St. Catharines

St. Catharines
City (lower-tier)
City of St. Catharines

From top left: The corner of St. Paul and Queen streets, the Silver Spire United Church on St. Paul, a ship traversing the Welland Canal with the Garden City Skyway in the background, the lighthouse of Port Dalhousie, the Arthur Schmon Tower of Brock University, and the gazebo in Montebello Park

Flag

Coat of arms
Logo
Nickname(s): The Garden City, St. Kitts
Motto: Industry and Liberality

Location of St. Catharines and its census metropolitan area in Ontario
St. Catharines

Location of St. Catharines in Southern Ontario

Coordinates: 43°11′N 79°14′W / 43.183°N 79.233°W / 43.183; -79.233Coordinates: 43°11′N 79°14′W / 43.183°N 79.233°W / 43.183; -79.233
Country  Canada
Province  Ontario
Region Niagara
Settled 1783
Incorporated 1845 (town)
  1876 (city)
Government
 • Mayor Walter Sendzik
 • Governing body St. Catharines City Council
 • MPs Chris Bittle, Vance Badawey, Dean Allison
 • MPPs Jim Bradley, Cindy Forster
Area[1][2][3][4]
 • Land 96.13 km2 (37.12 sq mi)
 • Urban 378.68 km2 (146.21 sq mi)
 • Metro 1,397.51 km2 (539.58 sq mi)
Elevation[5] 97.80 m (320.87 ft)
Population (2016)[1][2][3][4]
 • City (lower-tier) 133,113 (Ranked 38th)
 • Density 1,384.8/km2 (3,587/sq mi)
 • Urban 309,319 (Ranked 12th)
 • Urban density 816.8/km2 (2,116/sq mi)
 • Metro 392,184 (Ranked 12th)
 • Metro density 280.6/km2 (727/sq mi)
Time zone Eastern (EST) (UTC−5)
 • Summer (DST) EDT (UTC−4)
Forward Sortation Area L2M to L2W
Area code(s) 905, 289, 365
Highways  Queen Elizabeth Way
 Highway 406
 Highway 58
Website stcatharines.ca

St. Catharines is the largest city in Canada's Niagara Region and the sixth largest urban area in Ontario, with 96.13 square kilometres (37.1 sq mi) of land and 133,113 residents in 2016. It lies in Southern Ontario, 51 kilometres (32 mi) south of Toronto across Lake Ontario, and is 19 kilometres (12 mi) inland from the international boundary with the United States along the Niagara River. It is the northern entrance of the Welland Canal. Residents of St. Catharines are known as St. Cathariners.

St. Catharines carries the official nickname "The Garden City" due to its 1,000 acres (4 km2) of parks, gardens and trails.

St. Catharines is located between the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA) and the Fort Erie – US border. Manufacturing is the city's dominant industry, as noted by the heraldic motto, "Industry and Liberality". General Motors of Canada, Ltd., the Canadian subsidiary of General Motors, was the city's largest employer, a distinction now held by the District School Board of Niagara. TRW Automotive operates a plant in the city, though in recent years employment there has shifted from heavy industry and manufacturing to services.

St. Catharines lies on one of the main telecommunications backbones between Canada and the United States, and as a result a number of call centres operate in the city.

History

The old water mill at Decew Falls, Niagara Escarpment, in Thorold near St. Catharines

The city was first settled by Loyalists in the 1780s. The Crown granted them land in compensation for their services and for losses in the United States. Early histories credit Serjeant Jacob Dittrick and Private John Hainer, formerly of Butler's Rangers, as among the first to come to the area. They took their Crown Patents where Dick's Creek and 12 Mile Creek merge, now the city centre of St. Catharines. Although never documented, some local St. Catharines historians speculate that Dick's Creek was named after Richard Pierpoint, a Black Loyalist and former American slave. Secondary to water routes, native trails provided transportation networks, resulting in the present-day radial road pattern from the City centre. The surrounding land was surveyed and Townships created between 1787 and 1789.

After the Butler's Rangers disbanded in 1784 and settled the area, Duncan Murray as a former Quartermaster in the 84th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highland Emigrants) was appointed by the Crown to distribute free Government supplies (victuals) for 2 years to the resettled Loyalists.[6] He did this from his mill, built on the 12 Mile Creek in Power Glen. After his death in 1786, his holdings were forfeited to merchant Robert Hamilton of Queenston.

Hamilton tried to operate for profit the already well-established Murray's Distribution Centre and Mill under the management of his cousin. Among other ventures, Hamilton became land wealthy, expropriating lands from subsistence Loyalist settlers who were incapable of settling their debts.[7] Murray's distribution centre, later Hamilton's warehouse, and its location have long been a mystery. Hamilton's major profits were derived from transhipping supplies for the military and civic establishments from his Queenston enterprise, not from charitably supplying the subsistence Loyalist settlers. Hamilton lacked interest in social development[8] and sold his business to Jesse Thompson before the turn of the 18th century.

The small settlement was known as "The Twelve" and as "Murray's District" to military and civic officials, but the local residents in 1796 and earlier referred to it as St. Catharines.[9] This is confirmed in St. Catharines’ first history, written by J.P. Merritt: "to be historically accurate the name St. Catharines preceded all of these…."[10]

The Merritt family arrived after this time, among the later Loyalists to relocate following the American Revolution. They were from the Carolinas, New York state and New Brunswick. In 1796, Thomas Merritt arrived to build on his relationship with his former Commander and Queen's Ranger, John Graves Simcoe, now the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada.[11]

At an unknown early date, an inn was built by Thomas Adams on the east side of what is now Ontario Street. It became a community meeting place, election centre, stagecoach stop, and mail delivery deposit. This was preceded by the church and a log school house completed before 1797,[12] all located on the east bank of the 12 Mile Creek at the extreme west end of what was known at that time as Main Street. This was an extension of the old Iroquois Trail and was renamed St. Paul Street by the settlers and descendant by the mid-19th century. Several mills, salt works, numerous retail outlets, a ship building yard, distillery and various other businesses were developed next.

