Stateless nation
"Stateless nation" is a political term for ethnic/national minority that does not possess its own state[1] and is not the majority population in any nation state.[2] The term "stateless" itself seems implies that the group "should have" such a state.[3] Members of stateless ethnic groups may be citizens/nationals of the country in which they live, or they may be denied citizenship by that country. Stateless nations are usually not represented as a nation in international sports such as FIFA, Olympics or in international communities such as the United Nations. Nations without state are classified as fourth world nations.[4][5][6] Some of the stateless nations have a history of statehood, some were always a stateless nation, dominated by another nation.
Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Yoruba people are found in the African states of Nigeria, Benin and Togo) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, Tibet's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized, and it was invaded in 1951 by the People's Republic of China which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China, while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under unlawful occupation.[7][8] Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the Balkans such as the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, Slovenes, Montenegrins, Kosovars and Macedonians were once part of a multinational state of Yugoslavia; since the breakup of Yugoslavia many nation states were formed).
Stateless nations can have large populations. For example, the Tamils are a stateless nation in South Asia[9] with a population of more than 70 million.[10] They form one of the largest ethnic groups in South India.[10] Governments may respond differently to stateless nations in their states. For example, the suppression of the Tamil people in Sri Lanka [11] led to the Sri Lankan civil war between 1983 and 2009, one of the longest and most violent separatist conflicts.[9] However, a similar ethnic conflict was absent among Tamils in India during this period, because they were peacefully integrated into the federal structure of India.[12] Multiple stateless nations can reside in the same region; for example, Catalans, Basques, Aragonese, Galicians, Asturians, Valencians and Andalusians in the Iberian peninsula, or the Brahui, Santhals and Balochs in South Asia.[13]
The Romani people are another stateless people. They may be a special case being distributed among numerous countries with no clear homeland; as a traditionally "nomadic" people, the Romani/Roma are a classical "stateless nation" without aspiration to sovereign territory. As not all states are nation states, there are a number of ethnic groups who live in a multinational state without being considered "stateless nations".
Nation-states and nations without states
The symbiotic relation between nations and states arose in early modern Western Europe (18th century) and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of nation-state.[3]
Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation-states. The proportion was estimated to be 3 percent by Minahan. The rest are distributed in one or more states. Of the 192 member states of the United Nations in 2006, fewer than 20 are nation-states. Thus nation-states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world.[3]
Consequences of colonialism and imperialism
During the imperial and colonial era, powerful nations extended their influence outside their homeland and this resulted in many colonized nations ceasing to be self-governing and have since been described as stateless nations.[14] Some nations have been victims of "carve out" and their homeland was divided among several countries. Even today the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. These often differ from cultural boundaries. This results in situations where people of the same language or culture are divided by national borders, for example New Guinea splits as West Papua (former Dutch colony) and Papua New Guinea (former British colony).[15] During decolonization, the colonial powers imposed a unified state structure irrespective of the ethnic differences and granted independence to their colonies as a multinational state. This led states with many minority ethnic groups in the successor states.[16][17][18] Some of these minority groups have campaigned for self-determination. Because of the ethnic differences in some countries, problems such as discrimination, ethnic conflict, separatism, ethnic cleansing, genocide, forced assimilation, and partition have occurred.[19][20]
Nationalism and stateless nations
People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs or religion can turn into a nation by awakening of national consciousness.[21] A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person.[22] In a multinational state different national identities can coexist or compete: for example, in Britain both English nationalism and Scottish nationalism exist and are held together by British nationalism.[23] Nationalism is often connected to separatism, because a nation achieves completeness through its independence.[24]
Throughout history, numerous nations declared their independence, but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. The claim of the stateless nations to self-determination is often denied due to Geopolitical interests and increasing globalization of the world.[25][26][27][28] Stateless nations sometimes show solidarity with other stateless nations.[29][30]
Not all peoples claim themselves to be nations or aspire for a state. Some identify themselves more as part of the multinational state and believe that their interests are well represented by it. This is also associated with Pan-nationalism. (Spanish nationalism, Indian nationalism or Chinese nationalism).[31]
Claims of stateless nations
The following is a list of stateless nations that meet these criteria:
- has no sovereign state of its own.[32]
- does not form a majority in any sovereign state.[33]
- one or more autonomist or secessionist movements are known to exist.[3]
- not recognized by any UN members as a state (see also: partially recognized state).[34]
- not a subgroup of a nation (Bengali Hindus, American Mexican).
