Jones County, Mississippi

Jones County, Mississippi
Jones County courthouse in Ellisville
Location in the U.S. state of Mississippi
Mississippi's location in the U.S.
Founded	1826
Named for	John Paul Jones
Seat	Laurel and Ellisville
Largest city	Laurel
Area
• Total	700 sq mi (1,813 km2)
• Land	695 sq mi (1,800 km2)
• Water	4.9 sq mi (13 km2), 0.7%
Population (est.)
• (2015)	68,215
• Density	98/sq mi (38/km²)
Congressional district	4th
Time zone	Central: UTC-6/-5

Jones County is a county located in the southeast portion of the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, the population was 67,761.^[1] Its county seats are Laurel and Ellisville.^[2]

Jones County is part of the Laurel, MS Micropolitan Statistical Area.

History

Less than a decade after Mississippi became the country's 20th state, settlers organized this area of 700 sq mi (1,800 km²) of pine forests and swamps for a new county in 1826. They named it Jones County after John Paul Jones, the early American Naval hero who rose from humble Scottish origin to military success during the American Revolution.^[3]

Ellisville, the county seat, was named for Powhatan Ellis, a member of the Mississippi Legislature who claimed to be a direct descendant of Pocahontas. During the economic hard times in the 1830s and 1840s, there was an exodus of population from Southeast Mississippi, both to western Mississippi and Louisiana in regions opened to white settlement after Indian Removal, and to Texas. The slogan "GTT" ("Gone to Texas") became widely used.

Jones County was in an area of mostly yeomen farmers and lumbermen, as the pine forests, swamp and soil were not easily cultivated for cotton. In 1860, the majority of white residents were not slaveholders. Slaves made up only 12% of the total population in Jones County in 1860, the smallest percentage of any county in the state.^[4]

Civil War years

Soon after the election of Abraham Lincoln as United States president in November 1860, slave-owning planters led Mississippi to join South Carolina and secede from the Union in January 1861. These were the two states with the largest holdings of slaves. Other Southern states would follow suit.

As Mississippi debated the secession question, the inhabitants of Jones County voted overwhelmingly for the anti-secessionist John Hathorne Powell, Jr. In comparison to the pro-secessionist J.M. Bayliss, who received 24 votes, Powell received 374.^[5] But, at the Secession Convention, Powell voted for secession. Legend has it that, for his vote, he was burned in effigy in Ellisville, the county seat.^[5]

The reality is more complicated. The only choices possible at the Secession Convention were voting for immediate secession on the one hand, or for a more cautious, co-operative approach to secession among several Southern states on the other. Powell almost certainly voted for the more conservative approach to secession—the only position available to him that was consistent with the anti-secessionist views of his constituency.^[5]

Mississippi’s Declaration of Secession reflected planters’ interests in its first sentence: “Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery…” Jones County had mostly yeoman farmers and cattle herders, who were not slaveholders. They had little use for a war over a “state’s right” to maintain the institution of slavery.^[4]

During the American Civil War, Jones County and neighboring counties, especially Covington County to its west, became a haven for Confederate deserters.^[4] A number of factors prompted desertions. The lack of food and supplies was demoralizing, while reports of poor conditions back home made the men fear for their families' survival. Small farms deteriorated from neglect as women and children struggled to keep them up. Their limited stores and livestock were often taken by the Confederate tax-in-kind agents, who took excessive amounts of yeoman farmers’ goods. Many residents and soldiers were also outraged over the Confederate government's passing of the Twenty Negro Law, allowing wealthy plantation owners to avoid military service if they owned twenty slaves or more.^[4] The Confederate government figured such planters were needed at home to keep the slaves in line and keep up cotton production, which still produced revenue for the government.

Free State of Jones

On October 13, 1863, a band of deserters from Jones County and adjacent counties organized to protect the area from Confederate authorities and the crippling tax collections.^[6] The company, led by Newton Knight, formed a separate government, with Unionist leanings, known as the "Free State of Jones",^[7] fought a recorded 14 skirmishes with Confederate forces. They also raided Paulding, capturing five wagonloads of corn that had been collected for tax from area farms, which they distributed back among the local population.^[8] The company harassed Confederate officials. Deaths believed to be at their hands were reported in 1864 among numerous tax collectors, conscript officers, and other officials.^[4]

The governor was informed by the Jones County court clerk that deserters had made tax collections in the county impossible.^[9] By the spring of 1864, the Knight company had taken effective control from the Confederate government in the county.^[4] The followers of Knight raised an American flag over the courthouse in Ellisville, and sent a letter to Union General William T. Sherman declaring Jones County's independence from the Confederacy.^[4] In July 1864, the Natchez Courier reported that Jones County had seceded from the Confederacy.^[10]

