009 and 2010 with positive results.[25][26]

In 2010, Cavalleri et al. introduced SEDS ('pure' SED, as they call it, plus spin) as a fundamental improvement which they claim potentially overcomes all the known drawbacks to SED. They also claim SEDS resolves four observed effects that are so far unexplained by QED, i.e., 1) the physical origin of the ZPF, and its natural upper cutoff; 2) an anomaly in experimental studies of the neutrino rest mass; 3) the origin and quantitative treatment of 1/f noise; and 4) the high-energy tail (~ 1021 eV) of cosmic rays. Two double-slit electron diffraction experiments are proposed to discriminate between QM and SEDS.[27]

Inconclusive but encouraging experiments were carried out in 2012 by Dmitriyeva and Moddel in which emissions in "... infrared was clearly observed" which they could not explain using "...conventional thermodynamic models".[28]

In 2013 Auñon et al. showed that Casimir and Van der Waals interactions are a particular case of stochastic forces from electromagnetic sources when the broad Planck's spectrum is chosen and the wavefields are non-correlated.[29] Addressing fluctuating partially coherent light emitters with a tailored spectral energy distribution in the optical range, this establishes the link between stochastic electrodynamics and coherence theory;[30] henceforth putting forward a way to optically create and control both such zero-point fields as well as Lifshitz forces [31] of thermal fluctuations. In addition, this opens the path to build many more stochastic forces on employing narrow-band light sources for bodies with frequency-dependent responses.

In a 2014 dissertation Carlos Alberto de Oliveira Henriques measured the energy shift in the atomic levels of Xe atoms as they passed through nano-porous Casimir membranes. Some evidence of anomalous radiation were observed, however, he was not able to distinguish this radiation conclusively from the background due to said shortcomings in the detector.[32]

Scope of SED

SED has been used in attempts to provide a classical explanation for effects previously considered to require quantum mechanics (here restricted to the Schrödinger equation and the Dirac equation and QED) for their explanation. It has also been used to motivate a classical ZPF-based underpinning for gravity and inertia. There is no universal agreement on the successes and failures of SED, either in its congruence with standard theories of quantum mechanics, QED, and gravity, or in its compliance with observation. The following SED-based explanations are relatively uncontroversial and are free of criticism at the time of writing:

The following SED-based calculations and SED-related claims are more controversial and some have been subject to published criticism:

Zero point energy

According to Haisch and Rueda, inertia arises as an electromagnetic drag force on accelerating particles, produced by interaction with the zero-point field. In their 1998 Ann. Phys. paper (see citations), they speak of a "Rindler flux", presumably meaning the Unruh effect, and claim to have computed a nonzero "z.p.f. momentum". This computation rests upon their claim to compute a nonzero "z.p.f. Poynting vector".

These proposals for zero-point energy suggest a source of low or no cost free energy from the vacuum as well as the hope of developing a reactionless drive.[43] NASA continues to make assessments:[44][45] In the usual interpretation of vacuum energy it is not possible to use it to do work.[46] However, SED takes a rather more literal, classical interpretation, and views the very high energy density of the electromagnetic vacuum as propagating waves, which must necessarily carry considerable energy and momentum flux, ordinarily not evident in the absence of matter, because the flux is isotropic.

Fictional references

Arthur C. Clarke describes a "SHARP drive" (for Sakharov, Haisch, Rueda and Puthoff) in his 1997 novel "3001: The Final Odyssey".

