List of capitals in the United States

Washington, D.C. is the current Federal capital city of the United States, as it has been since 1819. Each U.S. state has its own capital city, as do many of its Insular areas. Historically, most states have not changed their capital city since becoming a state, but the capital cities of their respective preceding colonies, territories, kingdoms, and republics typically changed multiple times. There have also been other governments within the current borders of the United States with their own capitals, such as the Republic of Texas, Native American nations, and other unrecognized governments.

State capitals

States (purple) in which the capital is the largest city in population

The dates listed in the following table indicate the year in which the city started to continuously serve as the state's sole capital. Most states have changed their capital city at least once—see Historical state, colonial, and territorial capitals for details. In the case of the thirteen original states, "statehood" in the table refers to date of ratification of the U.S. Constitution.

State capitals of the United States
State Abr. State-hood Capital Capital since Area (mi²) Population (2010) Notes
Municipal Metropolitan Rank
Alabama AL 1819 Montgomery 1846 155.4 205,764 374,536 2 Birmingham is the state's largest city.
Alaska AK 1959 Juneau 1906 2716.7 31,275 3 Largest capital by municipal land area. Anchorage is the state's largest city.
Arizona AZ 1912 Phoenix 1889 474.9 1,445,632 4,192,887 1 Most populous U.S. state capital and the only capital with more than 1 million citizens.
Arkansas AR 1836 Little Rock 1821 116.2 193,524 877,091 1
California CA 1850 Sacramento 1854 97.2 466,488 2,527,123 6 Supreme Court of California is headquartered in San Francisco. The state's largest city is Los Angeles.
Colorado CO 1876 Denver 1867 153.4 600,158 2,552,195 1 Denver was called Denver City until 1882.
Connecticut CT 1788 Hartford 1875 17.3 124,775 1,212,381 3 Bridgeport is the state's largest city, Hartford, however, is the state's largest Metro area
Delaware DE 1787 Dover 1777 22.4 36,047 162,310 2 Longest-serving capital in terms of statehood. Wilmington is the state's largest city.
Florida FL 1845 Tallahassee 1824 95.7 181,412 367,413 7 Jacksonville is the largest city. Miami is the largest metropolitan area.
Georgia GA 1788 Atlanta 1868 131.7 420,003 5,268,860 1 State capital with the most populous metro area in the U.S.
Hawaii HI 1959 Honolulu 1845 85.7 337,256 953,207 1
Idaho ID 1890 Boise 1865 63.8 205,671 616,561 1
Illinois IL 1818 Springfield 1837 54.0 116,250 208,182 6 Chicago is the state's largest city.
Indiana IN 1816 Indianapolis 1825 361.5 829,718 1,756,221 1
Iowa IA 1846 Des Moines 1857 75.8 203,433 580,255 1
Kansas KS 1861 Topeka 1856 56.0 127,473 230,824 4 Wichita is the state's largest city, and Kansas City, Missouri is the largest metropolitan area.
Kentucky KY 1792 Frankfort 1792 14.7 25,527 70,758 14 Louisville is the state's largest city.
Louisiana LA 1812 Baton Rouge 1880 76.8 229,553 802,484 2 New Orleans is the state's largest city and home to the Louisiana Supreme Court, although Baton Rouge is located in the state's most populous parish. It is also home to the tallest state capitol building.
Maine ME 1820 Augusta 1832 55.4 19,136 117,114 8 Portland is the state's largest city.
Maryland MD 1788 Annapolis 1694 6.73 38,394 7 Smallest capital by land area. Baltimore is the state's largest city and county. Capitol building is the oldest in the U.S. still in use.
Massachusetts MA 1788 Boston 1630 48.4 617,594 4,522,858 1 Longest continuously serving capital in the U.S.
Michigan MI 1837 Lansing 1847 35.0 114,297 464,036 5 Only state capital that is not also its county seat (not counting the two state capitals that are independent cities and not located in any county). Detroit is the state's largest city.
Minnesota MN 1858 Saint Paul 1849 52.8 300,851 3,502,891 2 Capital's twin city, Minneapolis, is the state's largest. The two form the core of the state's Largest Metro Area.
Mississippi MS 1817 Jackson 1821 104.9 173,514 539,057 1 Only state capital that shares its status as county seat with another city (Raymond, Mississippi).
Missouri MO 1821 Jefferson City 1826 27.3 43,079 149,807 15 Kansas City is the state's largest city, and Greater St. Louis is the state's largest metropolitan area.
Montana MT 1889 Helena 1875 14.0 28,190 74,801 6 Billings is the state's largest city.
Nebraska NE 1867 Lincoln 1867 74.6 258,379 302,157 2 Omaha is the state's largest city. It shares the largest metro area with Council Bluffs, Iowa.
Nevada NV 1864 Carson City 1861 143.4 55,274 6 One of two independent cities that serves as a state capital. Las Vegas is the state's largest city. It shares the largest metro area with Paradise.
New Hampshire NH 1788 Concord 1808 64.3 42,695 3 Manchester is the state's largest city.
New Jersey NJ 1787 Trenton 1784 7.66 84,913 366,513 10 Served as the U.S. capital for a short period in the late 18th century. Newark is the state's largest city, although Trenton is the center of the largest Metropolitan Statistical Area centered in New Jersey.
New Mexico NM 1912 Santa Fe 1610 37.3 75,764 183,732 4 Longest serving capital in the United States. Highest elevation of any state capital. Albuquerque is the state's largest city.
New York NY 1788 Albany 1797 21.4 97,856 857,592 6 New York City is the state's largest city.
North Carolina NC 1789 Raleigh 1792 114.6 403,892 1,130,490 2 Charlotte is the state's largest city.
North Dakota ND 1889 Bismarck 1883 26.9 61,272 108,779 2 Fargo is the state's largest city.
Ohio OH 1803 Columbus 1816 210.3 822,553 1,967,066 1 Third-largest state capital; however, the Cincinnati and Cleveland metropolitan areas are both slightly larger.
Oklahoma OK 1907 Oklahoma City 1910 607.0 580,000 1,252,987 1 Shortest serving current state capital.
Oregon OR 1859 Salem 1855 45.7 154,637 390,738 3 Portland is the state's largest city.
Pennsylvania PA 1787 Harrisburg 1812 8.11 49,528 647,390 9 Philadelphia is the state's largest city.
Rhode Island RI 1790 Providence 1900 18.5 178,042 1,630,956 1 Also served as the state's capital from 1636–1686 and 1689–1776. It was one of five co-capitals 1776–1853, and one of two co-capitals 1853–1900.
South Carolina SC 1788 Columbia 1786 125.2 131,686 913,797 1 Charleston is the state's largest city, while Greenville is the Largest Metro area.
South Dakota SD 1889 Pierre 1889 13.0 13,646 8 Sioux Falls is the state's largest city.
Tennessee TN 1796 Nashville 1826 473.3 635,710 1,582,264 1
Texas TX 1845 Austin 1839 251.5 790,390 1,716,291 4 Houston is the state's largest city and the previous capital, and Dallas–Fort Worth is the largest metro area. Austin is the largest state capital that is not also the state's largest city by population.
Utah UT 1896 Salt Lake City 1858 109.1 186,440 1,124,197 1
Vermont VT 1791 Montpelier 1805 10.2 7,855 6 Least populous U.S. state capital. Burlington is the state's largest city.
Virginia VA 1788 Richmond 1780 60.1 204,214 1,231,675 4 Virginia Beach and Norfolk are the state's largest cities, and Hampton Roads is the state's largest metro area based in the state. Richmond is one of two independent cities that serves as a state capital. Although Richmond is the county seat of Henrico County, it is not part of the county.
Washington WA 1889 Olympia 1853 16.7 46,478 234,670 24 Seattle is the state's largest city.
West Virginia WV 1863 Charleston 1885 31.6 51,400 304,214 1 Charleston is the smallest capital city that is still the most populous city in its state. Huntington has the largest metropolitan area.
Wisconsin WI 1848 Madison 1838 68.7 233,209 561,505 2 Milwaukee is the state's largest city.
Wyoming WY 1890 Cheyenne 1869 21.1 59,466 91,738 1