The first Welland Canal was constructed from 1824 to 1833 behind what is now known as St. Paul Street, using Twelve Mile and Dick's Creek. William Hamilton Merritt worked to promote the ambitious venture, both by raising funds and by enlisting government support. The canal established St. Catharines as the hub of commerce and industry for the Niagara Peninsula.

Incorporated as a village in 1845, St. Catharines had a population of about 3500 in 1846. The primary industry was flour milling. Other industry included ship repairs, four grist mills, a brewery, three distilleries, a tannery, a foundry, a machine and pump factory. There were tradesmen of many types, three bank agencies, and eight taverns. The train had not yet arrived but stage coaches offered service to other towns and villages. There were already six churches or chapels, a post office that received mail daily, a grammar school and a weekly newspaper.[13]

William Hamilton Merritt played a role in making St. Catharines a center of abolitionist activity. In 1855, the British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel was established at the corner of Geneva and North streets, on land granted to the congregation by Merritt in the early 1840s. The area became known to refugee slaves from the United States as a place of "refuge and rest"; it was a destination, one of the final stops in Canada on the Underground Railroad for refugee African-American slaves. By the mid-1850s the town's population was about 6000, 800 of whom were "of African descent". St. Catharines remains an important place in Black Canadian history.

St. Catharines was incorporated as a city in 1876.

The St. Catharines Armoury is a recognized Federal Heritage building, #1991 on the Register of the Government of Canada Heritage Buildings.[14]

Geography and climate

St. Catharines' climate is humid continental (Köppen borderline Dfa/Dfb).[15] It has a unique micro-climate because of the moderating influence of Lake Ontario/Lake Erie and the sheltering effect of the Niagara Escarpment to the south; these allow wineries to flourish.[16] As a result, the city records numerous frost-free days and frequent thaws in the winter, although it sometimes receives heavy lake-effect snow during certain wind conditions, and micro-cooling lakeside on some spring afternoons. The summer season is predominantly warm, sometimes hot, with an average high temperature of 27 °C (81 °F) in July, and humidity is often high. Summer thunderstorms are commonplace but generally less prevalent and less severe than further west in southern Ontario due to the diminishing effect of the surrounding lakes.

The highest temperature ever recorded in St. Catharines was 40.0 °C (104 °F) on 10 July 1936.[17] The coldest temperature ever recorded was −25.7 °C (−14.3 °F) on 18 February 1979.[18]

Climate data for St. Catharines Airport, 1981−2010 normals, extremes 1911−present[lower-alpha 1]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high humidex 20.8 20.2 29.3 34.5 43.5 44.5 46.1 49.4 42.0 39.0 27.1 25.0 49.4
Record high °C (°F) 20.0
(68)		 19.4
(66.9)		 26.7
(80.1)		 32.2
(90)		 35.0
(95)		 36.1
(97)		 40.0
(104)		 38.3
(100.9)		 36.7
(98.1)		 31.1
(88)		 25.0
(77)		 21.9
(71.4)		 40.0
(104)
Average high °C (°F) −0.3
(31.5)		 0.9
(33.6)		 5.5
(41.9)		 12.4
(54.3)		 19.5
(67.1)		 24.4
(75.9)		 27.1
(80.8)		 25.8
(78.4)		 21.6
(70.9)		 15.1
(59.2)		 8.4
(47.1)		 2.5
(36.5)		 13.6
(56.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.8
(25.2)		 −2.9
(26.8)		 1.1
(34)		 7.4
(45.3)		 13.7
(56.7)		 19.0
(66.2)		 21.9
(71.4)		 20.8
(69.4)		 16.6
(61.9)		 10.4
(50.7)		 4.6
(40.3)		 −0.9
(30.4)		 9.0
(48.2)
Average low °C (°F) −7.4
(18.7)		 −6.8
(19.8)		 −3.3
(26.1)		 2.2
(36)		 7.9
(46.2)		 13.4
(56.1)		 16.6
(61.9)		 15.7
(60.3)		 11.6
(52.9)		 5.6
(42.1)		 0.8
(33.4)		 −4.2
(24.4)		 4.4
(39.9)
Record low °C (°F) −23.8
(−10.8)		 −25.7
(−14.3)		 −21.1
(−6)		 −15
(5)		 −4.4
(24.1)		 1.0
(33.8)		 6.1
(43)		 2.6
(36.7)		 0.0
(32)		 −7
(19)		 −13.9
(7)		 −24.4
(−11.9)		 −25.7
(−14.3)
Record low wind chill −42.0 −34.6 −28.3 −19.7 −2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 −8.3 −18.9 −28.0 −42.0
Average precipitation mm (inches) 65.2
(2.567)		 54.9
(2.161)		 61.7
(2.429)		 77.0
(3.031)		 76.8
(3.024)		 85.9
(3.382)		 77.8
(3.063)		 70.3
(2.768)		 90.6
(3.567)		 67.0
(2.638)		 81.6
(3.213)		 71.5
(2.815)		 880.1
(34.65)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 30.8
(1.213)		 28.9
(1.138)		 39.3
(1.547)		 71.2
(2.803)		 76.3
(3.004)		 86.0
(3.386)		 77.8
(3.063)		 70.3
(2.768)		 90.6
(3.567)		 67.0
(2.638)		 72.1
(2.839)		 44.0
(1.732)		 754.2
(29.693)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 38.6
(15.2)		 29.3
(11.54)		 23.2
(9.13)		 5.8
(2.28)		 0.4
(0.16)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 0.1
(0.04)		 9.6
(3.78)		 30.1
(11.85)		 137.1
(53.98)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 16.5 13.4 13.3 13.9 11.5 10.9 9.8 9.7 10.9 11.8 14.1 15.2 150.7
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 5.8 5.8 8.4 12.4 11.5 10.9 9.8 9.7 10.9 11.8 12.1 8.1 117.0
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 12.3 9.1 6.5 2.4 0.05 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.10 3.0 9.4 42.7
Average relative humidity (%) 73.0 67.7 62.9 57.6 55.9 58.1 57.5 59.0 60.5 64.5 69.1 71.9 63.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 64.5 106.8 140.5 166.5 242.3 279.9 277.6 255.3 185.0 155.2 80.5 69.3 2,023.4
Percent possible sunshine 22.2 36.2 38.1 41.5 53.3 60.9 59.6 59.1 49.2 45.2 27.5 24.7 43.1
Source: Environment Canada[18][19][17]
Grapes from a family vineyard near the city's west-end

