Web banner

This web page screenshot shows two hypothetical banner adverts across the top.

The phrase web banner is often used to refer to a form of advertising on the World Wide Web delivered by an ad server. It is also known as a banner ad. It is not to be confused with a non-advertising banner at the top of a web page that graphically identifies the website it is on or this website's prime content, which type of banner is technically known as the hero image.

As a form of online advertising, the web banner, or banner ad, entails embedding an advertisement into a web page. It is intended to attract traffic to a website by linking to the website of the advertiser. In many cases, banners are delivered by a central ad server. When the advertiser scans their logfiles and detects that a web user has visited the advertiser's site from the content site by clicking on the banner ad, the advertiser sends the content provider some small amount of money (usually around five to ten US cents). This payback system is often how the content provider is able to pay for the Internet access to supply the content in the first place. Usually though, advertisers use ad networks to serve their advertisements, resulting in a revshare system and higher quality ad placement.

Web banners function the same way as traditional advertisements are intended to function: notifying consumers of the product or service and presenting reasons why the consumer should choose the product in question, a fact first documented on HotWired in 1996 by researchers Rex Briggs and Nigel Hollis.[1] Web banners differ in that the results for advertisement campaigns may be monitored real-time and may be targeted to the viewer's interests. Behavior is often tracked through the use of a click tag. Many web surfers regard these advertisements as annoying because they distract from a web page's actual content or waste bandwidth. In some cases, web banners cover screen content that the user wishes to see. Newer web browsers often include software "adblocker" options to disable pop-ups or block images from selected websites. Another way of avoiding banners is to use a proxy server that blocks them, such as Privoxy. Web browsers may also have extensions available that block banners, for example Adblock Plus for Mozilla Firefox, or AdThwart for Google Chrome and ie7pro for Internet Explorer.

History

The pioneer of online advertising was Prodigy, a company owned by IBM and Sears at the time. Prodigy used online advertising first to promote Sears products in the 1980s, and then other advertisers, including AOL, one of Prodigy's direct competitors. Prodigy was unable to capitalize on any of its first mover advantage in online advertising. The first clickable web ad (which later came to be known by the term "banner ad") was sold by Global Network Navigator (GNN) in 1993 to Heller, Ehrman, White, & McAuliffe, a now defunct law firm with a Silicon Valley office.[2][3] GNN was the first commercially supported web publication and one of the very first commercial web sites ever.[4]

HotWired and Time Warner's Pathfinder (website)[5] were the first web sites to sell banner ads in large quantities to a wide range of major corporate advertisers. The initial year's ad sales activities of Time Warner's Pathfinder (website), were closely followed in the trade publication, Advertising Age.[6]

While Hotwired asserts it was the first Web site to sell banner ads to corporate sponsors, Walter Isaacson, then President of Time Inc. New Media, and the subsequent biographer of Steve Jobs, credits Bruce Judson, then General Manager of Time Inc. New Media, with inventing the concept of the clickable Web banner ad,[7], which established the standardized system that enabled the rapid growth of Internet advertising.[8]

Andrew Anker was HotWired's first CEO. Rick Boyce, a former media buyer with San Francisco advertising agency Hal Riney & Partners, spearheaded the sales effort for the company.[9] HotWired coined the term "banner ad" and was the first company to provide click through rate reports to its customers. The first web banner sold by HotWired was paid for by AT&T Corp. and was put online on October 27, 1994.[10] Another source also credits Hotwired and October 1994, but has Coors' "Zima" campaign as the first web banner.[11] In May 1994, Ken McCarthy mentored Boyce in his transition from traditional to online advertising and first introduced the concept of a clickable/trackable ad. He stated that he believed that only a direct response model—in which the return on investment of individual ads was measured—would prove sustainable over the long run for online advertising. In spite of this prediction, banner ads were valued and sold based on the number of impressions they generated.

The first central ad server was created in July 1995 by Focalink Communications,[12] which enabled the management, targeting, and tracking of online ads. A local ad server quickly followed from NetGravity in January 1996.[13] The technology innovation of the ad server, together with the sale of online ads on an impression basis, fueled a dramatic rise in the proliferation of web advertising and provided the economic foundation for the web industry from the period of 1994 to 2000. The new online advertising model that emerged in the early years of the 21st century, introduced by GoTo.com (later Overture, then Yahoo! and mass marketed by Google's AdWords program), relies heavily on tracking ad response rather than impressions.

Significance

The banner ad played a significant role in enabling the rapid development of paid advertising on the Internet. With the standard formats, operation (clickable link to a destination), and pricing system (impressions), the banner ad enabled any Web site to sell advertising, and provided the operating requirements for ad server companies, such as NetGravity, to develop the systems needed to operate and track Web-based advertising. The banner ad was also unique, as compared to advertising appearing in then comparable media, such as newspapers and magazines. Unlike advertising in periodicals, the banner ad encouraged media consumers to actually leave the media service or product and go to a separate media environment (typically a Web site operated by the advertiser). In contrast, readers viewing newspaper or magazine advertising are not encouraged to leave the periodical. Rather, the message of the advertising is itself intended to influence the reader.

Standard sizes

IAB standard ad sizes. This illustration has been reduced in size. See actual sizes.