Insular area capitals

An insular area is a United States territory that is neither a part of one of the fifty states nor a part of the District of Columbia, the nation's federal district. Those insular areas with territorial capitals are listed below.

Capitals of United States Insular Areas
Insular area Abr. Date Capital Population Date Notes
American Samoa AS 1899 Pago Pago 3,656 2010 De facto capital of the Territory of American Samoa. Fagatogo is the official seat of government stated in the territory's constitution since 1967.
Guam GU 1898 Hagåtña 1,051 2010 Dededo is the area's largest village.
Northern Mariana Islands MP 1947 Saipan 1,028 2010
Puerto Rico PR 1898 San Juan 395,326 2010 The city of San Juan was originally called Puerto Rico while the island was called San Juan Bautista.
U.S. Virgin Islands VI 1917 Charlotte Amalie 18,481 2010

Former national capitals

From 1774 to 1800, Congress met in numerous locations; therefore, the following cities can be said to have once been the United States capital:[1]

First Continental Congress
Second Continental Congress
Congress of the Confederation
United States Constitution

Kingdom and Republic of Hawaii

Prior to becoming a territory of the United States in 1898, Hawaii was an independent country. Five sites served as its capital:

Republic of Texas

Before joining the United States under the Texas Annexation in 1845, Texas was an independent nation known as the Republic of Texas. Seven cities served as its capital:

Native American capitals

Some Native American tribes, in particular the Five Civilized Tribes, organized their states with constitutions and capitals in Western style. Others, like the Iroquois, had long-standing, pre-Columbian traditions of a 'capitol' longhouse where wampum and council fires were maintained with special status. Since they did business with the U.S. Federal Government, these capitals can be seen as officially recognized in some sense.

Cherokee Nation

New Echota, now near Calhoun, Georgia was founded in 1825, realizing the dream and plans of Cherokee Chief Major Ridge. Major Ridge chose the site because of its centrality in the historic Cherokee Nation which spanned parts of Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Alabama, and because it was near the confluence of the Conasauga and Coosawattee rivers. The town's layout was partly inspired by Ridge's many visits to Washington D.C. and to Baltimore, but also invoked traditional themes of the Southeastern ceremonial complex. Complete with the Council House, Supreme Court, Cherokee syllabary printing press, and the houses of several of the Nation's constitutional officers, New Echota served as the capital until 1832 when the state of Georgia outlawed Native American assembly in an attempt to undermine the Nation. Thousands of Cherokee would gather in New Echota for the annual National Councils, camping along the nearby rivers and holding long stomp dances in the park-like woods that were typical of many Southeastern Native American settlements.[5]

The Cherokee National council grounds were moved to Red Clay, Tennessee on the Georgia state line in order to evade the Georgia state militia. The log cabins, limestone springs and park-like woods of Red Clay severed as the capital until the Cherokee Nation was removed to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) on the Trail of Tears.[5]

Tahlequah, in present-day Oklahoma, served as the capital of the original Cherokee Nation after Removal. After the Civil War, a turbulent period for the Nation which was involved in its own civil war resulting from pervasive anger and disagreements over removal from Georgia, the Cherokee Nation built a new National Capitol in Tahlequah out of brick. The building served as the capitol until 1907, when the Dawes Act finally dissolved the Cherokee Nation and Tahlequah became the county seat of Cherokee County, Oklahoma. The Cherokee National government was re-established in 1938 and Tahlequah remains the capital of the modern Cherokee Nation; it is also the capital of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians.

Around 800 Cherokees resisted removal and remained in traditional Cherokee territory. In the 20th century, their descendants organized as the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians; its capital is at Cherokee, North Carolina, in the tribally-controlled Qualla Boundary.

Muscogee Creek Nation

After Removal from their Alabama-Georgia homeland, the Creek national government met near Hot Springs which was then part of their new territory as prescribed in the Treaty of Cusseta. However, the Union forced the Creeks to cede over three million acres (half of their land) of what is now Arkansas, after some Creeks fought with the Confederacy in the American Civil War.[6]

Served as the National capital after the American Civil War. It was probably named after Ocmulgee, on the Ocmulgee river in Macon, a principle Coosa and later Creek town built with mounds and functioning as part of the Southeastern ceremonial complex. However, there were other traditional Creek "mother-towns" before removal. The Ocmulgee mounds were ceded illegally in 1821 with the Treaty of Indian Springs.

Iroquois Confederacy

The Iroquois Confederacy or Haudenosaunee, which means "People of the Longhouse," was an alliance between the Five and later Six-Nations of Iroquoian language and culture of upstate New York.[7] These include the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and, after 1722, the Tuscarora Nations. Since the Confederacy's formation around 1450, the Onondaga Nation has held privilege of hosting the Iroquois Grand Council and the status of Keepers of the Fire and the Wampum —which they still do at the official Longhouse on the Onondaga Reservation.[8] Now spread over reservations in New York and Ontario, the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee preserve this arrangement to this day in what they claim to be the "world's oldest representative democracy."[9]

Seneca Nation of Indians

The Seneca Nation republic was founded in 1848 and has two capitals that rotate responsibilities every two years. Jimerson Town was founded in the 1960s following the formation of the Allegheny Reservoir. The Senecas also have an administrative longhouse in Steamburg but do not consider that location to be a capital.

Window Rock (Navajo: Tségháhoodzání), Arizona, is a small city that serves as the seat of government and capital of the Navajo Nation (1936-present), the largest territory of a sovereign Native American nation in North America. It lies within the boundaries of the St. Michaels Chapter, adjacent to the Arizona and New Mexico state line. Window Rock hosts the Navajo Nation governmental campus which contains the Navajo Nation Council, Navajo Nation Supreme Court, the offices of the Navajo Nation President and Vice President, and many Navajo government buildings.

Unrecognized national capitals

There have been a handful of nations within the current borders of the United States which were never officially recognized as legally independent sovereign entities; however, these nations did have de facto control over their respective regions during their existence.

