Spindle (textiles)

Modern top-whorl drop spindles. The hook at the top allows these to be suspended and the cop is built up below the disk-shaped whorl in a conical shape.
A modern Turkish spindle is an example of a low-whorl suspended spindle where the whorl is made up of interlocking arms. Here the cop is wound around the arms to form a ball.
Spinning with a suspended spindle (below) and distaff (above)

A spindle is a straight spike usually made from wood used for spinning, twisting fibers such as wool, flax, hemp, cotton into yarn. It is often weighted at either the bottom, middle, or top, commonly by a disc or spherical object called a whorl, but many spindles exist that are not weighted by a whorl, but by thickening their shape towards the bottom, such as Orenburg and French spindles. The spindle may also have a hook, groove, or notch at the top to guide the yarn. Spindles come in many different sizes and weights depending on the thickness of the yarn one desires to spin.

History

The origin of the first wooden spindle is lost to history because the materials did not survive. Whorl-weighted spindles date back at least to Neolithic times; spindle whorls have been found in archaeological digs around the world.

A spindle is also part of traditional spinning wheels where it is horizontal, such as the Indian charkha and the great or walking wheel. In industrial yarn production, spindles are used as well; see spinning jenny, spinning mule and ring spinning.

Hand spindles

Modern hand spindles fall into three basic categories: suspended spindles, supported spindles and grasped spindles.[1][2][3] Supported and suspended spindles are normally held vertically, grasped spindles may be held vertically, horizontally or at an angle depending on the tradition.   

Suspended spindles are so named because they are suspended to swing from the yarn after rotation has been started. Drop Spindles are a popular type of suspended spindle and get their name because the spindle is allowed to drop down while the thread is formed, allowing for a greater length of yarn to be spun before winding on. Suspended spindles also permit the spinner to move around while spinning, going about their day.[4] However, there are practical limits to their size/weight.

Most supported spindles continue to rest with the tip on one's thigh, on the ground, on a table, or in a small bowl while rotating. Supported spindles come in a great variety of sizes, such as the very large, ~30" Navajo spindle, the small, extremely fast, metal takli for spinning cotton, and the tiniest Orenburg spindles (~20 cm, 15gm) for spinning gossamer lace yarns.

Grasped spindles are also known as hand spindles, in the hand spindles, in hand spindles and twiddled spindles; there appears no consensus on nomenclature for this category of spindles though there have been various attempts at creating an agreed nomenclature[5] including diving this category of spindles into two, such as Crowfoot's attempts to define the difference between grasped and in hand spindles[5] or merging this category into others, such as Franquemont's approach of classing them as supported spindles.[6]

Grasped spindles remain held in the hand using finger or wrist movements to turn the spindle. French spindles are "twiddled" between the fingers of one hand while some types of Romanian spindles are grasped in the fist and turned through rotation of the wrist.

While spindle types are divided into these three main categories, some traditional spinning styles employ multiple or blended techniques.[4]  For example the Akha spindle, a short spindle with a large centre-whorl disc, is supported by the hand of the spinner during drafting of cotton fibre, but during the adding of extra twist to stabilize the yarn, the spindle is dropped to rest on the yarn.

A familiar sight from history books is a spindle used in conjunction with a distaff, an upright stick with a large quantity of loose fibre wound around it, to be easily accessed. There are many other methods for controlling the pre-spun fibre, such as coiling it around one's lower arm, or through a bracelet, or wrapping it loosely around a yarn braid hanging from one's wrist.

Another way spindles are categorised is by the location of the whorl. The whorl, where present, may be located near the top, bottom or centre of the spindle. For example a top-whorl drop spindle will have the whorl located near the top of the shaft underneath a hook that allows the spindle to suspend as it is being spun.[6] The newly spun yarn is wound below the whorl and forms a ‘cop’. Depending on the location of the whorl and style of the spindle, the cop can be conical, football or ball shaped and it can be wound above, below or over the whorl.

A grasped spindle being used with a distaff.
A grasped spindle being used with a distaff.

Spindles can also be used for plying: intertwining two or more single strands of yarn together in order to create a stronger, more balanced, more durable yarn.

Anatomy

While hand spindles vary, there are some similarities in the parts that make up a spindle.

Shaft

Spindle shafts can be made out of a variety of materials such as wood, metal, bone or plastic. They may have very little shaping or be dramatically shaped enough to form part of the whorl. Shafts may be left plain or decorated with painting or carving.

The shaft is how the spinner inserts twist through turning it between the fingers or rolling it between the hand and another part of their anatomy, such as their thigh. The thickness of the shaft has an impact on how fast the spindles spins with narrower shafts contributing to a faster spinning spindle.[7]

Many spindles will have a point at the top of the shaft to fix the thread to. Options include a simple length of shaft to tie the thread around, a shaped notch or bulb, or a hook.[6]

Whorl

A whorl is a weight that is added to many types of spindles and can be made out of a large variety of materials including wood, metal, glass, plastic, stone, clay or bone. Whorls may be decorated or left plain, and they may be affixed permanently to the shaft or they may be removable.