See also

References

  1. ↑ Grössing, G.; Fussy, S.; Mesa Pascasio, J.; Schwabl, H. (2012). "An explanation of interference effects in the double slit experiment: Classical trajectories plus ballistic diffusion caused by zero-point fluctuations" (PDF). Annals of Physics. 327 (2): 421–437. arXiv:1106.5994 Freely accessible. doi:10.1016/j.aop.2011.11.010.
  2. ↑ Grössing, G.; Fussy, S.; Mesa Pascasio, J.; Schwabl, H. (2012). "The Quantum as an Emergent System". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 361 (1): 012008. arXiv:1205.3393 Freely accessible. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/361/1/012008.
  3. ↑ Harris, Daniel M.; Bush, John W. M. (2013). "The pilot-wave dynamics of walking droplets" (PDF). Physics of Fluids. 25: 091112. doi:10.1063/1.4820128. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  4. ↑ Valentini, Antony (2013). "Hidden Variables in Modern Cosmology". youtube.com. Philosophy of Cosmology. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  5. ↑ Bush, John W. M. (2015). "The new wave of pilot-wave theory" (PDF). Physics Today. 68 (8): 47. doi:10.1063/PT.3.2882.
  6. ↑ Bush, John W.M. (2015). "Pilot-Wave Hydrodynamics" (PDF). Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 47: 269–292. doi:10.1146/annurev-fluid-010814-014506.
  7. ↑ Bacciagaluppi, Guido (2003). "The Role of Decoherence in Quantum Mechanics". plato.stanford.edu. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  8. ↑ Pena, Luis de la; Cetto, Ana Maria; Valdes-Hernandez, Andrea (2014). "The Emerging Quantum: The Physics Behind Quantum Mechanics": 19. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07893-9.
  9. ↑ de la Peña, L.; Cetto, A. M.; Valdés-Hernandes, A. (2014). "The zero-point field and the emergence of the quantum" (PDF). International Journal of Modern Physics E. 23 (09): 1450049. ISSN 0218-3013. doi:10.1142/S0218301314500499.
  10. ↑ de la Peña, L.; Cetto, A. M.; Valdés-Hernandes, A. (2014). Theo M Nieuwenhuizen; Claudia Pombo; Claudio Furtado; Andrei Yu Khrennikov; Inácio A Pedrosa; Václav Špička, eds. Quantum Foundations and Open Quantum Systems: Lecture Notes of the Advanced School. World Scientific. p. 399. ISBN 978-981-4616-74-4.
  11. ↑ Grössing, Gerhard (2014). "Emergence of quantum mechanics from a sub-quantum statistical mechanics" (PDF). International Journal of Modern Physics B. 28 (26): 1450179. ISSN 0217-9792. arXiv:1304.3719 Freely accessible. doi:10.1142/S0217979214501793.
  12. ↑ Grössing, Gerhard (2014). Theo M Nieuwenhuizen; Claudia Pombo; Claudio Furtado; Andrei Yu Khrennikov; Inácio A Pedrosa; Václav Špička, eds. Quantum Foundations and Open Quantum Systems: Lecture Notes of the Advanced School. World Scientific. p. 375. ISBN 978-981-4616-74-4.
  13. ↑ Valentini, Antony (2009). "Beyond the quantum" (PDF). Physics World. 22 (11): 32–37. ISSN 0953-8585. arXiv:1001.2758 Freely accessible. doi:10.1088/2058-7058/22/11/36.
  14. ↑ Musser, George (November 18, 2013). "Cosmological Data Hint at a Level of Physics Underlying Quantum Mechanics". blogs.scientificamerican.com. Scientific American. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
  15. ↑ Haisch, Bernhard; Rueda, Alfonso; Puthoff, H. E. (1994). "Inertia as a zero-point-field Lorentz force" (PDF). Physical Review A. 49 (2): 678–694. ISSN 1050-2947. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.49.678.
  16. ↑ Matthews, Robert (25 February 1995). "Nothing Like a Vacuum". New Scientist. 145 (1966): 30–33.
  17. ↑ Davis, E. W.; Teofilo, V. L.; Haisch, B.; Puthoff, H. E.; Nickisch, L. J.; Rueda, A.; Cole, D. C. (2006). "Review of Experimental Concepts for Studying the Quantum Vacuum Field" (PDF). AIP Conference Proceedings. 813 (1): 1390–1401. ISSN 0094-243X. doi:10.1063/1.2169324.
  18. ↑ Marshall, T. W. (1963). "Random Electrodynamics". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 276 (1367): 475–491. Bibcode:1963RSPSA.276..475M. doi:10.1098/rspa.1963.0220.
  19. ↑ Boyer, Timothy H. (1975). "Random electrodynamics: The theory of classical electrodynamics with classical electromagnetic zero-point radiation". Phys. Rev. D. 11 (4): 790–808. Bibcode:1975PhRvD..11..790B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.11.790.
  20. ↑ Boyer, T. H. (1980). "A Brief Survey of Stochastic Electrodynamics". Foundations of Radiation Theory and Quantum Electrodynamics. pp. 49–64. ISBN 0-306-40277-7.
  21. ↑ Boyer, Timothy H. (1985). "The Classical Vacuum". Scientific American. 253 (2): 70–78. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0885-70.
  22. ↑ de la Pena, L. & Cetto, A. M. (1996). The Quantum Dice: An Introduction to Stochastic Electrodynamics. Dordrecht: Kluwer. ISBN 0-7923-3818-9. OCLC 33281109. ISBN 0-7923-3818-9
  23. ↑ de la Pena, L. & Cetto, A. M. (2005). "Contribution from stochastic electrodynamics to the understanding of quantum mechanics". arXiv:quant-ph/0501011 Freely accessible [quant-ph].
  24. ↑ Marshall, Trevor W. (9 March 2002). "Nonlocality - The party may be over". arXiv:quant-ph/0203042 Freely accessible [quant-ph].