Vermont Republic

Before joining the United States as the fourteenth state, Vermont was an independent republic known as the Vermont Republic. Two cities served as the capital of the Republic:

The current capital of the State of Vermont is Montpelier.

State of Franklin

The State of Franklin was an autonomous, secessionist United States territory created, not long after the end of the American Revolution, from territory that later was ceded by North Carolina to the federal government. Franklin's territory later became part of the state of Tennessee. Franklin was never officially admitted into the Union of the United States and existed for only four years.

State of Muskogee

The State of Muskogee was a short-lived Native American state in Florida. It consisted of several tribes of Creeks and Seminoles. It existed from 1799 to 1803. It had one capital:

Republic of West Florida

The Republic of West Florida was a short-lived republic involving the area known today as Louisiana's Florida Parishes — at the time the westernmost portion of Spanish West Florida. The area was soon seized by the United States under President James Madison and incorporated into the Territory of Orleans.

Republic of Indian Stream

The Republic of Indian Stream was an unrecognized independent nation within the present state of New Hampshire.

California Republic

Before being annexed by the United States in 1848 (following the Mexican–American War), a small portion of north-central California declared itself the California Republic, in an act of independence from Mexico, in 1846 (see Bear Flag Revolt). The republic only existed a month before it disbanded itself, to join the advancing American army and therefore became part of the United States.

The very short-lived California Republic was never recognized by the United States, Mexico or any other nation. There was one de facto capital of the California Republic:

Confederate States

The Confederate States of America (C.S.A.) had two capitals during its existence. The first capital was established February 4, 1861, in Montgomery, Alabama, and remained there until it was moved to Richmond, Virginia, on May 29, 1861.

The individual state capitals remained the same in the Confederacy as they had been in the Union (U.S.A.), although as the advancing Union Army used those cities for military districts, some of the Confederate governments were relocated or moved out of state, traveling along with secessionist armies.

Historical state, colonial, and territorial capitals

Most of the original Thirteen Colonies had their capitals occupied or attacked by the British during the American Revolutionary War. State governments operated where and as they could. The City of New York was occupied by British troops from 1776 to 1783. A similar situation occurred during the War of 1812, during the American Civil War in many Confederate states, and during the Pueblo Revolt of 1680–1692 in New Mexico.

Twenty-two state capitals have been a capital longer than their state has been a state, since they served as the capital of a predecessor territory, colony, or republic. Boston, Massachusetts, has been a capital city since 1630; it is the oldest continuously-running capital in the United States. Santa Fe, New Mexico, is the oldest capital city, having become capital in 1610 and interrupted only by the aforementioned Pueblo Revolt. An even older Spanish city, St. Augustine, Florida, served as a colonial capital from 1565 until about 1820, more than 250 years.

The table below includes the following information:

  1. The state, the year in which statehood was granted, and the state's capital are shown in bold type. NOTE: For the first thirteen states, formerly the Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain on the Atlantic seaboard, the year of statehood is shown as 1776 (United States Declaration of Independence) rather than the subsequent year each state ratified the 1787 United States Constitution. (See List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union.)
  2. The year listed for each capital is the starting date; the ending date is the starting date for the successor unless otherwise indicated.
  3. In many cases, capital cities of historical jurisdictions were outside of a state's present borders. (Those cities are generally indicated with the two-letter abbreviation for the U.S. state in which the former administrative capital is now located.)
Historical capitals in the United States of America
StateCapitalDateNotes
Alabama[11]
Statehood in 1819		 San Agustín1565Capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida.[12]
Savannah1733Capital of the British proprietary Colony of Georgia.
1755Capital of the British Province of Georgia.
1776Capitals of the State of Georgia.
Augusta (GA)1778
Heard's Fort (GA)1780
Augusta (GA)1781
Savannah (GA)1782
Ebenezer (GA)1782
Savannah (GA)1784
Augusta (GA)1786
Louisville (GA)1796
Natchez (MS)1798Capitals of the Mississippi Territory.
Washington (MS)1802
St. Stephens1817Capital of the Alabama Territory.
Huntsville1819Capitals of the State of Alabama.
Cahawba1820
Tuscaloosa1826
Montgomery1846Capital of the State of Alabama.
(Capital of the Confederate States of America in 1861.)
Alaska[13]
Statehood in 1959		 Novo-Arkhangelsk
Sitka		1808Capital of the Russian colony of Alaska.
1867Capital of the Department of Alaska.
1900Capitals of the District of Alaska.
Juneau1906
1912Capital of the Territory of Alaska.
1959Capital of the State of Alaska.
Arizona[14]
Statehood in 1912		 Santa Fe (NM)1848Capital of the U.S. provisional government of New Mexico 1848–1850.
1850Capital of the U.S. Territory of New Mexico 1850–1912.
Mesilla (NM)1862Capital of the Confederate Territory of Arizona (southern New Mexico and Arizona 1862).
San Antonio (TX)1862Capital of the government-in-exile of the Confederate Territory of Arizona 1862–1865.
Fort Whipple1864Capitals of the U.S. Territory of Arizona.
Prescott1864
Tucson1867
Prescott1877
Phoenix1889
1912Capital of the State of Arizona.
Arkansas[15]
Statehood in 1836		 Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis		1765Capital of the Spanish (though predominantly Francophone) district of Alta Louisiana.
1800Capital of the French district of La Haute-Louisiane.
1804Capital of the District of Louisiana (under the authority of the Indiana Territory.)
1805Capital of the Louisiana Territory.
1812Capital of the Missouri Territory.
Arkansas Post1819Capitals of the Arkansaw Territory.[16]
Little Rock1821
1836Capital of the State of Arkansas.[16]
(Washington was the Confederate state capital 1863–1865.)
California[17]
Statehood in 1850		 Loreto (BCS)1770Capitals of the Spanish Virreinato de la Nueva España colonies of las Californias.
Presidio Reál de San Carlos de Monterey