The complex and extensive glacial history of the Niagara Peninsula has resulted in similarly complex soil stratigraphy in the area occupied by the city today. St. Catharines was once at the base of a glacial lake known as Glacial Lake Iroquois, which deposited thick layers of clay between the Escarpment and Lake Ontario. As a result of these factors, the city's soil is particularly conducive to fruit growing and is capable of producing grapes that are used to make award-winning wines. Three wineries operate in the city's west-end: Henry of Pelham Winery, Hernder Estates and Harvest Estates.

Since the opening of the first Welland Canal in 1829, the city has had four different canal systems, whether modified or newly constructed, carved into its geographical landscape. The fourth and present-day canal forms the majority of the city's eastern boundary. The first three of the city's canals have largely been buried, portions of it beside the present-day Highway 406 and near Lake St and the QEW highway.

Other remnants of the original canals can still be seen in various locations throughout the city; many remains are hidden within forested areas designated as city parks. Some residents in the region are interested in restoring the original routing of the Welland Canal through the city. They intend that the restored waterway and locks would be open to a new tourist attraction within the city.

Major parks

Montebello Park
The Old Courthouse, at the corner of James and King streets

Downtown

Numerous efforts have been made to improve the downtown; the restructuring of manufacturing resulted in a loss of jobs and retail businesses. In the early 21st century, city, university and private developers undertook several initiatives to revive downtown, related to urban design, clustering activities to attract people to the area as a destination from day through evening events.

In 2006, city council approved converting one-way arteries through the city centre to allow for two-way traffic, to make it easier for people to make their way around the city to explore it. In terms of urban planning and use, two-way traffic improves circulation within the area. The city wanted to improve downtown as a destination, rather than a place to pass through. The council also want to have downtown St. Catharines on the Wine Route, a driving tour of Niagara wineries and an Ontario Wine Council initiative to boost the number of visitors to the region's many wineries.[20] The Wine Route was modified to officially redirect winery goers through the downtown starting in 2012.[21] The first phase of two-way traffic was completed in 2009, with St. Paul and King streets being converted. The cost of the conversion was $3.5 million and was shared with Niagara Region.[22] In 2012, most observers concluded that the change had achieved its goals; it garnered national media attention.[23]

In 2009, $54 million in joint federal, provincial and municipal funding was announced for the construction of a performing arts centre in the city's core, officially opened in September, 2015 as the FirstOntario Performing Arts Centre. Complementing the centre, which features concert, dance and film venues, is Brock University's Marilyn I. Walker School of Fine and Performing Arts. The university renovated the former Canada Hair Cloth Building to use for the school. This former industrial building is located behind St. Paul Street and next to the municipal performing arts centre.[24]

In late 2011, city council approved moving forward with the construction of a new spectator facility to replace the crumbling Gatorade Garden City Complex, built in 1938. Council voted to build a U-shaped facility, which will be home to the Niagara IceDogs, an Ontario Hockey League team, and be able to host other events, such as concerts. It would have room for 4,500 to 5,300 spectators. The goal is to keep the cost of the facility at or below $50-million and to build it on a swath of land known locally as the lower level parking lot, located behind St. Paul Street and abutting Highway 406.[25] Council's commitment to build the facility resulted in IceDogs' owner Bill Burke promising to sign a 20-year lease with the city after he threatened to move his team if the city chose not to build a new arena.[26]

The city has made other infrastructure improvements to the downtown. In January 2012, a new edition of the Carlisle Street Parking Garage opened. It was built to Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) standards and was certified for its environmentally friendly features, including a green roof, preferred carpool and hybrid vehicle parking, greywater collection, permeable interlocking brick pavement, and several bike racks for users. A mixed-use development, the structure was planned for retail space at street level on Carlisle Street, in order to promote activity and business on the street. The project cost $27.9 million, with funding split three ways between the federal, provincial and municipal governments.[27]

More retailers have located in downtown, resulting in a lower vacancy rate. The progress of the city has attracted positive press coverage, including a documentary by journalist Paul Hunter that aired on CBC Television's The National newscast on 16 November 2011.

The downtown core, as seen from the Westchester Crescent overpass

Government and politics

Municipal

The Six Municipal Wards of St. Catharines

St. Catharines is governed by a mayor and city council of twelve city councillors, with two councillors representing each of the six municipal wards in the city. A city councillor is also elected by the council as a whole to serve as deputy mayor, who only fills the role should the elected mayor not be available. St. Catharines City Council meets every Monday and is open to participation by the community. Matters put forward are voted on by members of city council; the mayor presides over council debate and serves very much like the speaker, and as a result only votes in the case of a tie. After 2006, municipal elections will be in November every four years rather than the previous three. Unlike most cities its size, city councillors only serve on a part-time basis and continue with their non-political careers in the community. Only the mayor is elected to a full-time position. St. Catharines City Hall is located downtown on Church Street. Tim Rigby was the Mayor of St. Catharines from 1997 to 2006; Brian McMullan was elected to succeed Rigby on 13 November 2006, and was sworn in on 4 December. He was re-elected in October 2010.[28] On 27 October 2014, Walter Sendzik was elected mayor of St. Catharines [29] and assumed office in December 2014.[30]

St. Catharines uses a council-manager government, and as a result a chief administrative officer (CAO) is appointed by council to oversee the day-to-day operations of the city and its departments. The CAO, in effect, is the highest ranking municipal civil servant and has authority over the spending of municipal tax dollars. The CAO advises council on policy matters and acts as liaison between the administrative staff and elected officials. Some of the CAOs duties include assisting in the creation of the municipal budget, and ensuring that municipal funds are spent in a responsible manner. Dan Carnegie is CAO, replacing Colin Briggs who retired in February 2014.

