Spoileron

In aeronautics spoilerons, also known as spoiler ailerons, are flight control surfaces, specifically spoilers that can be used asymmetrically to provide adequate roll control if aileron action would produce excessive wing twist on a very flexible wing or if wide-span flaps prevent adequate aileron roll control.[1]

Operation

Spoilerons help to roll an aircraft by reducing the lift of one wing, but, unlike ailerons, not by increasing the lift of the other wing. As a side effect, a raised spoileron also increases the drag on one wing which causes the aircraft to yaw, which can be compensated with the rudder. Spoilerons can be used to assist the ailerons or replace them entirely, as in the B-52G which required an extra spoiler segment.[2]

Usage

An early use of spoilers for augmenting small ailerons, known as guide ailerons, was in the Northrop P-61 Black Widow night fighter. The spoilers allowed wider-span flaps for a lower landing speed.[3]

The B-52 Stratofortress also had spoilers augmenting small ailerons, known as feeler ailerons. These ailerons provided control forces to the pilot. The B-52G has no ailerons. The spoilers, situated inboard and forward of the trailing edge, are used for lateral control at high speeds to prevent excessive wing twist.[4]

The Mitsubishi Mu-2 has double-slotted flaps that take-up the full length of the wing, leaving no room for ailerons. Like the B-52 it has spoilerons near the center of the wing.

The Mitsubishi Diamond Jet, Beechjet, and Hawker 400 family of business aircraft incorporate full length spoilerons that also double as speed spoilers during flight and landing.

Another aircraft with full-length double-slotted flaps was the Wren 460. To go with large aileron deflections at low speeds[5] it had a set of 5 feathering drag plates ahead of each aileron to overcome adverse aileron yaw and decrease lift on the low wing.[6]

Boeing's line of jet airliners and Tupolev Tu-154 have fast-acting spoilers. They double as spoilerons that assist the ailerons when the pilot commands a high roll rate. These can be readily seen in operation when the pilot is fighting gusting crosswinds when landing.

Research

Several technology research and development efforts exist to integrate the functions of aircraft flight control systems such as ailerons, elevators, elevons, flaps, flaperons, and spoilerons into wings to perform the aerodynamic purpose with the goals of reducing mass, cost, drag, inertia (for faster, stronger control response), complexity (mechanically simpler, fewer moving parts or surfaces, less maintenance), and radar cross section for stealth. Expected applications include many unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and 6th generation fighter aircraft. Two promising approaches are: flexible wings; and fluidics.

Flexible wings

In flexible wings, much or all of a wing surface can change shape in flight to deflect air flow. The X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing is a NASA effort. The Adaptive Compliant Wing is a military and commercial effort.[7][8][9]

Fluidics

In fluidics, forces in vehicles occur via circulation control, in which larger more complex mechanical parts are replaced by smaller simpler fluidic systems (slots which emit air flows) where larger forces in fluids are diverted by smaller jets or flows of fluid intermittently, to change the direction of vehicles.[10][11][12] In this use, fluidics promises lower mass, costs (up to 50% less), and very low inertia and response times, and simplicity.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Airplane Stability and Control" Abzug and Larrabee, Cambridge University Press 2002, ISBN 978-0-521-02128-9, p.69
  2. ↑ "Airplane Stability and Control" Abzug and Larrabee, Cambridge University Press 2002, ISBN 978-0-521-02128-9, p.108
  3. ↑ "Corky Meyer's Flight Journal", Corwin H. Meyer, Specialty Press 2006, ISBN 1-58007-093-0, p.127
  4. ↑ "Airplane Stability and Control", Abzug and Larrabee, Cambridge University Press 2002, ISBN 978-0-521-80992-4, p.107
  5. ↑ https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1963/1963%20-%200780.html
  6. ↑ http://www.planeandpilotmag.com/article/wren-460/
  7. ↑ Scott, William B. (27 November 2006), "Morphing Wings", Aviation Week & Space Technology
  8. ↑ "FlexSys Inc.: Aerospace". Retrieved 2011-04-26.
  9. ↑ Kota, Sridhar; Osborn, Russell; Ervin, Gregory; Maric, Dragan; Flick, Peter; Paul, Donald. "Mission Adaptive Compliant Wing – Design, Fabrication and Flight Test" (PDF). Ann Arbor, MI; Dayton, OH, U.S.A.: FlexSys Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory. Retrieved 2011-04-26.
  10. ↑ P John (2010). "The flapless air vehicle integrated industrial research (FLAVIIR) programme in aeronautical engineering". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering. London: Mechanical Engineering Publications. 224 (4): 355–363. ISSN 0954-4100. doi:10.1243/09544100JAERO580.
  11. ↑ "Showcase UAV Demonstrates Flapless Flight". BAE Systems. 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-22.
  12. ↑ "Demon UAV jets into history by flying without flaps". Metro.co.uk. London: Associated Newspapers Limited. 28 September 2010.
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