Monterey

1777
1804Capital of the Spanish Virreinato de la Nueva España province of Alta California.
1821Capital of the Mexican province of Alta California.
1846Capital of the U.S. military government of California.
1849Capital of the Provisional Government of California.
Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe1850Capitals of the State of California
Vallejo1852
Benicia1853
Sacramento[d]1854
Colorado[18]
Statehood in 1876		 Denver City[19]1859Capitals of the extralegal Territory of Jefferson.
Golden City1860
Denver City1861Capitals of the Territory of Colorado.
Colorado City1862
Golden City1862
Denver City
Denver[20]		1867
1876Capital of the State of Colorado.
Connecticut
Statehood in 1776		 Fort Amsterdam (NY)1625Capital of the Netherlands colony of New Netherland.
Hartford1639Capital of the English Colony of Connecticut 1639–1686.
New-Haven1640Capital of the English Colony of New-Haven until its merger into the Connecticut Colony in 1662.
Boston (MA)1686Capital of the English Dominion of New-England in America.
Hartford1689Capital of the English Colony of Connecticut.
joint capitals1701Hartford and New-Haven served as the "co-capitals" of the English Colony of Connecticut, with the Assembly holding its May session in Hartford and its October session in New-Haven.
1707Hartford and New-Haven joint capitals of the British Colony of Connecticut.
1776Hartford and New Haven joint capitals of the State of Connecticut.
Hartford1875Capital of the State of Connecticut.
Delaware
Statehood in 1776		 Fort Kristina1638Capital of the Swedish colony of Nya Sverige.
Fort Amsterdam
Nieuw-Amsterdam
New-York
Nieuw-Oranje
New-York (NY)		1655Capital of the Dutch province of New Netherland.
1664Capital of the English Colony of New-York.
1673Capital of the Dutch military government of New Netherland.
1674Capital of the English Colony of New-York.
Philadelphia (PA)1682Capital of the English Colony of Pennsylvania.
New-Castle1704Capital of the English Lower Counties on the Delaware.
1707Capital of the British Lower Counties on the Delaware.
1776Capitals of the State of Delaware.
Dover1777
Florida[21]
Statehood in 1845		 Fort de la Caroline1564Capital of the French colony of La Caroline 1564–1565.
San Agustín
St. Augustine		1565Capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida 1565–1763.[12]
1763Capital of the British province of East Florida 1763–1783.
1783Capital of the Spanish province of Florida Oriental 1783–1821.
Santa María de Ochuse
Pensacola		1763Capital of the British province of British West Florida 1763–1783.
1783Capital of the Spanish province of Florida Occidental 1783–1821.
Tallahassee1824Capital of the Florida Territory.
1845Capital of the State of Florida.
Georgia[22]
Statehood in 1776		 San Agustín1565Capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida.[12]
Savannah1733Capital of the British proprietary Colony of Georgia.
1755Capital of the British Province of Georgia.
1776Capitals of the State of Georgia.
Augusta1778
Heard's Fort1780
Augusta1781
Savannah1782
Ebenezer1782
Savannah1784
Augusta1786
Louisville1796
Milledgeville1807
Macon1864
Milledgeville1865
Atlanta1868
Hawaii
Statehood in 1959		 Lahaina1820Capitals of the Kingdom of Hawaii.
Honolulu1845
1894Capital of the Republic of Hawaii.
1898Capital of the Territory of Hawaii.
1959Capital of the State of Hawaiʻi.
Idaho[23]
Statehood in 1890		 Oregon City (OR)1843Capital of the Provisional Government of Oregon in the Oregon Country.[24]
1848Capitals of the Territory of Oregon (all of Idaho 1848–1853, southern Idaho 1853–1859.)
Salem (OR)1851
Olympia (WA)1853Capital of the Territory of Washington (northern Idaho 1853–1859, all of Idaho 1859–1863.)
Lewiston1863Capitals of the Territory of Idaho.
Boise1865
1890Capital of the State of Idaho.
Illinois[25]
Statehood in 1818		 Marietta (OH)1788Capital of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio.
Vincennes (IN)1800Capital of the Territory of Indiana.
Kaskaskia1809Capital of the Territory of Illinois.
1818Capitals of the State of Illinois.
Vandalia1820
Springfield1839
Indiana
Statehood in 1816		 Marietta (OH)1788Capital of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio.
Vincennes1800Capitals of the Territory of Indiana.
Corydon1813
1816Capitals of the State of Indiana.
Indianapolis1825
Iowa[26]
Statehood in 1846		 Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis (MO)		1765Capital of the Spanish (though predominantly Francophone) district of Alta Louisiana.
1800Capital of the French district of La Haute-Louisiane.
1804Capital of the District of Louisiana (under the authority of the Indiana Territory.)
1805Capital of the Louisiana Territory.
1812Capital of the Missouri Territory (1812–1821).
Detroit (MI)1834Capital of the Territory of Michigan.
Belmont (WI)1836Capitals of the Territory of Wisconsin.
Burlington1837
1838Capitals of the Territory of Iowa.
Iowa City1841
1846Capitals of the State of Iowa.
Des Moines1857
Kansas[27]
Statehood in 1861		 Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis		1765Capital of the Spanish (though predominantly Francophone) district of Alta Louisiana.
1800Capital of the French district of La Haute-Louisiane.
1804Capital of the District of Louisiana (under the authority of the Indiana Territory.)
1805Capital of the Louisiana Territory.
1812Capital of the Missouri Territory (1812–1821).
Pawnee1855Capital of the Kansas Territory (July 2 – July 6).
Shawnee Mission1855Capital of the Kansas Territory.
Lecompton1856Capital de jure (pro-slavery) of the Territory of Kansas.
TopekaCapital de facto (anti-slavery) of the Territory of Kansas.
Minneola1858Declared capital by territorial legislature, although this action was later declared void.[28]
Topeka1861Capital of the State of Kansas.
Kentucky[29]
Statehood in 1792		 Williamsburg (VA)1699Capital of the English Colony of Virginia.
1707Capital of the British Colony of Virginia.
1776Capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia.
Richmond (VA)1780
Frankfort1792Capital of the Commonwealth of Kentucky.
(The government initially met at Lexington but Frankfort was quickly named the capital. Bowling Green was the rival Confederate state capital 1861–62.)
Louisiana[30]
Statehood in 1812		 San Agustín1565Capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida.[12]
La Mobile1702Capitals of the French colony of La Louisiane.
Bilocci1720
La Nouvelle-Orléans
Nueva Orleans
New Orleans		1722
1763Capital of the Spanish district of Baja Louisiana.
1800Capital of the French district of La Basse-Louisiane.
1804Capital of the Territory of Orleans.
1812Capitals of the State of Louisiana.
Donaldsonville1830
New Orleans1831
Baton Rouge1849
Opelousas1862
Shreveport1863
New Orleans1865
Baton Rouge1882
Maine[31]
Statehood in 1820		 Île Sainte-Croix1604Capitals of the French colony of l'Acadie.
Port-Royal (NS)1605
Boston (MA)1630Capital of the English Colony of Massachusetts Bay.
1686Capital of the English Dominion of New-England in America.
1689Capital of the dissident Colony of Massachusetts Bay.
1691Capital of the English Province of Massachusetts Bay.
1707Capital of the British Province of Massachusetts Bay.
1774Capital of the dissident Province of Massachusetts Bay.
1776Capital of the State of Massachusetts Bay.
1780Capital of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
Portland1820Capital of the State of Maine.
1827Capital de facto of the State of Maine.
AugustaCapital de jure of the State of Maine.
1832Capital of the State of Maine.
Maryland[32]
Statehood in 1776		 St. Mary's City1634Capital of the English proprietary Colony of Maryland.
Anne Arundel's Towne
Annapolis