Residents of St. Catharines also elect six regional councillors to the Niagara Regional Council on an at-large basis. Unlike many other regional municipalities in Ontario, regional councillors do not sit on city council and instead only represent at the regional level. Four school board trustees for the District School Board of Niagara representing St. Catharines and Niagara-on-the-Lake are elected, as well as three trustees for the Niagara Catholic District School Board, two for five of St. Catharines' wards, and one for Thorold and the Merriton Ward of St. Catharines. Regional councillors and school board trustees are elected at the same time, and on the same ballot, as the mayor and city councillors.

St. Catharines has one of the lowest resident/representative ratios of any large city in Ontario. There are just under 7,000 people per elected municipal representative in St. Catharines, while Oshawa (a similar-sized city in Ontario) has one representative per 13,500 people. London, Ontario has one representative per 30,500 people, and Toronto has one representative per 55,000 people. There has been recent discussion regarding a modification of the city/regional council arrangement, with the possibility of reducing city council to six full-time representatives and having the six regional councillors serve on city council. While there is growing support in the business community for such an arrangement, city council has been unreceptive to such ideas.

Provincial

Federal and provincial ridings representing St. Catharines prior to 2007

At the provincial level, St. Catharines is well known for electing high-profile members of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Jim Bradley, the current member for St. Catharines and Ontario's longest serving Member of Provincial Parliament, is the current Minister of Community Safety and Correctional Services in the Liberal government of Dalton McGuinty, and served as Minister of Environment in the government of David Peterson. Bradley recently celebrated 30 years in provincial politics, and it was noted that he actually served in the Ontario Legislature with the parents of five current MPPs.[31] Peter Kormos, who represented the southern portions of the city as part of the Welland riding, was a prominent Member of Provincial Parliament in the Ontario New Democratic Party caucus and served previously as Minister of Consumer and Commercial Relations in the Bob Rae government.

From 1999 to 2003, during the premierships of Mike Harris and Ernie Eves, St. Catharines was the only large city in Ontario to not have at least one government member representing the city, as the Progressive Conservative-held ridings of Lincoln and St. Catharines—Brock were eliminated as a cost-saving measure. Robert Welch, a long-time Deputy Premier of Ontario, represented the now-eliminated Lincoln and St. Catharines—Brock ridings throughout the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.

Federal

Federally, St. Catharines is one of the most bellwether of any riding in Canada, having only elected an opposition MP twice in its history. Chris Bittle is the current MP for St. Catharines and is a member of the Liberal Party of Canada, which currently forms Canada's government. The southern portion of the city is included as part of the Niagara Centre riding, and is represented by Vance Badawey, a Liberal Party of Canada MP.[32] Most federal representatives from St. Catharines have maintained a low profile on either the government or opposition backbenches. The exception was Gilbert Parent, who served as Speaker of the House for seven years while Jean Chrétien was Prime Minister.

St. Catharines is the judicial seat of the Niagara North Judicial District of Ontario, Central South Region, which represents the northern half of the Niagara Region equivalent to historic Lincoln County. The Superior Court of Justice is located on Church Street across from City Hall. A satellite court is located in Grimsby. James Coppolino is the current Crown Attorney.

The city forms "1 District" of the Niagara Regional Police Service. The NRPS headquarters are located on Church Street, with administrative offices on James Street and support services on Cushman Road.

Transportation

Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. Catharines Transit Terminal.
Lake freighter John B. Aird traversing the Welland Canal, with the Garden City Skyway in the background
The Garden City Tower is the Ministry of Transportation headquarters, with downtown transit terminal at ground level

The most defining transportation icon of St. Catharines is the Welland Canal, a ship canal that runs 43.4 kilometres (27.0 mi), passing through the city. Four of its locks are within city boundaries. The canal allows shipping vessels to traverse the 99.5 metre (326.5 ft) drop in altitude from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario.

The main access routes into and out of St. Catharines are served by two major freeways. The Queen Elizabeth Way runs east (at 15-Mile Creek) to west (at Garden City Skyway) and Highway 406 runs north (at QEW) to south (at St. David's Road). Prior to the construction of these freeways, St. Paul Street (former Highway 8, now Regional Road 81) and Hartzel Road (former Highway 58, now a city-maintained street) provided east-west and north-south access to the city.

Public transportation is served by the St. Catharines Transit Commission, which operates bus routes throughout the city and neighbouring Thorold. All major routes converge at the St. Catharines Bus Terminal, which is located downtown within the headquarters of the Ontario Ministry of Transportation. The central station is also served by Greyhound Lines and Coach Canada, en route to Toronto and New York City and connecting it to major cities throughout Canada and the United States.

Though transportation by rail is becoming increasingly popular, the St. Catharines train station is largely underutilized, with car and bus travel being the dominant forms of transportation for the city. The station is located in its original building, outside the downtown core (because of issues involving the crossing of 12-Mile Creek). It is served daily by Via Rail and Amtrak trains connecting it to Toronto and New York City. The provincial and federal government recently committed $385 million each to GO Transit to aid in the development of their 10-Year Capital Expansion Plan, which includes an expansion bus line servicing the Niagara Region. Currently, regular GO Bus service exists to St. Catharines with a stop at Fairview Mall, allowing riders to travel either west toward Burlington or east toward Niagara Falls. A rail link with GO Transit operates during the summer months with plans for the city to be permanently linked via rail in the future.

St. Catharines/Niagara District Airport services general aviation as well as chartered jetliner flights. It is located near the city's east-end in neighbouring Niagara-on-the-Lake.

St. Catharines had one of the first interurban electric streetcar routes, which ran between the city and Merritton and was eventually extended to Port Dalhousie in the north and Thorold to the south. Like most streetcar routes throughout the world, it was decommissioned in the 1960s, and the right-of-way has since been converted to parks and trails.

Education

St. Catharines is home to Brock University (established 1964), a modern comprehensive university located on the Niagara Escarpment. A partnership between the university and the Ontario Grape and Wine Industry established the city as a centre for cool-climate grape and wine research. Brock offers an Honours Bachelor of Science in Oenology and Viticulture.