.svg.png){kind=small}
_by_Roberto_Breschi_taken_from_The_South_African_Flag_Book_by_A.P.Burgers.png){kind=small}
.png){kind=small}
.svg.png){kind=small}
.svg.png){kind=small}
.svg.png){kind=small}
See also
- Ethnic nationalism
- European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
- Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
- List of active autonomist and secessionist movements
- List of federally recognized tribes
- List of First Nations peoples
- List of unrecognized tribes in the United States
- Multinational state
- Non-FIFA international football
- Self-determination
- Sovereignty
- Stateless person
- Stateless society
- Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
References
- Keating, Michael (2001), Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland (Second ed.), Palgrave
- Levinson, David, ed. (1998), Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook, Phoenix, AZ: The Oryx Press, ISBN 1-57356-019-7
- Minahan, James, ed. (2002), Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World, Westport: Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-31617-1
- Bodlore-Penlaez, Mikael, ed. (2011), Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe, minority peoples in search of recognition, Ceredigion: Y Lolfa, ISBN 978-1-84771-379-7
Notes
- ↑ Dictionary Of Public Administration, U.C. Mandal, Sarup & Sons 2007, 505 p.
- ↑ Frank L. Kidner; Maria Bucur; Ralph Mathisen; Sally McKee; Theodore R. Weeks (2013), Making Europe: The Story of the West, Volume II: Since 1550, Cengage Learning, pp. 668–, ISBN 1-285-50027-X
- 1 2 3 4 Chouinard, Stéphanie (2016), "Stateless nations", in Karl Cordell; Stefan Wolff, The Routlesdge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict, Routledge, pp. 54–66, ISBN 9781317518921
- ↑ David Newman, Boundaries, Territory and Postmodernity
- ↑ Ethnic Minority Media: An International Perspective, Stephen Harold Riggins, 217p.
- ↑ Language in Geographic Context, Colin H. Williams, 39p.
- ↑ Clark, Gregory, In fear of China, 1969, saying: "Tibet, although enjoying independence at certain periods of its history, had never been recognised by any single foreign power as an independent state. The closest it has ever come to such recognition was the British formula of 1943: suzerainty, combined with autonomy and the right to enter into diplomatic relations."
- ↑ "The Legal Status of Tibet". Cultural Survival.
- 1 2 Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, pp. 411-412
- 1 2 3 Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia by James Minahan (2012), p.315
- ↑ Law and Society: Strategy for Public Choice, 2001 by Naorem Sanajaoba, p.178
- ↑ Nira Wickramasinghe (2015). Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History. Oxford University Press. pp. 274–293. ISBN 978-0-19-022579-7.
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, pp. 59-60, 79-80, 366-367
- ↑ Redie Bereketeab, Self-Determination and Secession in Africa: The Post-Colonial State
- ↑ Richard Devetak, Christopher W. Hughes, Routledge, 2007-12-18, The Globalization of Political Violence: Globalization's Shadow
- ↑ Cultural Analysis: Towards Cross-cultural Understanding (2006), Hans Gullestrup, 130p.
- ↑ Ethnicity and Christian leadership in west African sub-region: proceedings of the conference of the fifteenth CIWA Theology Week held at the Catholic Institute of West Africa (2004), Port Harcourt, p.272
- ↑ Mussolini Warlord: Failed Dreams of Empire, 1940-1943 (2013), H. James Burgwyn, Chapter V
- ↑ Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict
- ↑ Ethnic Groups in Conflict (2009), Karl Cordell, Stefan Wolff
- ↑ George W. White, Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe
- ↑ Understanding National Identity by David McCrone, Frank Bechhofer, p.22
- ↑ Unionist-Nationalism: Governing Urban Scotland, 1830-1860 by Graeme Morton, 1999
- ↑ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C
- ↑ Nationalism and Globalisation (2015), Stephen Tierney
- ↑ The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka: The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law, Francis Boyle, chapter self determination.
- ↑ Turmoil in the Middle East: Imperialism, War, and Political Instability (1999), Berch Berberoglu, 69p.
- ↑ "Europe's Stateless Nations in the Era of Globalization, The Case for Catalonia's Secession by Josep Desquens". saisjournal.org.