1694Capital of the English Province of Maryland.
1707Capital of the British Province of Maryland.
1776Capital of the State of Maryland.
(Capital of the United States of America 1783–1784.)
Massachusetts
Statehood in 1776		 Plimouth1620Capital of the English Colony of New-Plimouth 1620–1686.
Boston1630Capital of the English Colony of Massachusetts Bay 1630–1686.
1686Capital of the English Dominion of New-England in America 1686–1689.
Plimouth1688Capital of the dissident Colony of New-Plimouth 1688–1692.
Boston1689Capital of the dissident Colony of Massachusetts Bay 1689–1692.
1692Capital of the English Province of Massachusetts Bay.
1707Capital of the British Province of Massachusetts Bay.
1774Capital of the dissident Province of Massachusetts Bay.
1776Capital of the State of Massachusetts Bay.
1780Capital of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
Michigan[33]
Statehood in 1837		 Marietta (OH)1788Capitals of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio (all of Michigan 1788–1800, eastern Michigan 1800–1803.)
Chillicothe (OH)1800
Vincennes (IN)Capitals of the Territory of Indiana (western Michigan 1800–1803; all of Michigan 1803–1805, a portion of the Upper Peninsula 1805–1816.)
Corydon (IN)1813
Detroit1805Capital of the Territory of Michigan (Lower Peninsula 1805–1818, all of Michigan 1818–1837.)
(Detroit was occupied by British Armed Forces 1812–1813.)
1837Capitals of the State of Michigan.
Lansing1847
Minnesota[34]
Statehood in 1858		 Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis (MO)		1765Capital of the Spanish (though predominantly Francophone) district of Alta Louisiana 1765–1800.
1800Capital of the French district of la Haute-Louisiane (west of Mississippi River 1800–1804.)
1804Capital of the District of Louisiana (west of Mississippi River under the authority of the Indiana Territory 1804–1805.)
1805Capital of the Territory of Louisiana (west of Mississippi River 1805–1812.)
1812Capital of the Territory of Missouri (west of Mississippi River 1812–1821.)
Marietta (OH)1788Capital of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio (east of Mississippi River 1788–1800.)
Vincennes (IN)1800Capital of the Territory of Indiana (east of Mississippi River 1800–1809.)
Kaskaskia (IL)1809Capital of the Territory of Illinois (east of Mississippi River 1809–1818.)
Detroit (MI)1818Capital of the Territory of Michigan (east of Mississippi River 1818-1834, all of Minnesota 1834–1836.)
Belmont (WI)1836Capitals of the Territory of Wisconsin.
Burlington (IA)1837
1838Capital of the Territory of Iowa (west of Mississippi River 1838–1841.)
Madison (WI)Capital of the Territory of Wisconsin (east of Mississippi River 1838–1848.)
Iowa City (IA)1841Capital of the Territory of Iowa (west of Mississippi River 1841–1846.)
Saint Paul1849Capital of the Territory of Minnesota.
1858Capital of the State of Minnesota.
Mississippi[35]
Statehood in 1817		 San Agustín1565Capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida.[12]
Savannah1733Capital of the British proprietary Colony of Georgia.
1755Capital of the British Province of Georgia.
1776Capitals of the State of Georgia.
Augusta (GA)1778
Heard's Fort (GA)1780
Augusta (GA)1781
Savannah (GA)1782
Ebenezer (GA)1782
Savannah (GA)1784
Augusta (GA)1786
Louisville (GA)1796
Natchez1798Capitals of the Territory of Mississippi.
Washington1802
Natchez1817Capitals of the State of Mississippi.
Jackson1821
Missouri
Statehood in 1821		 Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis		1765Capital of the Spanish (though predominantly Francophone) district of Alta Louisiana.
1800Capital of the French district of La Haute-Louisiane.
1804Capital of the District of Louisiana (under the authority of the Indiana Territory.)
1805Capital of the Louisiana Territory.
1812Capital of the Missouri Territory.
Saint Charles1821Capitals of the State of Missouri.
(A Confederate state government in exile operated from Neosho 1861–1863, and from Marshall, Texas, 1863–1865.)
Jefferson City1826
Montana[36]
Statehood in 1889		 Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis (MO)		1765Capital of the Spanish (though predominantly Francophone) district of Alta Louisiana (east of Continental Divide 1763–1800.)
1800Capital of the French district of la Haute-Louisiane (east of Continental Divide 1800–1804.)
1804Capital of the District of Louisiana (east of Continental Divide under the authority of the Indiana Territory 1804–1805.)
1805Capital of the Territory of Louisiana (east of Continental Divide 1805–1812.)
1812Capital of the Territory of Missouri (east of Continental Divide 1812–1821.)
Fort Vancouver (WA)1825Capital de facto of the Oregon Country (west of Continental Divide 1818–1843.)
Oregon City (OR)1843Capital of the Provisional Government of Oregon (west of Continental Divide 1843–1848.)
1848Capitals of the Territory of Oregon (west of Continental Divide 1848–1853.)
Salem (OR)1851
Olympia (WA)1853Capital of the Territory of Washington (west of Continental Divide 1853–1863.)
Omaha (NE)1854Capital of the Territory of Nebraska (east of Continental Divide 1854–1861.)
Yankton (SD)1861Capital of the Territory of Dakota (east of Continental Divide 1861–1863.)
Lewiston (ID)1863Capital of the Territory of Idaho.
Bannack1864Capitals of the Territory of Montana.
Virginia City1865
Helena1875
1889Capital of the State of Montana.
Nebraska
Statehood in 1867		 Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis (MO)		1765Capital of the Spanish (though predominantly Francophone) district of Alta Louisiana.
1800Capital of the French district of la Haute-Louisiane.
1804Capital of the District of Louisiana (under the authority of the Indiana Territory.)
1805Capital of the Territory of Louisiana.
1812Capital of the Territory of Missouri (1812–1821).
Omaha1854Capitals of the Territory of Nebraska.
Lancaster
Lincoln		1867
1867Capital of the State of Nebraska.
Nevada[37]
Statehood in 1864		 Fillmore (UT)1850Capitals of the Territory of Utah.
Salt Lake City (UT)1858
Carson City1861Capital of the Territory of Nevada.
1864Capital of the State of Nevada.
New Hampshire[38]
Statehood in 1776		 Boston (MA)1630Capital of the English Colony of Massachusetts Bay.
Portsmouth1680Capital of the English Province of New Hampshire.
Boston (MA)1686Capital of the English Dominion of New-England in America.
Portsmouth1689Capital of the dissident Province of New Hampshire.
1691Capital of the English Province of New Hampshire.
1698Capital of the English Province of New Hampshire under jurisdiction of the Royal Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay.
1707Capital of the British Province of New Hampshire under jurisdiction of the Royal Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay.
1741Capital of the British Province of New Hampshire.
Exeter1775Capital of the Revolutionary War government of New Hampshire.
1776Capitals of the State of New Hampshire.
Concord1808
New Jersey
Statehood in 1776		 Fort Amsterdam (NY)1625Capital of the Dutch colony of New Netherland.
1652Capital of the Dutch province of New Netherland.
Elizabethtown (now Elizabeth)1665Capital of the English Province of New Jersey.
Perth Amboy1673Capital of the English Province of East Jersey 1673–1688.
BurlingtonCapital of the English Province of West Jersey 1673–1688.
Boston (MA)1688Capital of the English Dominion of New-England in America 1688–1689.
Perth Amboy1689Capital of the English Province of East Jersey 1689–1702.
BurlingtonCapital of the English Province of West Jersey 1689–1702.
joint capitals1702East Jersey and West Jersey were re-united as the English Province of New Jersey in 1702. Perth Amboy and Burlington served jointly as the capital until 1784.
1707Joint capitals of the British Province of New Jersey.
1776Joint capitals of the State of New Jersey.
Trenton1784Capital of the State of New Jersey.
(Capital of the United States of America in 1784.)
New Mexico
Statehood in 1912		 San Juan de los Caballeros1598Capitals of the Spanish Virreinato de la Nueva España colony of Santa Fe de Nuevo México.
La Villa Real de la Santa Fé de San Francisco de Asís1610
El Paso del Norte (now Ciudad Juárez CHH)1680Capital of the Spanish Virreinato de la Nueva España colony-in-exile of Santa Fe de Nuevo México (Pueblo Revolt 1680–1692).
La Villa Real de la Santa Fé de San Francisco de Asís