Concordia Lutheran Theological Seminary, a post graduate institution of the Lutheran Church–Canada, operates on the campus of Brock University.

McMaster University's Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine opened a satellite campus in St. Catharines in September 2008. The Hamilton, Ontario-based university educates 28 first-year medical students in local hospitals within the city.

Ridley College, located near the city's downtown core in the Western Hill neighbourhood, is a distinguished co-educational boarding and day school. It was established as a boys' school in 1889, and became co-educational in 1973.

A campus of the Niagara College of Applied Arts and Technology is located near the city's east end. Niagara College is the only fully licensed teaching winery in Canada. The "Niagara College Teaching Winery" (or NCT for short) has created award-winning wines. Niagara College has also taken home various medals from international wine competitions such as "Cuvee", "The Ontario Wine Awards" and "The Finger Lakes International Competition" to name a few. The school's Horticultural Campus was once located on 360 Niagara Street in the 1970s-1990s but has since been relocated to Niagara-on-the-Lake. One of its greatest teachers, R. Roy Forster, was recognized with the Order of Canada on 14 April 1999, for his work in creating the VanDusen Botanical Garden in Vancouver, British Columbia.

The District School Board of Niagara (DSBN), responsible for managing a school system of nearly 119 faculties, contains 6 Secondary Schools in the city of St. Catharines, Laura Secord, Sir Winston Churchill, Governor Simcoe, St. Catharines Collegiate, Eden, Harriet Tubman Public Elementary School and the DSBN Academy.

The Niagara Catholic District School Board (NCDSB) manages 61 elementary and secondary schools within the Niagara Region and operates 3 Catholic Secondary Schools within the city, Holy Cross, Denis Morris Catholic High School, and Saint Francis.

Communities and development

The Communities of St. Catharines

St. Catharines' development history has resulted in a number of unique and distinct communities within the city. The historical area of St. Catharines consisted of nothing more than what is now the downtown core, with the remaining land being part of Louth Township on the west and Grantham Township on the east. St. Catharines continued to steadily grow through the late 19th and early 20th centuries, eventually annexing land to the southwest that would become Western Hill and Old Glenridge, and to the east and north that would collectively become the central part of St. Catharines. In addition to the growth of St. Catharines, the Town of Merritton and the Town of Port Dalhousie existed as separate municipalities to the South and North of the city, each slowly growing their own residential base.

St. Catharines has grown by nearly 100,000 residents since 1956

Along with the rest of Ontario, St. Catharines experienced explosive growth after World War II. St. Catharines continued to annex Grantham Township as development continued, including the large swaths of land to the north known now as "The North End". St. Catharines would also absorb Merritton and Port Dalhousie in 1961, making them part of the city. During this time, St. Catharines nearly tripled in population.

With the formation of the Regional Municipality of Niagara in 1970, the portion of Louth Township east of Fifteen Mile Creek was transferred to the City of St. Catharines. This included the eastern portion of the Hamlet of Rockway, as well as the Hamlet of Power Glen. The few remaining portions of Grantham Township in the Northeast corner of the area, including Port Weller, were also transferred to the city. With the new Louth Township lands belonging to the city, St. Catharines would begin two developments in the west end — Martindale in 1983, and Vansickle in 1987. These developments are nearing completion. There was also a push to continue further expansion to the west in the late 1990s, but this has since been halted by Ontario Greenbelt legislation.

The following distinct communities exist within St. Catharines:

Aerial view of downtown St. Catharines
Lakeport Road, in Old Port Dalhousie

Demographics

St. Catharines
YearPop.±%
18413,500—    
18717,864+124.7%
18819,631+22.5%
18919,170−4.8%
19019,946+8.5%
191112,484+25.5%
192119,881+59.3%
193124,753+24.5%
194130,025+21.3%
195137,984+26.5%
196184,472+122.4%
1971109,722+29.9%
1981124,018+13.0%
1991129,300+4.3%
1996130,926+1.3%
2001129,170−1.3%
2006131,989+2.2%
2011131,400−0.4%
2016133,113+1.3%
Ethnic Origin Population Percent
English 40,430 31.09%
Scottish 28,645 22.03%
Irish 23,830 18.33%
German 18,450 14.19%
French 15,120 11.63%
Italian 7,820 8.61%
Dutch 7,820 6.17%
Polish 6,940 5.47%
Ukrainian 6,875 5.42%

According to the 2011 census, there were 131,400 people residing in city of St. Catharines, located in the province of Ontario. In the five years between 2006 and 2011, the population of St. Catharines decreased by 0.4%, while Ontario as a whole grew by 5.7 percent.[33]

As of the 2006 census, 47.8% of the city's population were male and 52.2% were female. Minors (youth under the age of 19) totalled 22.6 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 18.1 percent. This compares with the Canadian average of 24.4 percent (minors) and 13.7 percent (pensioners). The average age of St. Catharines residents is 41.7 compared to the Canadian average of 39.5. 90.00% of the population was White. Other groups include black: 2.0%, Aboriginal: 1.6%, mixed race: 1.5%, south Asian: 1.3%, and Chinese: 1.1%. Approximately 21 percent of the population was foreign born.[33]

Christianity is the dominant religion of the city. Some 81.0 percent of the population profess a Christian faith, the largest being various Protestant groups (42.9%), followed by Roman Catholicism (34.2%), while the remaining consists of Orthodox, and independent Christian groups. Non-Christian groups are also present, namely Islam (1.5%), Judaism (0.5%), and Buddhism (0.5%), and the city contains a synagogue and Jewish community centre as well a mosque. The remaining 16.5% report other or no religion.

Employment

Top five employers:

Patron:

City issues

Like many large Canadian centres, a number of social issues affect the city.

Obesity

Since 1998, St. Catharines has had one of the highest obesity rates of any centre in Canada. A 2001 analysis by Statistics Canada showed that 57.3 percent of its residents were overweight.[34] This has caused some elements of the media, including CTV,[34] the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation[35][36] and the Globe and Mail[37] to dub St. Catharines as Canada's "fattest" city.