Scholars have disputed whether the county truly seceded, with some concluding it did not. While there have been numerous attempts to study Knight and his followers, the lack of documentation during and after the war has made him an elusive figure. The rebellion in Jones County has been variously characterized as consisting of local skirmishes to being a full-fledged war of independence. It assumed legendary status among some county residents and Civil War historians, culminating in the release of a 2016 feature film, Free State of Jones.^[11][12][13] The film is credited as "based on the books The Free State of Jones by Victoria E. Bynum and The State of Jones by Sally Jenkins and John Stauffer".^[12]

Post-war years

Jones County had a history typical of most Mississippi counties after the war, with extremists attempting to restore so called "white supremacy" by law and intimidation. The KKK and other insurgent groups attacked and oppressed freedmen. As freedmen were a small minority, white Democrats regained power in the county, and later in the state legislature, bringing an end to Reconstruction.

Economy

The economy of Jones County is still primarily rural and based on resources - timber and agriculture.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 700 square miles (1,800 km²), of which 695 square miles (1,800 km²) is land and 4.9 square miles (13 km²) (0.7%) is water.^[14]

Adjacent counties

• Jasper County (north)
• Wayne County (east)
• Perry County (southeast)
• Forrest County (southwest)
• Covington County (west)
• Smith County (northwest)

National protected area

• De Soto National Forest (part)

Demographics

Historical population
Census	Pop.		%±
1830	1,471		—
1840	1,258		−14.5%
1850	2,164		72.0%
1860	3,323		53.6%
1870	3,313		−0.3%
1880	3,828		15.5%
1890	8,333		117.7%
1900	17,846		114.2%
1910	29,885		67.5%
1920	32,919		10.2%
1930	41,492		26.0%
1940	49,227		18.6%
1950	57,235		16.3%
1960	59,542		4.0%
1970	56,357		−5.3%
1980	61,912		9.9%
1990	62,031		0.2%
2000	64,958		4.7%
2010	67,761		4.3%
Est. 2016	67,953	[15]	0.3%
U.S. Decennial Census[16] 1790-1960[17] 1900-1990[18] 1990-2000[19] 2010-2013[1]

As of the census^[20] of 2000, there were 64,958 people, 24,275 households, and 17,550 families residing in the county. The population density was 94 people per square mile (36/km²). There were 26,921 housing units at an average density of 39 per square mile (15/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 71.11% White, 26.34% Black or African American, 0.39% Native American, 0.27% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.41% from other races, and 0.48% from two or more races. 1.96% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 24,275 households out of which 32.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.00% were married couples living together, 15.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.70% were non-families. 24.40% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the county, the population was spread out with 25.80% under the age of 18, 10.50% from 18 to 24, 27.30% from 25 to 44, 22.20% from 45 to 64, and 14.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 93.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.10 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $28,786, and the median income for a family was $34,465. Males had a median income of $28,273 versus $19,405 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,820. About 14.30% of families and 19.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.00% of those under age 18 and 16.80% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

According to the Economic Development Authority of Jones County,^[21] the top employers in the county are:

#	Employer	# of Employees
1	Howard Industries	3,700
2	South Central Regional Medical Center	1,837
3	Ellisville State School	1,459
4	Jones County School District	1,162
5	Sanderson Farms	889
6	Wayne Farms	715
7	Laurel School District	600
8	Walmart	585
9	Masonite	556
10	Jones County	510
11	Sawmill Square Mall	450
12	Jones County Junior College	427
13	MS Industries for Individuals with Disabilities	415
14	Southern Hens	390
15	City of Laurel	317
16	Tanner Construction	185
17	Hudson's Salvage Center	153
18	Dunn Roadbuilders	145
19	Morgan Brothers Millwork	137
20	West Quality Food Service	135
21	Thermo-Kool	135
22	Laurel Machine & Foundry	131
23	The Essmueller Company	115
24	Howse Implement	113
25	Care Center of Laurel	107

Government and infrastructure

The Mississippi Department of Mental Health South Mississippi State Hospital Crisis Intervention Center is in Laurel and in Jones County.^[22]

Transportation

Major highways

• Interstate 59
• U.S. Highway 11
• U.S. Highway 84
• Mississippi Highway 15
• Mississippi Highway 28
• Mississippi Highway 29