Ad sizes have been standardized to some extent by the IAB. Prior to the IAB standardization, banner ads appeared in over 250 different sizes.[14] However, some websites and advertising networks (outside the Eurosphere or North America) may not use any or all of the IAB base ad sizes. The IAB ad sizes are:[15]

Sizes in bold are part of the IAB's Universal Ad Package.[16]
Name Width / px Height / px Aspect ratio
Rectangles and Pop-Ups
Medium Rectangle 300 250 1.2
Square Pop-Up 250 250 1
Vertical Rectangle 240 400 0.6
Large Rectangle 336 280 1.2
Rectangle 180 150 1.2
3:1 Rectangle 300 100 3
Pop-Under 720 300 2.4
Banners and Buttons
Full banner 468 60 7.8
Half banner 234 60 3.9
Micro bar 88 31 2.84
Button 1 120 90 1.33
Button 2 120 60 2
Vertical banner 120 240 0.5
Square button 125 125 1
Leaderboard 728 90 8.09
Skyscrapers
Wide skyscraper 160 600 3.75
Skyscraper 120 600 5
Half page ad 300 600 2

Standard web banners included into the IAB’s Universal Package and Ad Units Guidelines [17] are supported by major ad serving companies.[18] This is particularly relevant for IAB members such as Adform, AppNexus, Chitika, Mixpo, SpotXchange, ZEDO, and many others.[19] Additionally, ad serving providers may offer other, non-standard banner sizes and technologies, as well as the support of different online advertising formats (e.g. native ads).

However, standard banner ad sizes are constantly evolving due to consumer creative fatigue and banner blindness. Ad companies consistently test performance of ad units to ensure maximum performance for their clients. Some publishers that are known for their unique, custom executions include BuzzFeed, CraveOnline, Quartz (publication), Thought Catalog, Elite Daily, Vice Media, Inc., Mic (media company), and many others. According to media research firm eMarketer, such types of custom executions through publisher direct buys are on the rise, with Native advertising spending to hit over $4.3 Billion by the end of 2015.[20]

Non-advertising usage

The use of web banners is not restricted to online advertising. Hero images are widespread examples of non-advertising application of web banners. The banners of this type constitute a part of website design and are typically used for aesthetic reasons. Hero images are represented by large photos, graphics, or videos that are placed in the prominent sections of a website.[21][22]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Briggs, Rex; Hollis, Nigel, Advertising on the Web: Is there Response Before Clickthrough? Journal of Advertising Research, March–April 1997, pg 33-45
  2. ↑ "O'Reilly Network Weblogs: SLAC Symposium on the Early Web". oreillynet.com.
  3. ↑ "Heller Ehrman law firm to dissolve Friday". SFGate.
  4. ↑ http://gulib.georgetown.edu/newjour/g/msg00566.html
  5. ↑ "TIME WARNER OPENS ON THE INTERNET AD-SUPPORTED WORLD WIDE WEB SITE LINKS MAGAZINE, BOOK DIVISIONS (Oct. 24, 1994) ("The site will also include ads. Insiders said AT&T has agreed to be a sponsor, and at press time, MCI Communications was also believed to be close to a deal. The sponsorship price is believed to be between $25,000 and $50,000 per year.")". Advertising Age. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  6. ↑ "Pathfinder readies for year two (Oct. 23, 1995) ("Most of the Web's big marketer names have bought into Pathfinder: Chrysler Corp., Ford Motor Co., American Honda Motor Co., AT&T, Sprint, MCI Communications Corp., Fidelity Investments and others have all bitten.")". Advertising Age. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  7. ↑ Huey, John; Nisenholtz, Martin; Sagan, Paul (September 2013). "Riptide: What Really Happened to the News Business: An oral history of the epic collision between journalism and digital technology, 1980 to the present" (PDF). Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy, Discussion Paper Series. John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. pp. 33–34. Walter Isaacson, "But I remember vividly the day in mid-1994 or so when Bruce Judson (who worked on the business side of Pathfinder) came up with the concept of a banner ad"
  8. ↑ "WNYC Interview with Walter Isaacson". p. 16;25 to 18:50 minutes in playback.
  9. ↑ Reid, Robert H. (1997). Architects of the Web: 1,000 Days that Built the Future of Business. John Wiley & Sons. Chapter Seven: 'Hotwired - Publishing on the Web' (pp 300-308) ISBN 0-471-17187-5
  10. ↑ http://adage.com/digitalnext/post?article_id=139964 Happy Birthday, Digital Advertising!
  11. ↑ Chapman, Merrill R., In search of stupidity: over 20 years of high-tech marketing disasters (2nd Edition) , Apress, ISBN 1-59059-721-4
  12. ↑ Hyperlink Advertising Explodes on the World Wide Web, company press release
  13. ↑ "5 Tips To Reduce And Tackle HTML5 Banner Size". digitaland. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  14. ↑ Gehl, Robert (2014). Reverse Engineering Social Media. Philadelphia, PA: Temple. ISBN 978-1439910351.
  15. ↑ "Ad Unit Guidelines". Interactive Advertising Bureau.
  16. ↑ "Universal Ad Package". iab.net. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
  17. ↑ "Ad Unit Guidelines". iab.net. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
  18. ↑ "IAB Rolls Out 'Universal Ad Package'". clickz.com. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
  19. ↑ "IAB General Members".
  20. ↑ "Marketers Expect Healthy Native Ad Spend Growth". eMarketer. eMarketer. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
  21. ↑ "Exploring the Hero Image Trend in Web Design". marketblog.envato.com. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
  22. ↑ "12 Outdated Web Features That Need to Disappear in 2014". mashable.com. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
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