In 2008, new statistics were released that show that the percentage obese or obese/overweight residents of Hamilton (74.3%), Kingston (70.1%), and St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador (70%) is now higher than St. Catharines-Niagara (69.3%), though the obesity rate in St. Catharines was higher in 2008 than in 1998.[38]

Housing

St. Catharines also has a chronic shortage of social housing, causing hardship for low-income families.[39]

The Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation reported that construction began on 1,110 homes in 2011, up slightly from the 1,086 units started in 2010. Starts were lower for all housing types, except apartments. Apartment starts increased to 174 units from 41 units in 2010. All apartments started were rental. Single-detached starts decreased to 655 units in 2011 from the 714 homes started in 2010. The increase in apartment construction was attributed to baby boomers downsizing.[40]

According to Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation's (CMHC) Fall 2011 Rental Market Survey for the St. Catharines-Niagara Census Metropolitan Area (CMA), the average vacancy rate moved lower to 3.2 per cent in October 2011, compared to 4.4 per cent the previous year. It declined for all unit types, except bachelor apartments. This was the first time in the last six years that the average vacancy rate dipped below four per cent. On the basis of a sample of structures common to both the 2010 and 2011 surveys, the average two-bedroom rent increased by 1.5 per cent. The fall in vacancies was attributed to first time homebuyers holding off on purchasing a new home because of the uncertain economy and world financial markets.[41]

Poverty

The median total family income of $64,500 for the St. Catharines–Niagara census metropolitan area is the lowest in Ontario (2009).

Local media

Newspapers

Radio

In addition, numerous tourist and travel advisory stations are available off-air in the Niagara area.

Television

The Niagara region currently has no locally based television service of its own. Stations broadcasting from Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo are available over-the-air in the region, and the region has a local transmitter (CKVP-DT) rebroadcasting the Barrie CTV Two station CKVR-DT.

A local specialty news and information channel called Niagara News TV launched in February 2011, but ceased operations only 3 months later in April.

In 2003, a local business consortium applied to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) for a licence to operate TV Niagara, a community television station in St. Catharines. The application was denied by the CRTC in 2005, citing concerns about the group's business plan and its dependence on gaining audience share in the Toronto market. The organization's appeal to the Cabinet of Canada failed in 2006. The TV Niagara website remains to be updated; the last update occurred in 2006.

Online news

Twin and sister cities

Sports and leisure

Ice hockey

St. Catharines entered into the Ontario Hockey Association Junior 'A' Hockey in 1943 as the St. Catharines Falcons. In 1947, they became the Teepees and were affiliated with the American Hockey League's Buffalo Bisons. When the National Hockey League's (NHL) Chicago Blackhawks made the Bisons their number one farm team, they inherited the Teepees. In the 1960s, the Jr. 'A' team went deeply into debt to the Chicago Black Hawks, but continued as a successful franchise and were named the St. Catharines Black Hawks. The Hamilton Fincups moved to St. Catharines in 1976 and played here for one year before moving back to Hamilton. The AHL St. Catharines Saints played in St. Catharines between 1982 and 1986, before being forced to re-locate to Newmarket due to protests from the NHL Buffalo Sabres. The St. Catharines Saints served as the farm team for the Toronto Maple Leafs, and today are known as the Toronto Marlies.

In 2007, the OHL's Mississauga IceDogs relocated to St. Catharines and became the Niagara IceDogs. The IceDogs played out of the Jack Gatecliff Arena, which was renamed the Gatorade Garden City Complex. In 2014, the IceDogs moved to the newly built Meridian Centre.

Basketball

In 2015, the National Basketball League of Canada announced that Niagara had been awarded a new franchise for the 2015–16 NBL season. Called the Niagara River Lions, the team will play out of St. Catharines' Meridian Centre.[42][43]

Baseball

The city was the home of the New York–Penn League's St. Catharines Blue Jays, the Short-season A affiliate of the Toronto Blue Jays, from 1986 to 1999. In 1996 the team was renamed the St. Catharines Stompers, and was subsequently sold and relocated to Queens, New York City in late 1999, where they became the Queens Kings.

Rugby league

St. Catharines Bobcats were the first team to be announced in a re-launched Canadian rugby league.[44]

Soccer

The Canadian Soccer League's St. Catharines Wolves are one of the most successful professional soccer teams in Canada, and play at Club Roma in the west-end of the city.

Rowing

Martindale Pond in St. Catharines' Port Dalhousie is the site of the annual Royal Canadian Henley Regatta, a world-class event that brings over 3,000 athletes from various nations to the city. The site hosted the FISA World Rowing Championships in both 1970 and in 1999. More recently, the World Master's Rowing Championship was held at the Martindale Pond in the summer of 2010, with $500,000 in improvements to the facility such as: a weed harvester, new docking and a new timing system. There are currently talks to bring the Canadian Rowing Hall of Fame to St. Catharines sometime in the near future. The pond is also home to the St. Catharines rowing club, Brock University rowing club, Ridley College rowing club and to the annual CSSRA Championships, which draws hundreds of high school athletes from Canada, the U.S. and Mexico. The Martindale Pond or Henley, continues to hold its world-renowned status as a major rowing venue in the world. The rowing event in the Pan American Games were held in St. Catharines in 2015. Several Olympic medallists in rowing are from St. Catharines, including Melanie Kok, Buffy Williams, and Dave Boyes.

Sailing

There are marinas at Port Dalhousie and Port Weller and a club that sails from Municipal Beach. The St. Catharines Marina is at Port Weller. The Port Dalhousie Pier Marina and the Port Dalhousie Yacht Club are at Port Dalhousie.

Trails system

Walker's Creek, one of the paths and parks for which St. Catharines is known.

The city's trail system offers over 90 kilometres (55 mi) of accessible pathways that are suitable for walking, jogging, cycling, hiking and cross-country skiing.

Arts and culture

Art councils

The St. Catharines and Area Arts Council was a not-for-profit organization working to facilitate communication, collaboration and programs among artists, arts organizations and the community with the goal of enhancing cultural life.