Airport

Hattiesburg-Laurel Regional Airport is located in an unincorporated area in the county, near Moselle.^[23][24]

Politics

Presidential Elections Results^[25]

Year	Republican	Democratic	Third Parties
2016	71.0% 20,133	27.5% 7,791	1.5% 428
2012	68.6% 20,687	30.5% 9,211	0.9% 261
2008	68.9% 20,157	30.2% 8,846	0.9% 270
2004	71.7% 19,125	27.7% 7,398	0.5% 143
2000	67.1% 16,341	31.7% 7,713	1.2% 286
1996	59.6% 13,020	33.7% 7,360	6.7% 1,457
1992	56.6% 13,824	32.9% 8,035	10.5% 2,571
1988	69.1% 16,764	30.4% 7,383	0.5% 125
1984	70.5% 17,586	29.3% 7,298	0.3% 70
1980	53.1% 12,900	45.8% 11,117	1.1% 272
1976	51.5% 11,098	47.0% 10,139	1.5% 315
1972	83.8% 16,489	14.2% 2,790	2.0% 400
1968	18.0% 3,242	13.8% 2,476	68.2% 12,276
1964	86.0% 12,123	14.1% 1,981
1960	25.9% 2,729	46.3% 4,871	27.8% 2,928
1956	29.8% 2,463	62.2% 5,137	8.0% 663
1952	40.7% 4,039	59.3% 5,884
1948	3.0% 193	9.2% 599	87.9% 5,736
1944	6.6% 337	93.4% 4,782
1940	5.1% 242	94.9% 4,517
1936	3.9% 185	95.0% 4,461	1.0% 49
1932	4.2% 173	91.5% 3,816	4.4% 183
1928	44.1% 1,804	55.9% 2,284
1924	10.1% 318	75.2% 2,373	14.7% 464
1920	30.1% 419	52.7% 734	17.2% 240
1916	9.4% 196	80.0% 1,664	10.6% 220
1912	2.4% 34	73.9% 1,058	23.8% 340

Communities

Cities

• Ellisville
• Laurel

Towns

• Sandersville
• Soso

Census-designated place

• Sharon

Unincorporated communities

• Eastabuchie
• Errata
• Moselle
• Ovett
• Sand Hill
• Shady Grove
• Whitfield

Notable people

• Lance Bass, singer with NSYNC
• Ralph Boston, Olympic track and field medalist
• Jason Campbell, quarterback for the Chicago Bears
• Mary Elizabeth Ellis-Day, actress
• Carroll Gartin, lieutenant governor of Mississippi
• Newton Knight, farmer and opponent of secession and slavery, a Confederate deserter who led a guerrilla rebellion against local Confederate officials as the leader of the Knight Company and Jones County Scouts; he was a US Marshal and a leading Republican figure in the Reconstruction of Mississippi
• Tom Lester, actor played Eb on Green Acres
• Amos McLemore, schoolteacher, Methodist pastor, businessman, and one-time opponent of Southern secession from the Union; commissioned as a Confederate officer at the rank of major; he was reputedly assassinated by Newton Knight
• Charles W. Pickering, retired Federal Circuit Judge who served on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
• Parker Posey, actress
• Leontyne Price, operatic soprano
• James Street, author
• Ray Walston, actor My Favorite Martian

See also

• National Register of Historic Places listings in Jones County, Mississippi

References

Further reading

• Ballard, Michael B. and Mark R. Cheathem, Of Times and Race: Essays Inspired by John F. Marszalek, Oxford, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2013
• Bynum, Victoria E. (2002). The Free State of Jones: Mississippi's Longest Civil War. The University of North Carolina Press.
• Downing, David C. (2007). A South Divided: Portraits of Dissent in the Confederacy. Nashville: Cumberland House. ISBN 978-1-58182-587-9.
• Galloway, G. Norton., Historian Sixth Army Corps. (November 1886). “A Confederacy within a Confederacy,” Magazine of American History 16.
• Jenkins, Sally, and John Stauffer (2009). The State of Jones: The Small Southern County that Seceded from the Confederacy, New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-385-52593-0.
• Leverett, Rudy H. (1984, 2nd printing 2009). Legend of the Free State of Jones. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 0-87805-227-5, ISBN 978-0-87805-227-1.
• McLemore, Richard Aubrey. (1973) History of Mississippi (2 volumes), University & College Press of Mississippi.

External links

• Jones County Courthouse Pictures
• Jones County Sheriff's Office

Coordinates: 31°37′N 89°10′W / 31.62°N 89.17°W / 31.62; -89.17