Steak tartare

Steak tartare

Steak tartare
Course Appetizer
Main ingredients Raw beef
Variations Tartare aller-retour
Cookbook: Steak tartare  Media: Steak tartare

Steak tartare is a meat dish made from finely chopped or minced raw beef[1][2] or horsemeat.[3] It is often served with onions, capers and seasonings (the latter typically incorporating fresh ground pepper and Worcestershire sauce), sometimes with a raw egg yolk, and often on rye bread.

The name tartare is sometimes generalized to other raw meat or fish dishes.

Although less common than the completely raw variety, there is a version served in France of steak tartare called tartare aller-retour. It is a mound of mostly raw steak tartare that is lightly seared on one side of the patty.

History

The name is a shortening of the original "à la tartare" or "served with tartar sauce," a dish popular in the 19th and early 20th centuries.[4][5]

The modern version of steak tartare with raw egg was first served in French restaurants early in the 20th century. What is now generally known as "steak tartare" was then called steack à l'Americaine. Steak tartare was a variation on that dish; the 1921 edition of Escoffier's Le Guide Culinaire defines it as steack à l'Americaine made without egg yolk, served with tartar sauce on the side.

Over time, the distinction between steack à l'Americaine and its variant disappeared. The 1938 edition of Larousse Gastronomique describes steak tartare as raw ground beef served with a raw egg yolk, without any mention of tartar sauce.

Although the word 'tartare' presumably refers to the Tatar people of Central Asia, and there are many stories connecting steak tartare with them, steak tartare is not related to Tatar cuisine.[6]

"À la tartare" or simply "tartare" still means "served with tartar sauce" for some dishes, mostly fried fish.[7]

The name 'tartare' is now sometimes applied to other meats or fish, such as tuna tartare, introduced in 1975 by the restaurant Le Duc in Paris.[8]

Health concerns

Health concerns have reduced the popularity of this meat dish in some parts of the world because of the danger of contamination by bacteria and parasites[9] such as Toxoplasma gondii and Taenia saginata.

Bacteria

When basic hygienic rules are followed and fresh meat is used, the risk of bacterial infection is low.[10] Even when these provisions are met, it is nonetheless not recommended for people who have a weakened immune system or suffer from a chronic illness, as these individuals are at a greater risk of infection from E. coli and/or Salmonella.

Parasites

Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that may be found in raw or undercooked meat.[11] Cultural differences in raw meat consumption are thought to be a cause of regional variation in the prevalence of toxoplasma infection (ranging from around 55% in France down to 10% in the United Kingdom).[12] Due to the risk of congenital toxoplasmosis in the fetus, pregnant women are advised not to eat raw meat.[13] Latent toxoplasmosis in adults, though not as harmful as congenital toxoplasmosis, has been associated with psychological effects[14] and lower IQ[15] in some studies.

Regional variations

Steak tartare in the French Quarter of San Francisco
Malgogi-yukhoe (Korean horse meat tartare)

Europe

Steak tartare, also called filet américain (American fillet) or tatarský biftek, is found in many European cuisines.

Filet américain is often eaten as a spread in the Netherlands and Belgium

In the Czech republic, steak tartare (tatarský biftek) is commonly found in most restaurants. The main lean raw beef component is made from sirloin and has a raw egg yolk in a dimple in the center of the ground meat. The meat can be premixed with herbs and spices, but usually the customer is given various spices and condiments on the dish to mix it to the preference of the customer. Steak tartare is typically served with fried rye bread (topinka) and raw garlic cloves to rub onto the toast.

A variant of steak tartare called tartarmad is also present in Danish smørrebrød, where it is served on rugbrød (rye bread) with assorted toppings. In Sweden, steak tartare is called Råbiff, and is usually served with raw egg yolk, raw onions, diced pickled beetroot and capers. In Finland, "Tartarpihvi" is served with raw egg yolk, raw onions, pickled and salted cucumbers and capers. Variations of the dish include dressing with buttermilk sauce and salmon roe, for example, as the dish is getting quite popular nowadays in the Nordics, where meat hygiene is very high. The (European) Russian version can include also pickled and salted mushrooms and toasted white bread.

North America

In Wisconsin it is quite popular among the descendants of German immigrants, using raw ground sirloin, rye bread as in Germany, pepper, onions, and an egg. It is popularly known as the "cannibal sandwich" among many Wisconsin residents.[16][17]

A Canadian version uses bison meat.[18]

South America

Chilean cuisine features a dish of prepared raw beef called crudos.

In southern Brazil, influenced by German immigrants, it is known as Hackepeter or Carne de Onça in Curitiba where this dish is very common and served covered with chives.[19]

See also

Bibliography

References

  1. ↑ Waxman, Jonathan; Steele, Tom; Flay, Bobby; Kernick, John (2007). A Great American Cook: Recipes from the Home Kitchen of One of Our Most Influential Chefs. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-618-65852-1.
  2. ↑ Raymond Sokolov, The Cook's Canon, 2003, ISBN 0-06-008390-5, p. 183 at Google Books
  3. ↑ Lonely Planet, Food Lover's Guide to the World: Experience the Great Global Cuisines, 2014, p. 97
  4. ↑ Sokolov, Raymond (2004). How to Cook Revised Edition: An Easy and Imaginative Guide for the Beginner. New York, NY (USA): Harper Collins. pp. 41–42. ISBN 0-06-008391-3. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  5. ↑ Albert Jack, What Caesar Did for My Salad: Not to Mention the Earl's Sandwich, Pavlova's Meringue and Other Curious Stories Behind Our Favourite Food, 2010, ISBN 1-84614-254-7, p. 141 at Google Books
  6. ↑ Craig J. Smith (6 April 2005). "The Raw Truth: Don't Blame the Mongols (or Their Horses)". New York Times. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  7. ↑ Prosper Montagné, Charlotte Snyder Turgeon, The new Larousse gastronomique: the encyclopedia of food, wine & cookery, 1977, p. 334
  8. ↑ Gael Greene, "Le Colisee Thrown to the Lions", New York (magazine) November 3, 1975, p. 101
  9. ↑ "Fresh Meat for Steak Tartar". Streetdirectory.com. Retrieved 2013-12-14.
  10. ↑ http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547895_eng.pdf
  11. ↑ "Toxoplasmosis | ANSES - Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail". Anses.fr. Retrieved 2013-12-14.
  12. ↑ "Sources of toxoplasma infection in pregnant women: European multicentre case-control studyCommentary: Congenital toxoplasmosis—further thought for food". BMJ. Retrieved 2013-12-14.
  13. ↑ http://sogc.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/gui285CPG1301E-Toxoplasmosis.pdf?b2581b
  14. ↑ Dickerson, F.; Stallings, C.; Origoni, A.; Vaughan, C.; Katsafanas, E.; Khushalani, S.; Yolken, R. (2013). "Antibodies toToxoplasma gondiiin individuals with mania". Bipolar Disorders. 16: 129–136. PMID 24102676. doi:10.1111/bdi.12123.
  15. ↑ Flegr, J.; Preiss, M.; Klose, J.; Havlícek, J.; Vitáková, M.; Kodym, P. (2003). "Decreased level of psychobiological factor novelty seeking and lower intelligence in men latently infected with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii Dopamine, a missing link between schizophrenia and toxoplasmosis?". Biological Psychology. 63 (3): 253–268. PMID 12853170. doi:10.1016/S0301-0511(03)00075-9.
  16. ↑ http://articles.latimes.com/2013/dec/06/news/la-ol-cannibal-sandwich-wisconsin-illness-20131206
  17. ↑ http://host.madison.com/news/local/columnists/on-wisconsin-raw-sirloin-a-holiday-tradition-for-some/article_fbb1b983-6782-5444-ab60-45447cbca9ff.html
  18. ↑ "Chianello: After the steak tartare alarm, Ottawa Public Health to develop guidelines". Ottawa Citizen. September 28, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
  19. ↑ http://g1.globo.com/pr/parana/noticia/2014/06/carne-de-onca-une-gastronomia-de-diversos-paises-no-mesmo-petisco.html
  20. ↑ Smith, Craig S. (2005-04-06). "The Raw Truth: Don't Blame the Mongols (or Their Horses)". The New York Times.
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