Art galleries

Rodman Hall runs a diverse program of exhibitions throughout the year, featuring the work of local, national and international artists. It also houses a permanent collection of over 850 works including paintings, photographs, sculptures and outdoor installations. Rodman Hall was a public-run gallery from 1960 to 2003 when financial issues provoked Brock University to purchase the building. Today, it is affiliated with the Brock School of Fine and Performing Arts and continues to serve and welcome the public.

The CRAM Collective was established in March 2006 by Founder and Director Tobey C. Anderson with an inaugural group exhibition in the CRAM Gallery—Canada's smallest art gallery. CRAM artists fund the art gallery, which showcases emerging, mid-career, and established artists with strong ties to St. Catharines and the Niagara Region. CRAM Press, a fine art print production studio, was established in 2009 by co-directors Tobey C. Anderson and Alan Flint.

The Niagara Artists' Centre (NAC) is a not-for-profit, charitably registered collective formed by local community artists and dedicated to serving the working artists and art-enthusiasts of Niagara. Founded in 1969 as a collective of working artists, NAC is one of the oldest artist-run organizations in Canada. It runs a series of diverse exhibitions throughout the year involving abstract paintings, sculptures, new media installations and film screenings. Recently, the Niagara Artists' Centre moved out of its former location on Bond St. to a newly renovated storefront building on St. Paul Street in the city's downtown.

Festivals

The Market is a venue for events like SCENE

The Folk Arts Festival was first presented to the city by representatives from the ethno cultural communities of Niagara over 35 years ago. From that first festival was created the Folk Arts Council of St. Catharines, which continues to run its festival each year throughout the month of May and concludes with "Folk Arts in the Park", which takes place in Montebello Park in the city's downtown.

The Art of Peace Festival is now in its fifth year, the Festival seeks to increase community engagement in art as a tool for reflecting on peace issues. Montebello Park fills with performing arts events, Speak Your Peace! open mic program, community art workshops, an elementary school art exhibition, vendors, and Peace Through Art Stations at which peace groups make information available and offer arts activities. Presented by St. Catharines and Area Arts Council and Project Ploughshares Niagara.

The Niagara Grape & Wine Festival is a non-profit organization that presents three popular wine festivals in St. Catharines and Niagara during the year. The Niagara Icewine Festival (Winter), the Niagara New Vintage Festival (Summer), and the Niagara Wine Festival (Fall), which is the largest of the festivals, attract hundreds of thousands of visitors to the region each year. This event known by most locals simply as "Grape and Wine" attracts young and old varying from partiers to wine connoisseurs.

The SCENE Music Festival is one-day event held in various clubs and pubs downtown. Rock, indie, pop, singer-songwriter, ska, punk, metal, and many other genres are represented by bands such as Alexisonfire, Bedouin Soundclash, Moneen, Del Tha Funky Homosapien, Shad, Raising the Fawn, Supergarage, IllScarlett, Silverstein, Dead and Divine, Teenage Head, Cancer Bats, The New Cities, Lights, Madball, Billy Talent and Down with Webster who have played at the festival. Traditionally, a compact disc of select performers is included with admission prices — although in recent years the CD has been expanded to a 2-disc compilation — representative of the growth of the festival. SCENE 2008 and SCENE 2009 included a card with a PIN enabling 50 MP3 downloads, instead of CD's.

The International Chicken Chucking Championships takes place every January in the St. Catharines neighbourhood of Port Dalhousie and attracts hundreds of participants and observers.[45] Chicken Chucking consists of pitching or sliding frozen chickens along the ice-covered Martindale Pond, similar to curling and shuffleboard. The bird-brained fundraiser began in 2000 by patrons of the Kilt and Clover after realizing that there was not much to do in Port Dalhousie in the middle of winter. The Kilt and Clover hosts the event, and the money raised is given to local charities, including the food bank.

Museums

The St. Catharines Museum is located at Lock 3 on the Welland Canal, off the Welland Canals Parkway. An elevated viewing platform at the museum allows visitors to get a close-up look at ships from around the world as they climb this major section of the St. Lawrence Seaway. Along with its exhibits dedicated to the city's history and the canals, the museum is home to the Ontario Lacrosse Hall of Fame and Museum.

Morningstar Mill, perched atop the Niagara Escarpment, is one of Ontario's oldest mills on an original site, and is fully powered by water. The picturesque park provides a glimpse into the innovative and pioneering spirit of the 19th Century.

The YMCA Discovery Centre (formerly The Children's Discovery Centre of Niagara), located in the former Niagara College Horticulture School, provides children and their families with an educational yet entertaining and stimulating place to visit using hands-on, interactive exhibits and outdoor activities.

Theatres

Performance Theatre

St. Catharines is also home to a variety of theatre companies. These companies include Garden City Productions (formerly the Operatic Society of Grantham United Church 1956–1962), Carousel Players (located in the Old Courthouse), Mirror Theatre, Essential Collectives Theatre, and the Empty Box Theatre Company.

The FirstOntario Performing Arts Centre [46] opened in the Fall of 2015.[47] Located on St. Paul Street, in the down town core, it features four performance spaces in one venue.

