Stanisława Walasiewicz

Stanisława Walasiewicz

Stanisława Walasiewicz in 1938
Personal information
Born 3 April 1911
Wierzchownia, Congress Poland, Russian Empire
Died 4 December 1980 (aged 69)
Cleveland, Ohio, United States
Height 1.74 m (5 ft 9 in)
Weight 60 kg (132 lb)
Sport
Sport Athletics
Event(s) 100 m, 200 m, long jump
Club Warszawianka, Warszawa
Legia Warszawa
Achievements and titles
Personal best(s) 100 yd – 10.5 (1944)
100 m – 11.6 (1937)
200 m – 23.6 (1935)
long jump – 6.12 m (1939)[1]
Medal record
Representing  Poland
Event 1st 2nd 3rd
Olympic Games 1 1 0
World Championships 0 0 0
European Championships 2 0 0
Women's World Games 4 2 0
Total 7 3 0
Olympic Games
1932 Los Angeles 100 m
1936 Berlin 100 m
Women's World Games
1930 Prague 60 m
1930 Prague 100 m
1930 Prague 200 m
1934 London 60 m
1934 London 100 m
1934 London 200 m
European Athletics Championships
1938 Paris 100 m
1938 Paris 4 x 100 m relay

Stanisława Walasiewicz, also known as Stefania Walasiewicz,[2] Stanisława Walasiewiczówna (see Polish name) and Stella Walsh (3 April 1911 – 4 December 1980) was a Polish track and field athlete, who became a women's Olympic champion in the 100 metres. It was later learned that Walasiewicz had a Y chromosome and was intersex.[3] She became an American citizen in 1947.

Background

Walasiewicz was born on 3 April 1911 in Wierzchownia (now Brodnica County), Congress Poland.[4] Her family emigrated to the United States when she was three months old. Her parents, Julian and Veronika Walasiewicz, settled in Cleveland, Ohio, where her father found a job as a steel mill worker.[5] Her family called her Stasia, a common Polish diminutive of her Christian name, which later gave birth to the American version of her name, Stella.[5]

Athletic career

Walasiewicz started her athletic career in a public school in Cleveland. In 1927, she qualified for a place on the American Olympic team started by the Cleveland Press newspaper. However, Walasiewicz was not an American citizen and could not obtain citizenship under the age of 21, so she could not compete.[5] The success of Halina Konopacka, a Polish athlete who won gold in the discus throw at the 1928 Summer Olympics, inspired Walasiewicz to join the local branch of Sokół, a Polish sports and patriotic organization active among the Polish diaspora. During the Pan-Slavic meeting of the Sokół movement in Poznań, she scored her first major international victories; she won five gold medals in the 60 metre, 100 metre, 200 metre and 400 metre races, as well as the long jump.[5] She was asked to stay in Poland and join the Polish national athletic team, and she continued to run in American challenges and games.

Walasiewicz continued to compete as an amateur, while also working as a clerk in Cleveland. In the period leading up to the 1932 Summer Olympics, she won American national championships in the 100-yard dash (1930), 220 yard dash (1930–1), and long jump (1930).[6] For her part in interstate athletic championships, the city of Cleveland awarded her a car.[5][7] She was offered American citizenship, however, just two days prior to her Oath of Citizenship, she changed her mind and instead adopted Polish citizenship, offered to her by the Polish consulate in New York.[5][8] In 1930, she was chosen the most popular Polish athlete by readers of the Przegląd Sportowy (Sports Review) daily.[9]

In the 1932 Summer Olympics, Walasiewicz represented Poland. In the 100 m dash, Walasiewicz equaled the current world record of 11.9 seconds and won the gold medal.[10] On the same day, she finished 6th out of 9 in the discus throw event.[11] Upon her return to Poland, she almost instantly became a well-known personality. She was welcomed by crowds in the port of Gdynia, and a few days later, she was awarded the Golden Cross of Merit for her achievements. She was again chosen the most popular Polish person in sports, and held that title for three years.[9]

In the spring of 1933, Walasiewicz appeared at the Championships of Warsaw, where she seized 9 gold medals in track and field, including 80 metres hurdling, 4 × 200 relay, and long jump.[12] On 17 September 1933, in Poznań, she beat two world records in one day: 7.4 seconds for the 60 m and 11.8 seconds for the 100 m. Her Olympic success also won her a scholarship at the Warsaw Institute of Physical Education, where she met some of the most notable Polish athletes of the time, including Jadwiga Wajs, Feliksa Schabińska, Maria Kwaśniewska, and Janusz Kusociński.

In the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, Walasiewicz attempted to defend her Olympic title for the 100 m dash, but Helen Stephens of the U.S. beat her by .02 second; Walasiewicz won the silver medal.[13] Ironically, in hindsight, Stephens was accused of being male and was forced to submit to a genital inspection to confirm her gender.[14]

After the Olympic Games, Walasiewicz moved to the U.S. and resumed her amateur career.[5] During and after World War II, she won American national championships in the 100 metres (1943, 1944 and 1948), the 200 metres (1939–40 and 1942-8), the discus throw (1941-2), and the long jump (1938–46, 1948 and 1951).[6][7]

In 1947, she accepted American citizenship and married boxer, Neil Olson. Although the marriage did not last long, she continued to use the name Stella Walsh Olson for the rest of her life. She won her last U.S. title at age forty, in 1951,[7] and she was inducted into the U.S. Track and Field Hall of Fame in 1975.