  25. ↑ Sun, Jinyu; Zhang, Shian; Jia, Tianqing; Wang, Zugeng; Sun, Zhenrong (2009). "Femtosecond spontaneous parametric upconversion and downconversion in a quadratic nonlinear medium". Journal of the Optical Society of America B. 26 (3): 549–553. Bibcode:2009JOSAB..26..549S. doi:10.1364/JOSAB.26.000549.
  26. ↑ S. Akbar Ali, P. B. Bisht, A. Nautiyal, V. Shukla, K. S. Bindra, and S. M. Oak (2010). "Conical emission in β-barium borate under femtosecond pumping with phase matching angles away from second harmonic generation". Journal of the Optical Society of America B. 27 (9): 1751–1756. Bibcode:2010JOSAB..27.1751A. doi:10.1364/JOSAB.27.001751.
  27. ↑ Giancarlo Cavalleri, Francesco Barbero, Gianfranco Bertazzi, Eros Cesaroni, Ernesto Tonni, Leonardo Bosi, Gianfranco Spavieri and George Gillies (2010). "A quantitative assessment of stochastic electrodynamics with spin (SEDS): Physical principles and novel applications.". Frontiers of Physics in China. 5 (1): 107–122. Bibcode:2010FrPhC...5..107C. doi:10.1007/s11467-009-0080-0.
  28. ↑ Olga Dmitriyeva and Garret Moddel (2012). "Test of zero-point energy emission from gases flowing through Casimir cavities". Physics Procedia. 38: 8–17. Bibcode:2012PhPro..38....8D. doi:10.1016/j.phpro.2012.08.007.
  29. ↑ Juan Miguel Auñon, Cheng Wei Qiu and Manuel Nieto-Vesperinas (2013). "Tailoring photonic forces on a magnetodielectric nanoparticle with a fluctuating optical source". Physical Review A. 88: 043817. Bibcode:2013PhRvA..88d3817A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.88.043817.
  30. ↑ Leonard Mandel and Emil Wolf (1995). Optical Coherence and Quantum Optics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521417112.
  31. ↑ E. M. Lifshitz, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 100, 879 (1955).
  32. ↑ "Study of atomic energy shifts induced by Casimir cavities" (PDF). 2014.
  33. ↑ QED-based calculations commonly implicitly adopt the SED ansatz to compute Casimir forces. See for example C. Itzykson and J-B. Zuber (2006). Quantum Field Theory. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-44568-7.
  34. ↑ Boyer, T. H. (1973). "Retarded van der Waals forces at all distances derived from classical electrodynamics with classical electromagnetic zero-point radiation". Physical Review A. 7 (6): 1832–40. Bibcode:1973PhRvA...7.1832B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.7.1832.
  35. ↑ Boyer, T. H. (1973). "Diamagnetism of a free particle in classical electron theory with classical electromagnetic zero-point radiation". Physical Review A. 21 (1): 66–72. Bibcode:1980PhRvA..21...66B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.21.66.
  36. ↑ Boyer, T. H. (1980). "Thermal effects of acceleration through random classical radiation". Physical Review D. 21 (8): 2137–48. Bibcode:1980PhRvD..21.2137B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.21.2137.
  37. ↑ M. Ibison and B. Haisch (1996). "Quantum and Classical Statistics of the Electromagnetic Zero-Point Field". Physical Review A. 54 (4): 2737–2744. Bibcode:1996PhRvA..54.2737I. arXiv:quant-ph/0106097 Freely accessible. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.54.2737.
  38. ↑ H. E. Puthoff (1987). "Ground state of hydrogen as a zero-point-fluctuation-determined state". Physical Review D. 35 (20): 3266–3269. Bibcode:1987PhRvD..35.3266P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.35.3266.
  39. ↑ Kracklauer, A. F. (1999). "Pilot Wave Steerage: A Mechanism and Test". Foundations of Physics Letters. 12 (2): 441–453. doi:10.1023/A:1021629310707.
  40. ↑ B. Haisch, A. Rueda, and H. E. Puthoff (1994). "Inertia as a zero-point-field Lorentz force". Physical Review A. 49 (2): 678–694. Bibcode:2009PhRvA..79a2114L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.79.012114.
  41. ↑ J-L. Cambier (January 2009). "Inertial Mass from Stochastic Electrodynamics". In M. Millis; E. Davis. Frontiers of Propulsion Science (Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics). AIAA. pp. 423–454. ISBN 9781563479564.
  42. ↑ A. D. Sakharov (1968). "Vacuum Quantum Fluctuations in Curved Space and the Theory of Gravitation". Soviet Physics Doklady. 12: 1040. Bibcode:1968SPhD...12.1040S.
  43. ↑ G. A. Robertson, P. A. Murad and E. Davis (2008). "New frontiers in space propulsion sciences" (PDF). Energy Conversion and Management. 49: 436–452. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2007.10.013. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  44. ↑ Millis, Marc G. (2005). "Assessing potential propulsion breakthroughs" (PDF). Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1065: 441–461. Bibcode:2005NYASA1065..441M. doi:10.1196/annals.1370.023. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
  45. ↑ Millis, Marc G. (2007). Energy considerations of hypothetical space drives (PDF) (Report). American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. AIAA–2007-5594. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
  46. ↑ Gribbin, John (1998). Q is for Quantum - An Encyclopedia of Particle Physics. Touchstone Books. ISBN 0-684-86315-4. OCLC 43411619.

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