Cinema

In the South end of the city, at the Pen Center Shopping Mall, Landmark Cinemas features ten screens. Landmark Cinemas presents the latest movie hits as well as the Metropolitan Opera Series.[48]

Fairview Mall opened a Cineplex Odeon theatre in 1994 with five screens. Four more screens were added in 1997. In late-2006, despite the theatre's success, the mall's landlord decided to terminate the theatre's lease in order to provide space for a new Winners discount store in the mall, despite the objections of Cineplex. The theatre played it's last shows on January 25, 2007.[49]

Downtown, at the FirstOntario Performing Arts Center, The Film House runs 8-10 screenings a week. The Film House aims to present diverse narratives, with themed or genre-specific nights.[50]

Shopping

The Pen Centre

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "St. Catharines, Ontario census profile". 2016 Census of Population. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
  2. 1 2 "St. Catharines, Ontario (Code 3526053) census profile". 2011 Census of Population. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  3. 1 2 "St. Catharines – Niagara (Population Centre), Ontario (Code 0788) census profile". 2011 Census of Population. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  4. 1 2 "St. Catharines – Niagara (Census metropolitan area), Ontario (Code 539) census profile". 2011 Census of Population. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  5. ↑ "St Catharines Power Glen". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
  6. ↑ National Archives of Canada RG 19 Vol 4447 Parcel 3
  7. ↑ Wilson, Bruce (1983). The Enterprises of Robert Hamilton
  8. ↑ Wilson, Bruce (2000)http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2447&&PHPSESSID=elh9h7koc2m9fno702vclrpbb2
  9. ↑ https://archive.org/stream/stgeorgesparish00unknuoft#page/24/mode/2up "Assignment to the Church at St. Catherines" 17 February 1796; St. Georges Church Archives, St. Catharines, ON.
  10. ↑ Merritt, J.P. (1875). Biography of the Hon. W. H. Merritt, M. P.: Of Lincoln, District of Niagara, Including an Account of the Origin, Progress and Completion of Some of the Most Important Public Works in Canada. E. S. Leavenworth, book and job printing establishment. p. 49. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  11. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=AJG-y3oYU1IC&pg=PA6&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false J.P. Merritt (1875). Biography of Hon. W.H. Merritt M.P; p. 6
  12. ↑ Ontario Historical Society, Papers & Records Vol. XXXVI (1975), "The Petition of John Hainer and Jacob Dittrick, page 201" and Upper Land Petitions " H " Bundle 3, 1797 (National Archives of Canada RG1 L3 Vol. 224)
  13. ↑ Smith, Wm. H. (1846). SMITH'S CANADIAN GAZETTEER - STATISTICAL AND GENERAL INFORMATION RESPECTING ALL PARTS OF THE UPPER PROVINCE, OR CANADA WEST: (PDF). Toronto: H. & W. ROWSELL. p. 177-178.
  14. ↑ Register of the Government of Canada Heritage Buildings.
  15. ↑ Peel, M. C. and Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11: 1633–1644. ISSN 1027-5606. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007.
  16. ↑ "About Our City". City of St Catharines. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  17. 1 2 "St Catharines". Canadian Climate Normals 1961–1990. Environment Canada. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  18. 1 2 "St Catharines Airport, Ontario". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  19. ↑ "St Catharines Airport, Ontario". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  20. ↑ nurun.com. "City makes pitch to have wine route redirected ... | St. Catharines Standard". stcatharinesstandard.ca. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  21. ↑ nurun.com. "Wine route is moving downtown | St. Catharines Standard". stcatharinesstandard.ca. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  22. ↑ nurun.com. "Two-way traffic returns to downtown | Welland Tribune". wellandtribune.ca. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  23. ↑ "Taking a u-turn on the one-way street | National Post". news.nationalpost.com. 8 January 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  24. ↑ nurun.com. "Funding announced for downtown performing arts ... | St. Catharines Standard". stcatharinesstandard.ca. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  25. ↑ http://niagara.localsportsreport.com/News/st-catharines-approves-new-spectator-facility
  26. ↑ nurun.com. "No arena, no IceDogs | St. Catharines Standard". stcatharinesstandard.ca. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  27. ↑
  28. ↑ Marleen Bergsma, "Brian McMullan takes St. Catharines mayor's seat with decisive victory", St Catharines Standard, 25 October 2010, http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/2010/10/25/brian-mcmullan-takes-st-catharines-mayors-seat-with-decisive-victory
  29. ↑ Sawchuck, Bill (28 October 2014). "Sendzik seals the deal". St. Catharines Standard.
  30. ↑ Walter, Karena (1 December 2014). "Sendzik vows to bring "hometown pride" back to city". St. Catharines Standard.
  31. ↑ St. Catharines Standard - Ontario, CA
  32. ↑ LaFleche, Grant. "Dykstra, Allen lose their seats". St. Catharines Standard. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  33. 1 2 "St. Catharines (City) community profile". 2006 Census data. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
  34. 1 2 St. Catharines tops list of Canada's 'fattest' cities. W-Five, July 21, 2001
  35. ↑ CBC.ca, National Population Health Survey 1998, Statistics Canada
  36. ↑ CBC.ca, Obese Nation: Statistics, November 8, 2006
  37. ↑ Fattest & Fittest, St. Catharines leads the fat parade. The Globe and Mail, July 21, 2001
  38. ↑ "Regional differences in obesity" (PDF). Statistics Canada.
  39. ↑ (PDF) https://web.archive.org/web/20061230071321/http://regional.niagara.on.ca/living/saeo/reports/2005/COM14-2005.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2006. Retrieved 29 January 2007. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  40. ↑ "2011 Housing Starts Slightly Higher in St. Catharines-Niagara". marketwire.com. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  41. ↑ "Vacancy Rate Moves Lower in St. Catharines-Niagara". marketwire.com. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  42. ↑ Puchalski, Bernie (April 8, 2015). "National Basketball League of Canada". St. Catharines Standard.
  43. ↑ Singh, Satbir (January 5, 2016). "Niagara River Lions Built to Last". Brock Press.
  44. ↑ "Bobcats set to become first domestic club". Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  45. ↑ Walter, Karena (17 January 2009) "Time for a poultry-pitching party", The St. Catharines Standard. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
  46. ↑ http://newpac.ca/
  47. ↑ "2015-the-year-of-the-pac/". newpac.ca. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  48. ↑ "Movie Showtimes & Listings in St. Catharines, Ontario | Landmark Cinemas". landmarkcinemas.com. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
  49. ↑ cinematreasures.org. "Cineplex Odeon Fairview Mall Cinemas". Cinema Treasures. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
  50. ↑ nurun.com. "Movies set to premiere in downtown St. Catharines". St. Catharines Standard. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
  1. ↑ Extreme high and low temperatures were recorded at St. Catharines (January 1911 to May 1971) and at St. Catharines Airport (June 1971 to present).
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