Post-athletic career

After her retirement, she continued to be active in a variety of Polish sport associations in the U.S., where she organized championships and helped young athletes. She also funded a variety of awards for Polish sports people living in America. In 1974, Stella Walsh was inducted into the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame. Stella Walsh was a contestant on the 16 June 1954 episode of the radio quiz program You Bet Your Life, hosted by Groucho Marx.[15]

Death and controversy

Walsh was killed during an armed robbery in a parking lot in Cleveland, on 4 December 1980.[16][17]She was buying ribbons for a welcoming ceremony for visiting Polish basketball players.[18] An autopsy showed that she had no uterus, an abnormal urethra, and a non-functioning, underdeveloped penis, although some sources suggest she also displayed female characteristics.[19][20][21] Chromosome analysis revealed that most of her cells contained normal X and Y chromosomes but some were X0 (containing only one X chromosome), resulting in XY gonadal dysgenesis.[3]

The controversy of her biological sex remains unresolved, and the situation is further complicated by the fact that many earlier documents, including her birth record, state that she was female; the Cuyahoga County coroner, Samuel Gerber, stated that Walasiewicz was "socially, culturally and legally" a woman.[5][3] There has also been controversy over whether her records and achievements should be erased.[22]

Legacy

The case of Stanisława Walasiewicz is often regarded as one of the reasons why the IOC has gradually dropped gender determination tests.[5] The International Association of Athletics Federations ordered gender determination testing on South African, Caster Semenya in August 2009, and in July 2010 a decision in favour of Semenya was declared, allowing her to compete as a woman.

In Cleveland, on Broadway Avenue, there is a city-owned recreational center named after Stella Walsh. It is attached to Cleveland South High School. She is buried in Calvary Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio.[23]

Records

Throughout her life, Walasiewicz set over 100 national and world records, including 51 Polish, 18 world, and 8 European records. Her European record for one-hundred yards remains unbeaten as of 2006, although races measured in yards are rare today and since the 1960s in Europe.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Stanisława Walasiewicz. sports-reference.com
  2. ↑ "Stefania Walasiewicz". Encyclopædia Britannica
  3. 1 2 3 "Ex-Olypian Stella Walsh legally a woman". Sarasota Journal. February 12, 1981. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
  4. ↑ Some sources also cite 7 and 11 April
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Klaudia Snochowska-Gonzales. "Walasiewicz była kobietą (Walasiewicz Was a Woman)". Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). 190 (14 August 2004): 8. Retrieved 31 May 2006.
  6. 1 2 USA Track & Field – USA Outdoor Track & Field Champions. Usatf.org. Retrieved on 13 July 2015.
  7. 1 2 3 USA Track & Field – USA Outdoor Track & Field Champions. Usatf.org. Retrieved on 13 July 2015.
  8. ↑ At the time of Walasiewicz's birth, Poland was under partition, and she was officially a citizen of the Russian Empire, even though the state had ceased to exist as a result of the Russian Civil War.
  9. 1 2 Plebiscyt PS. ozarow.maz.pl. Retrieved on 13 July 2015.
  10. ↑ "Women's 100 meter run finals". The San Bernardino County Sun. August 3, 1932. Retrieved August 23, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  11. ↑ Polish Olympic Committee (corporate author) (2005). "Los Angales – 1932.08.02 (sic!)". Polski Portal Olimpijski PKOl. Polish Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 3 February 2006. Retrieved 1 June 2006.
  12. ↑ Krzysztof Bazylow (25 October 2004). "1933 – STANISŁAWA WALASIEWICZ". sports.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 1 June 2006.
  13. ↑ Stuart Cameron (August 5, 1936). "Bettered Olympic mark in broad jump; America leads by forty-five points now". Times Herald (New York). Retrieved August 23, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. ↑ "Helen Stehens is real girl". Harrisburg Telegraph. August 6, 1936. Retrieved August 23, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. ↑ You Bet Your Life 35 Eps : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. Archive.org. Retrieved on 13 July 2015.
  16. ↑ "Olympic track star Stella Walsh dies". Wilmington Morning Star. December 6, 1980. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
  17. ↑ "Stella Walsh Slain; Olympic Track Star" New York Times (December 6, 1980): 20.
  18. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=vvrwcB3DeEwC&pg=PA645&lpg=PA645#v=onepage&q&f=false American Women's Track and Field: A History, 1895 Through 1980, Volume 1 By Louise Mead Tricard
  19. ↑ Who was Stella Walsh?: The story of the intersex Olympian, Matt Tullis in SB Nation, 27 June 2013.
  20. ↑ "Report Says Stella Walsh; Had Male Sex Organs". The New York Times. Associated Press (corporate author) (23 January 1981). 23 January 1981. Retrieved 31 May 2006.
  21. ↑ Piotr Słonimski. "Co ma wirus do płci (On Viruses and Gender)". Rzeczpospolita (in Polish). 266 (15 November 2002). Archived from the original on 24 July 2003. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  22. ↑ "Stella: Fontana woman recalls races vs. 'Polish Flyer'". The San Bernardino County Sun. February 10, 1981. p. 39. Retrieved August 23, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.(subscription required)
  23. ↑ Vigil, Vicki Blum (2007) Cemeteries of Northeast Ohio: Stones, Symbols & Stories Cleveland, Ohio: Gray & Company, Publishers, ISBN 978-1-59851-025-6
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