Santa Fe		1692Capital of the Spanish Virreinato de la Nueva España colony of Santa Fe de Nuevo México.
1821Capital of the Mexican province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México.
1824Capital of the Mexican territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México.
1846Capital of the U.S. military government of New Mexico 1846.
1846Capital of the U.S. provisional government of New Mexico 1846–1850.
1850Capital of the U.S. Territory of New Mexico 1850–1912.
Mesilla1862Capital of the Confederate Territory of Arizona (southern New Mexico and Arizona 1862).
San Antonio (TX)1862Capital of the government-in-exile of the Confederate Territory of Arizona 1862–1865.
Santa Fe1912Capital of the State of New Mexico.
New York
Statehood in 1776		 Fort Amsterdam
Nieuw-Amsterdam
New-York
Nieuw-Oranje
New-York		1625Capital of the Dutch colony of New Netherland (Novum Belgium).
1652Capital of the Dutch province of New Netherland.
1664Capital of the English Province of New York.
1673Capital of the Dutch military government of New Netherland.
1674Capital of the English Province of New York.
Boston (MA)1688Capital of the English Dominion of New-England in America.
New-York1689Capital of the dissident government of New-York.
1691Capital of the English Province of New York.
1707Capital of the British Province of New York.
1776Capitals of the State of New York.
Kingston1777
Hurley1777
Poughkeepsie1777
New York1788Capital of the State of New York.
(Capital of the United States of America 1785–1788 and 1789–1790.)
Albany1797Capital of the State of New York.
North Carolina
Statehood in 1776		 San Agustín (FL)1565Capital of the Spanish colony of la Florida.[12]
Charlestown (SC)1670Capital of the English Province of Carolina.
1707Capital of the British Province of Carolina.
New Bern1712Capital of the British Province of North Carolina.
1776Capitals of the State of North Carolina.
Fayetteville1789
Raleigh1794
North Dakota
Statehood in 1889		 Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis (MO)		1765Capital of the Spanish (though predominantly Francophone) district of Alta Louisiana.
1800Capital of the French district of la Haute-Louisiane.
1804Capital of the District of Louisiana (under the authority of the Indiana Territory.)
1805Capital of the Territory of Louisiana.
1812Capital of the Territory of Missouri (1812–1821).
Detroit (MI)1834Capital of the Territory of Michigan (east of Missouri River and White Earth River 1834–1836.)
Belmont (WI)1836Capitals of the Territory of Wisconsin (east of Missouri River and White Earth River 1836–1838.)
Burlington (IA)1837
1838Capitals of the Territory of Iowa (east of Missouri River and White Earth River 1838–1846.)
Iowa City (IA)1841
Saint Paul (MN)1849Capital of the Territory of Minnesota (east of Missouri River and White Earth River 1849–1858.)
Omaha (NE)1854Capital of the Territory of Nebraska (west of Missouri River or White Earth River 1854–1861.)
Yankton (SD)1861Capitals of the Territory of Dakota.
Bismarck1883
1889Capital of the State of North Dakota.
Ohio
Statehood in 1803		 Marietta1788Capitals of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio.
Chillicothe1800
1803Capitals of the State of Ohio.
Zanesville1810
Chillicothe1812
Columbus1816
Oklahoma
Statehood in 1907		 Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis (MO)		1765Capital of the Spanish (though predominantly Francophone) district of Alta Louisiana.
1800Capital of the French district of la Haute-Louisiane.
1804Capital of the District of Louisiana (under the authority of the Indiana Territory.)
1805Capital of the Territory of Louisiana.
1812Capital of the Territory of Missouri.
Arkansas Post (AR)1819Capitals of the Territory of Arkansaw[16] (south of the parallel 36°30' north 1819–1824, southeastern Oklahoma 1824–1828.)
Little Rock (AR)1821
Tahlequah1838Capital of the Cherokee Nation.
Tuskahoma1838Capital of the Choctaw Nation.
Tishomingo1855Capital of the Chickasaw Nation.
Wewoka1866Capital of the Seminole Nation.
Okmulgee1867Capital of the Creek Nation.
Pawhuska?Capital of the Osage Nation.
Guthrie1889Capital of the Territory of Oklahoma.
1907Capitals of the State of Oklahoma.
Oklahoma City1910
Oregon[39]
Statehood in 1859		 Champoeg1843Temporary capital of the disputed Oregon Country.
Oregon City1843Capital of the Provisional Government of Oregon in the Oregon Country.[24]
1848Capitals of the Territory of Oregon.
Salem1851
Corvallis1855
Salem1855
1859Capital of the State of Oregon.
Pennsylvania[40]
Statehood in 1776		 Philadelphia1682Capital of the English proprietary Colony of Pennsylvania.
1707Capital of the British proprietary Colony of Pennsylvania.
1776Capital of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
(Capital of the United States of America 1776, 1777, 1778–1783, and 1790–1800.)
Lancaster1799Capital of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
(Capital of the United States of America 1777.)
Harrisburg1812Capital of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
Rhode Island
Statehood in 1776		 Providence1636Capital of the English Colony of Providence 1636–1644.
Portsmouth1639Capital of the English Colony of Aquidneck Island 1639–1644.
1644Capital of the English Colony of Rhode Island.