- ↑ The delegates were linked with the Scottish group ‘SNP Friends of Catalonia’, which itself had members recently visit the Catalan parliament in Barcelona in a show of solidarity to the country’s hopes of self-determination."Catalan delegates in solidarity visit to Scotland's independence movement". commonspace.scot.
- ↑ While there has been informal solidarity between Tamils and Kurds in the past, the present conditions of both struggles suggest that a more concrete Tamil-Kurdish alliance is politically and morally necessary."Stateless nations: Tamil solidarity with Kurds". greenleft.org.
- ↑ Ian Adams, Political Ideology Today p.73
- ↑ Dictionary Of Public Administration, U.C. Mandal, Sarup & Sons 2007, 505 p.
- ↑ Frank L. Kidner; Maria Bucur; Ralph Mathisen; Sally McKee; Theodore R. Weeks (2013), Making Europe: The Story of the West, Volume II: Since 1550, Cengage Learning, pp. 668–, ISBN 1-285-50027-X
- ↑ Stateless nations cannot simply will themselves into existence, as least not where sovereignty is concerned. It depends on the recognition of others and should continue as such as long as international relations take place in a highly interconnected and territorially enclosed environment that privileges the sovereign state.,Iraqi Kurdistan in Middle Eastern Politics (2016), Alex Danilovich
- ↑ Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z (2002), James Minahan
- ↑ Carl Skutsch, Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities (2013), p.1104
- ↑ "Benue-Congo languages".
- ↑ John A. Shoup III, Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia 2011 p.237
- ↑ Lokman I. Meho, The Kurds and Kurdistan: A Selective and Annotated Bibliography 1997 p.1
- ↑ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p.178
- ↑ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p.385
- ↑ "About Uyghurs".
- ↑ "Zulu people". Wikipedia. 2017-07-07.
- ↑ Syed Farooq Hasnat, Pakistan 2011 p.82
- ↑ "The Kabyle People". Retrieved 2 August 2016.
- ↑ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z 2002 p.402
- ↑ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p.422
- ↑ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: D-K 2002 p.677
- ↑ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p.352
- ↑ "Assessment for Lozi in Zambia". Minorities at Risk. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ↑ Jeffrey Cole, Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia 2011 p.235
- ↑ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z 2002 p.1714
- ↑ Acehnese. Encyclopædia Britannica. ©2016 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved on July 8, 2016.
- ↑ "UNPO: Assyria". Retrieved 2 August 2016.
- ↑ Jeffrey Cole, Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia 2011 p.38
- ↑ Larry Clark. Turkmen Reference Grammar. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1998; p. 11. ISBN 9783447040198
- ↑ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z 2002 p.870
- ↑ "Aragonese in Spain". joshuaproject.net.
- ↑ "Eurominority – La solidarité avec le peuple palestinien".
- ↑ Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations, James Minahan, pg. 1661
- ↑ Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez (2011). Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe : Minority People in Search of Recognition. Y Lolfa Cyf. p. 70. ISBN 1847713793.
- ↑ "La Sardegna nel club delle nazioni: un capitolo nella Bibbia dell'etnie del mondo - Cronaca - L'Unione Sarda.it". 11 January 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
- ↑ "The Amazing Ryukyu Culture". kcpwindowonjapan.com. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
- ↑ Christopher Blomquist, A Primary Source Guide to Chile 2005 p.15
- ↑ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: D-K 2002 p.211
- ↑ Census 2011 - final results
- ↑ http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab.11.pdf
- ↑ "The Institute for European Studies, Ethnological institute of UW" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-08-16.
- ↑ "Kaschuben heute: Kultur-Sprache-Identität" (PDF) (in German). pp. 8–9. Retrieved 2016-01-03.
- ↑ "Human rights in Vietnam". Wikipedia. 2017-06-25.
- ↑ Minahan, James (2002-05-30). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z [4 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313076961.
- ↑ "Orkney 'seeks independence from Scotland'". Mail Online. Retrieved 2017-07-10.
- ↑ Lokman I. Meho, The Arabs and Al-Ahwaz: A Selective and Annotated Bibliography 1997 p.1
External links
Media related to Flags of stateless nations at Wikimedia Commons
- Map of European Stateless Nations, published by the advocacy group Eurominority
- United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities