Lichfield Gospels

Evangelist portrait of Saint Luke
Evangelist portrait of Saint Mark

The Lichfield Gospels (recently, more often referred to as the St Chad Gospels — but also known as the Book of Chad, the Gospels of St. Chad, St Teilo Gospels, the Llandeilo Gospels, and variations on these) is an eighth century Insular gospel Book housed in Lichfield Cathedral. There are 236 surviving pages, eight of which are illuminated. Another four contain framed text. The pages themselves measure 30.8 cm by 23.5 cm. The manuscript is also important because it includes, as marginalia, some of the earliest known examples of written Old Welsh, dating to the early part of the 8th century.[1] Peter Lord dates the book at 730, placing it chronologically before the Book of Kells but after the Lindisfarne Gospels.[2]

Marginal entries indicate that the manuscript was in the possession of Welsh church, St. Teilo at some point in the ninth century and eventually came into the possession of Lichfield Cathedral somewhere in the tenth century.[3]

The manuscript was rebound in 1962 by Roger Powell, at which time it was discovered that in the rebinding of 1862 the manuscript had been cut into single leaves and that the pages had been trimmed during the rebinding of 1707. In 2010, Bill Endres, then at the University of Kentucky, led efforts to digitize the manuscript.[4][5]

In 2014, Endres returned to Lichfield Cathedral and used Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) to capture the drypoint glosses in the Lichfield Gospels. One gloss recovers contributions of women during the early medieval period: its listing of three Anglo-Saxon female names suggests that women worked in the scriptorium at Lichfield.[6][7]

Provenance

Scholars view four places as possible sites for the making of the Lichfield Gospels: Ireland, Northumbria, Wales, and Lichfield. Paleographic and stylistic similarities link it to Northumbria and Iona: the painting techniques resemble those of the Lindisfarne Gospels and the Book of Kells. Some scholars view this great gospel book as likely written in Wales due to the Welsh marginalia, perhaps Llandeilo Fawr[8] or other site in South Wales.[9][10] However, in 1980, Wendy Stein made an extensive argument for Lichfield, viewing Wales as unlikely but Ireland and Northumbria as still possible.[11] In 1996, by studying the Lichfield Gospel’s type of paper, pigmentation, and style of text, researcher Pamela James concludes that the most likely place of origin for the manuscript is Lichfield itself.[12] In 2003, the discovery of the Lichfield Angel provided further evidence for a claim of Lichfield. Sharp (2016) has drawn similarities to motifs in the Gospels with goldwork in the Staffordshire Hoard. But without definitive evidence, this debate is likely to continue.

Based upon style, the actual making of the book may be placed between 698 and 800. Patterns of interlaced birds on the cross-carpet page (p. 216) strikingly resemble the ornament on a cross shaft from Aberlady, Lothian, a Northumbrian site of the mid 8th century: the author/artist of the book and the sculptor of the cross-shaft ornament may have had a similar source for their designs. Although it is unknown how the book came to be in Lichfield, it was certainly there by the end of the 10th century. The opening folio contains a faded signature reading Wynsige presul, which probably refers to the Wynsige who was Bishop of Lichfield from circa 963 to 972–5. Folio four contains a reference to Leofric who was bishop from 1020 to 1026.

Wherever this great gospel book originated and however it came to Lichfield, it has been there since the tenth century. In 1646, during the English Civil War, Lichfield Cathedral was sacked and its library looted. The books and manuscripts were given to Frances, Duchess of Somerset, who returned them in 1672 or 1673. This is probably when the second volume of the Gospels was lost. Precentor William Higgins[13] is credited with saving the remaining volume.[14]

They were put on public display in 1982. The bishops of Lichfield still swear allegiance to the crown on the Lichfield Gospels.

Other Insular illuminated manuscripts of possible Welsh origin include the Ricemarch Psalter and the Hereford Gospels.

Text and Script

Script, Mark 2:23, p. 151

The manuscript contains the Gospels of Matthew and Mark, and the early part of the Gospel of Luke. A second volume disappeared about the time of the English Civil War. The Latin text is written in a single column and is based on the Vulgate. The manuscript has almost 2000 variances from the Vulgate, almost a third of which it shares with the Hereford Gospels. There are fewer variations in the text which agree with the MacRegol Gospels and the Book of Armagh, 370 agree with the Book of Kells and 62 with the Lindisfarne Gospels.

The script is predominantly Insular majuscule but has some uncial characteristics and is thus called semi-uncial. There was a single scribe. The script forms strong links between the Lichfield manuscript and Northumbrian, Iona, and Irish manuscripts.