Providence1644Capital of the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
Boston (MA)1686Capital of the English Dominion of New-England in America.
Providence1689Capital of the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
1707Capital of the British Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
five capitals1776From 1776 to 1853, the legislature of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations rotated among the county seats of the state's five counties: Providence, Newport, East Greenwich, South Kingstown, and Bristol.
joint capitals1854From 1854 to 1899, the legislature of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations alternated sessions between Providence and Newport.
Providence1900Capital of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
South Carolina
Statehood in 1776		 San Agustín (FL)1565Capital of the Spanish colony of la Florida.[12]
Charlestown1670Capital of the English Province of Carolina.
1707Capital of the British Province of Carolina.
1712Capital of the British Province of South Carolina.
1776Capitals of the State of South Carolina.
Columbia1786
South Dakota
Statehood in 1889		 Saint-Louis
San Luis
St. Louis (MO)		1765Capital of the Spanish (though predominantly Francophone) district of Alta Louisiana.
1800Capital of the French district of la Haute-Louisiane.
1804Capital of the District of Louisiana (under the authority of the Indiana Territory.)
1805Capital of the Territory of Louisiana.
1812Capital of the Territory of Missouri (1812–1821).
Detroit (MI)1834Capital of the Territory of Michigan (east of Missouri River 1834–1836.)
Belmont (WI)1836Capitals of the Territory of Wisconsin (east of Missouri River 1836–1838.)
Burlington (IA)1837
1838Capitals of the Territory of Iowa (east of Missouri River 1838–1846.)
Iowa City (IA)1841
Saint Paul (MN)1849Capital of the Territory of Minnesota (east of Missouri River 1849–1858.)
Omaha (NE)1854Capital of the Territory of Nebraska (west of Missouri River 1854–1861.)
Yankton1861Capitals of the Territory of Dakota.
Bismarck (ND)1883
Pierre1889Capital of the State of South Dakota.
Tennessee[41]
Statehood in 1796		 New Bern (NC)1712Capital of the British Province of North Carolina.
1776Capital of the State of North Carolina.
Rocky Mount1790Capitals of the Territory South of the River Ohio.
White's Fort
Knoxville		1791
1796Capital of the State of Tennessee.
Kingston1807Capital of the State of Tennessee for one day in 1807 to fulfill treaty obligations with the Cherokee Nation.
Knoxville1807Capitals of the State of Tennessee.
Nashville1812
Knoxville1817
Murfreesboro1818
Nashville1826
Texas
Statehood in 1845		 Los Adaes (LA)1729Capitals of the Spanish colony of Tejas.
San Antonio de Béxar (now San Antonio)1772
Saltillo (COA)1824Capitals of the Mexican province of Coahuila y Tejas.
Monclova (COA)1833
Washington (now Washington-on-the-Brazos)1836Capitals of the Republic of Texas.
Galveston1836
Harrisburg1836
Velasco1836
Columbia1836
Houston1837
Austin1839
1845Capital of the State of Texas.
Utah
Statehood in 1896		 Salt Lake City1849Capital of the extralegal State of Deseret.
Fillmore1850Capitals of the Territory of Utah.
Salt Lake City1858
1896Capital of the State of Utah.
Vermont[42]
Statehood in 1791		 Westminster1777Capitals of the Republic of New Connecticut.
Windsor1777
1777Capital of the Vermont Republic.
1791Capitals of the State of Vermont.
Montpelier1805
Virginia[43]
Statehood in 1776		 Jamestown1619Capitals of the English Colony of Virginia.
Middle Plantation
Williamsburg		1698
1707Capital of the British Colony of Virginia.
1776Capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia.
Richmond1780Capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia.
(Capital of the Confederate States of America 1861–1865.)
(A rival pro-Union state government operated from Wheeling 1861–1863 and from Alexandria 1863–1865.)
Washington[44]
Statehood in 1889		 Champoeg (OR)1843Temporary capital of the disputed Oregon Country.
Oregon City (OR)1843Capital of the Provisional Government of Oregon in the Oregon Country.[24]
1848Capitals of the Territory of Oregon.
Salem (OR)1851
Olympia1853Capital of the Territory of Washington.
1889Capital of the State of Washington.
West Virginia
Statehood in 1863		 Jamestown (VA)1619Capitals of the English Colony of Virginia.
Middle Plantation (VA)
Williamsburg (VA)		1698
1707Capital of the British Colony of Virginia.
1776Capitals of the Commonwealth of Virginia.
Richmond (VA)1780
Wheeling1861Capital of the rival pro-Union government of the Commonwealth of Virginia.
1863Capitals of the State of West Virginia.
Charleston1870
Wheeling1875
Charleston1885
Wisconsin[45]
Statehood in 1848		 Marietta (OH)1788Capital of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio.
Vincennes (IN)1800Capital of the Territory of Indiana.
Kaskaskia (IL)1809Capital of the Territory of Illinois.
Detroit (MI)1818Capital of the Territory of Michigan.
Belmont1836Capitals of the Territory of Wisconsin.
Burlington (IA)1837
Madison1838
1848Capital of the State of Wisconsin.
Wyoming[46]
Statehood in 1890		 Lewiston (ID)1863Capital of the Territory of Idaho.
Yankton (SD)1864Capital of the Territory of Dakota.
Cheyenne1869Capital of the Territory of Wyoming.
1890Capital of the State of Wyoming.

See also

Notes

^[a] Even though the urbanized area of Carson City is about 15 miles (24 km) from the California border, the larger Consolidated Municipality of Carson City does form part of the Nevada state border. Similarly, the City and Borough of Juneau extends eastward to British Columbia, although the urbanized area of Juneau is about 35 miles (56 km) from the Canada–US border.[47]
^[b] Congress was forced to move from Philadelphia due to a riot of angry soldiers. See: Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783
^[c] President James Madison fled to the home of Caleb Bentley in Brookeville, Maryland following the burning of Washington on August 24–25, 1814. As such, the town claims to have been the "U.S. Capital for a Day" despite the fact that Congress never met there. See: "A Brief History". Town of Brookeville, Maryland. 2006. Archived from the original on 2008-12-07. Retrieved 2008-10-07. 
^[d] Due to flooding in Sacramento, San Francisco served as a temporary capital from January 24, 1862 to May 15, 1862. See "California's State Capitols 1850–present" (PDF). .
^[e] The District of Columbia was formed February 27, 1801, with the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801. The city of Washington was founded in 1791 and construction of the new capital began while it was still part of Maryland. President John Adams moved to the White House on November 1, 1800 and the 6th United States Congress held its first session in Washington on November 17, 1800.[48]

References

  1. ↑ The Nine Capitals of the United States. United States Senate Historical Office. Accessed June 9, 2005. Based on Fortenbaugh, Robert, The Nine Capitals of the United States, York, PA: Maple Press, 1948.
  2. ↑ "United States Capitols".
  3. ↑ "United States Capitols".
  4. ↑ "United States Capitols".
  5. 1 2 Ehle, John (1988). Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation. New York: Anchor Books Doubleday. ISBN 0385239548.
  6. ↑ "Muscogee Creek Nation -Culture/history". Muscogee Creek Nation.
  7. ↑ nysmuseum (2014-09-30), Haudenosaunee or Iroquois?, retrieved 2017-01-24
  8. ↑ "Haudenosaunee Confederacy". www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com. Retrieved 2017-01-24.
  9. ↑ "Haudenosaunee Confederacy". www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com. Retrieved 2017-01-24.
  10. ↑ The State of Muskogee, State Flags of Florida, Cultural, Historical and Information Programs, Office of Cultural and Historical Programs website, Florida Department of State, Government of Florida, retrieved October 31, 2007.
  11. ↑ Capitals of Alabama. Alabama Department of Archives and History. Updated October 29, 2001. Accessed June 9, 2005.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The Spanish name La Florida originally referred to all of the American continent north of Mexico. As other European nations colonized North America, the extent of La Florida shrank to encompass only the Spanish territorial claims in the southeastern portion of the present United States.
  13. ↑ Frequently Asked Questions About Alaska. Statewide Library Electronic Doorway. Updated September 21, 2004. Accessed June 9, 2005; based on Alaska Blue Book 1993–94, 11th ed., Juneau, Department of Education, Division of State Libraries, Archives & Museums. ExploreNorth: The History of Sitka. Department of Community and Economic Development, Alaska Community Database Online. Accessed June 9, 2005.
  14. ↑ Capitals before the Capitol. Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records. Accessed June 9, 2005.
  15. ↑ Educational Materials: Facts. Arkansas Secretary of State. Accessed June 9, 2005. Washington State Park 19th century village in SW Arkansas. Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism, Confederate Capital Old Division of State Parks. 2003. Accessed June 9, 2005.
  16. 1 2 3 The name Arkansas has been pronounced and spelled in a variety of fashions. The region was organized as the Territory of Arkansaw on July 4, 1819, but the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Arkansas on June 15, 1836. The name was historically pronounced /ˈɑːrkənsɔː/, /ɑːrˈkænzəs/, and several other variants. In 1881, the Arkansas General Assembly passed the following concurrent resolution (Arkansas Statutes, Title 1, Chapter 4, Section 105):
    Whereas, confusion of practice has arisen in the pronunciation of the name of our state and it is deemed important that the true pronunciation should be determined for use in oral official proceedings.
    And, whereas, the matter has been thoroughly investigated by the State Historical Society and the Eclectic Society of Little Rock, which have agreed upon the correct pronunciation as derived from history, and the early usage of the American immigrants.
    Be it therefore resolved by both houses of the General Assembly, that the only true pronunciation of the name of the state, in the opinion of this body, is that received by the French from the Native Americans and committed to writing in the French word representing the sound. It should be pronounced in three (3) syllables, with the final "s" silent, the "a" in each syllable with the Italian sound, and the accent on the first and last syllables. The pronunciation with the accent on the second syllable with the sound of "a" in "man" and the sounding of the terminal "s" is an innovation to be discouraged.
    Citizens of the State of Kansas often pronounce the Arkansas River /ɑːrˈkænzəs/ in a manner similar to the common pronunciation of the name of their state.
  17. ↑ E. Dotson Wilson (2006). Ebbert, Brian S., ed. California's Legislature (PDF). Sacramento, California: State of California. pp. 157–165. Retrieved 2006-10-03.
  18. ↑ Early Capitol and Legislative Assembly Locations Colorado State Archives, Colorado State Capitol Virtual Tour. Updated June 20, 2003. Accessed June 9, 2005.
  19. ↑ From December 3, 1859, to December 3, 1861, Denver City was formally the City of Denver, Auraria, and Highland.
  20. ↑ On November 15, 1902, the City of Denver became the City and County of Denver.
  21. ↑ Florida State History. Florida Division of Historical Resources.
  22. ↑ Jackson, Edwin L. Story of Georgia's Capitols and Capital Cities Archived 2007-10-09 at the Wayback Machine.. Carl Vinson Institute of Government. University of Georgia. 1988
  23. ↑ Chronological History of Idaho. Idaho Office of the Governor. Created 2000. Accessed June 9, 2005.
  24. 1 2 3 Clarke, S.A. (1905). Pioneer Days of Oregon History. J.K. Gill Company.
  25. ↑ Past Capitols; based on Illinois Bluebook, 1975–1976. Created March 5, 2005. Accessed June 10, 2005.
  26. ↑ Sabin, Henry. Making of Iowa, chapter 24: Locating a Capital. Originally published 1900 by A. Flanagan Co. of Chicago and New York; published online by Iowa History Project, posted August 25, 2004. Accessed June 10, 2005.
  27. ↑ Harding, Eldon. Stories from the Kansas State Capital: Choosing a Capital City--Why Topeka?. Kansas State Historical Society. April 2001. Accessed June 10, 2005.
  28. ↑ Fitzgerald, Daniel (1988). Ghost Towns of Kansas. University Press of Kansas. pp. 61–65. ISBN 0700603689.
  29. ↑ Kentucky's State Capitols. Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives. Accessed July 24, 2006.
  30. ↑ Note: The Louisiana Capitals information may be incorrect or incomplete. See http://www.state.la.us/about_history2.htm and elsewhere.
  31. ↑ Students Questions Frequently Ask. Maine State Senate. Accessed June 10, 2005.
  32. ↑ Historical Chronology. Maryland State Archives. Accessed July 24, 2006.
  33. ↑ Michigan in Brief State of Michigan. Updated March 7, 2005. Accessed June 10, 2005.
  34. ↑ Saint Paul's 150th birthday. City of Saint Paul, Minnesota. Accessed June 9, 2005.
  35. ↑ Bunn, Mike and Clay Williams, Capitals and Capitols: The Places and Spaces of Mississippi's Seat of Government. Mississippi History Now. Mississippi Historical Society Online. Posted September 2003. Accessed June 10, 2005.
  36. ↑ Lambert, Kirby. Montana's crown jewel of architecture: The Montana state capitol Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Montana Historical Society. Summer 2002. Accessed June 10, 2005.
  37. ↑ Rocha, Guy Nevada State Archives Historical Myth a Month: Myth #28, Las Vegas: Nevada's Next State Capital. Updated July 14, 2003. Accessed June 9, 2005; originally published as Sierra Sage, Carson City/Carson Valley, Nevada. May 1998 edition.
  38. ↑ New Hampshire Senate Page For Kids. New Hampshire General Court. Accessed June 9, 2005. New Hampshire History in Brief. New Hampshire Division of Historical Resources. Created 1989. Accessed June 9, 2005.
  39. ↑ Oregon Legislative Assembly History. Oregon State Archives. Accessed February 17, 2012.
  40. ↑ The History of Pennsylvania's Capital. Pennsylvania Department of Education. Accessed July 24, 2006.
  41. ↑ Capital Cities. Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. 2002. Accessed March 12, 2006.
  42. ↑ Early History of Montpelier, Vermont. Vermont Historical Society. Accessed June 9, 2005; adapted from Esther Munroe Swift, Vermont Place-Names: Footprints of History, 1977, 1996, and Montpelier Heritage Group, Three Walking Tours of Montpelier, Vt., 1991.
  43. ↑ About Our Capital. Virginia General Assembly. Accessed July 20, 2006.
  44. ↑ The History of Olympia. City of Olympia. Accessed June 9, 2005.
  45. ↑ Cravens, Stanley H."Capitals and Capitols in Early Wisconsin" Archived 2006-06-23 at the Wayback Machine.. Wisconsin Blue Book Archived 2006-02-09 at the Wayback Machine., 1983–1984 edition.
  46. ↑ Saban, Mary Thompson, Wyoming Sage: Brief History of Wyoming. Updated January 17, 2004. Accessed June 10, 2005.
  47. ↑ http://www.britishcolumbia.com/regions/towns/?townID=4124
  48. ↑ Carter II, Edward C. (1971–1972), "Benjamin Henry Latrobe and the Growth and Development of Washington, 1798-1818", Records of the Columbia Historical Society: 139

Further reading

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