Decoration

Cross carpet page

The manuscript has two evangelist portraits (St. Mark and St. Luke), a carpet page, incipit pages for Matthew (Lib of Liber), Mark (Ini of Initium), and Luke (Q of Quoniam), a Chi Rho monogram page, and a page with the four symbols of the evangelists. Unfortunately, Matthew's incipit page is severely worn, appearing to have functioned as the manuscript's front cover for a number of years. Matthew's gospel includes four framed pages: the Genealogy of Christ (3 pages) and Matthew's last page.

Marginalia

Chi-rho page.

There are eight marginal inscriptions written in Latin and Old Welsh, which are some of the earliest extant written Welsh. The first records in Latin the gift of the manuscript "to God on the altar of St. Teilo" by a man named Gelhi, who had bought the manuscript for the price of his best horse from Cingal. The 'altar of St. Teilo" has in the past been associated with the monastery at Llandaff but, as it has been determined that the third, fourth and sixth marginal inscriptions refer to lands within fifteen miles of Llandeilo Fawr, it is now thought that the book spent time there. The second such inscription contains a unique example of early Welsh prose recording the details of the resolution of a land dispute. These two inscriptions have been dated to the mid ninth century. The marginalia were edited by J. Gwenogvryn Evans with John Rhys in their 1893 edition of the Book of Llandaff.

Gifford Thomas-Edwards and Helen McKee have also identified 9 dry-point glosses – glosses that are scratched into parchment without ink and so are only visible from an angle and hard to decipher. The first and final groups of three are decipherable as Anglo-Saxon personal names and it is likely that the others are as well. In order, they appear in the glosses as follows;

Cross-Carpet and Luke's Incipit

It is possible there are other glosses on this text, and on other Insular gospel books, that are yet to be identified. The names themselves might be significant if they can be dated, as the provenance of the manuscript is uncertain. An eighth-century date would show that the gospel book was in Anglo-Saxon territory before arriving in Wales, whereas a date after the end of the 10th century (at Lichfield) would add little to what is already known—although a dating either ways does little to rule out a making in Ireland or Northumbria for a Welsh or Mercian ecclesiastic center.

Furthermore, determining if the same hand wrote the text, the gospels and dry-point glosses is highly difficult to discern unless the letters show signs of a later development in style. Dry-point glosses are etched into the vellum rather than a smooth flow of a quill over a writing surface. G. Charles-Edwards and H. McKee believe they have identified such features, elements of the letters in the glosses that appear to be a late-ninth century invention, in response to Carolingian minuscule. Therefore, it is likely that these glosses were additions after the Gospels had been moved to Lichfield.[15]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Encyclopaedia Wales; University of Wales Press; main editor: John Davies; page 577
  2. ↑ Medieval Vision: The Visual Culture of Wales. University of Wales Press, Cardiff, 2003, pg. 25.
  3. ↑ James, Pamela (1996). "The Lichfield Gospels: The Question of Provenance". Parergon. 13 (2): 51–61. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  4. ↑ Hawkes, Ross (9 July 2010). "American experts help record Lichfield Cathedral’s St Chad Gospels". Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  5. ↑ Howard, Jennifer (5 December 2010). "21st-Century Imaging Helps Scholars Reveal Rare 8th-Century Manuscript". The Chronicle of Higher Education.
  6. ↑ Blackford, Linda (3 July 2014). "University of Kentucky scholar hopes to uncover new clues about origin of 8th-century Gospels". Lexington Herald-Leader.
  7. ↑ Chapman, Heather (9 July 2014). "Labor of Love: UK professor continues work to digitize 1,300-year-old St. Chad Gospels". KYForward. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014.
  8. ↑ Encyclopaedia Wales; University of Wales Press; main editor: John Davies; page 577
  9. ↑ see Peter Lord, pg. 26; and Dafydd Jenkins and Morfydd E. Owen, "The Welsh Marginalia in the Lichfield Gospels, Part I," Cambridge Medieval Studies, 5 (Summer 1983), 37–66.
  10. ↑ Encyclopaedia Wales; University of Wales Press; main editor: John Davies; page 577
  11. ↑ Stein, Wendy Alpern. The Lichfield Gospels. University of California, Berkeley, 1980.
  12. ↑ James, Pamela (1996). "The Lichfield Gospels:The Question of Provenance". Parergon. 13 (2): 51–61. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  13. ↑ Persons: Higgins, William (1631–1676) in "CCEd, the Clergy of the Church of England database" (Accessed online, 3 February 2014)
  14. ↑ Auden, J.E. (1907):Ecclesiastical History of Shropshire during the Civil War, Commonwealth and Restoration, p.259 in Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, 3rd series, vol. VII, 1907, p.249-310, accessed 17 November 2013 at Internet Archive.
  15. ↑ "Lost Voices from Anglo-Saxon Lichfield", G. Charles-Edwards and H. McKee, Anglo-Saxon England 37 (2008)

Sharp. Robert (2016) The Hoard and its history. Staffordshire's secrets revealed. Brewin Books, ISBN 978-1-85858-547-5.

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