Whorl shapes vary greatly and can include ball-shaped, disk-shaped and cross shaped whorls. The shape and mass distribution of the whorl has an impact the momentum it gives to the spindle while it is spinning. For example a centre weighted whorl will spin very fast and short, while a rim-weighted disk-shaped whorl will spin longer and slower.[7]

Whorls can be located near the top, middle or bottom of the spindle shaft. Whorl location can have an impact on the stability of the spindle, with bottom whorl spindles being considered more stable.[7]

Cop

The cop is not initially an intrinsic part of the spindle, however as it is formed it plays a part in the spindle anatomy. Once a length of yarn or thread is spun it is wound around the spindle shaft or whorl to form a cop or a ball. As more yarn or thread is spun this makes the spindle heavier and more centre weighted, which has an effect on the momentum of the spindle.[8] The overall shape of the cop and the skill in winding it also has an impact on how the spindle spins and how much thread or yarn can be stored on a spindle before it is ‘full’.[9]

Cops can be wound in a ball, cone or football shape.

Cultural references

The spindle is closely associated with many goddesses, including the Germanic Holda, Norse Frigg and Freya, Egyptian Isis, Greek Artemis and Athena. It is often connected with fate, as the Greek Fates and the Norse Norns work with yarns that represent lives. Because the spinning wheel was not in common use before the 16th century in Europe, the older stories are certainly referring to hand spinning done on a spindle. Chief among these is the French fairy tale The Sleeping Beauty, where the princess is erroneously shown to prick her hand on some part of a spinning wheel in modern illustrations, rather than a spindle.

Types of spindle

Supported Spindles

Supported spindles spin on surfaces such as bowls that are usually ceramic or wooden. This type of spindle gives the user more control of the weight of the yarn. The various types of supported spindles range due to the difference in styles of spinning and yarn weight.[10] Navajo spindles have longer shafts that should reach from the ground to the top of thigh. The spun yarn is wound above the whorl.[11] In Icelandic Viking times, the people used a high whorl lap spindle to spin wool into yarn. The high whorl lap spindle has a whorl on top with a hook on the top and a long shaft like other supported spindles. Unlike the Navajo spindle, however the spun yarn is wrapped around the lower end of the spindle. First the roving is prepped by drafting it before the wool is spun into yarn. The separation between the drafting and spinning creates a softer yarn. Since it is a supported spindle, the yarn is less strained, which also makes the yarn soft.[12]

Bottom Whorl Drop Spindles

A typical bottom whorl spindle has the spun single ply yarn above the whorl instead of below it like top whorl drop spindles. Bottom whorl spindles are the preferred spindle for plying yarn. Turkish drop spindles have a low whorl spindle that have two arms that intersect to make a cross. Like other drop spindles it is spun and then it hangs while the wool is being drafted and the twist travels up the wool. When winding the spun yarn on to the arms it usually is put over and under the arms on the spindle. Even though it turns much more slowly than winding onto a regular spindle it creates a center pull ball of yarn.[12]

Top Whorl Drop Spindles

Top whorl spindles commonly have a disc on the top of the shaft with a hook at the top. Often lighter with quick revolution, they are easy to wrap yarn on so spinning is faster.[13] Rebecca Herman says, "top whorl spindles usually spin faster and quite often are lighter than their bottom whorl counterparts." Unlike other types of spindles these are used to make finer weight yarns like lace.[14]

  1. ↑ Kissell, Mary (1919). Yarn and Cloth Making. Macmillan & Co. ISBN 978-1-332-33985-3.
  2. ↑ Kennedy, Norman. (2012). Spin Flax & Cotton: Traditional Techniques with Norman Kennedy. Interweave Press. 1hr 11 min
  3. ↑ Lucas, A.; Harris, J. (2012-04-30). Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries. Courier Corporation. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-486-14494-8.
  4. 1 2 Franquemont, Abby (2009). Respect the Spindle. USA: Interweave Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-59668-155-2.
  5. 1 2 Crowfoot, Grace (1931). Methods of Hand Spinning in Egypt and the Sudan. Halifax. pp. 7–8.
  6. 1 2 3 Franquemont, Abby (2009). Respect the Spindle. USA: Interweave Press. pp. 14, 17. ISBN 978-1-59668-155-2.
  7. 1 2 3 Franquemont, Abby (2009). Respect the Spindle. USA: Interweave Press. pp. 26–32. ISBN 978-1-59668-155-2.
  8. ↑ Franquemont, Abby (2009). Respect the Spindle. USA: Interweave Press. p. 86.87. ISBN 978-1-59668-155-2.
  9. ↑ "Variables and Assumptions in Modern Interpretation of Ancient Spinning Technique and Technology Through Archaeological Experimentation | EXARC - Journal". journal.exarc.net. Retrieved 2017-04-16.
  10. ↑ http://woodlandwoodworking.bigcartel.com/types-of-spindles
  11. ↑ http://www.woolery.com/Store/pc/Navajo-Spindles-c279.htm
  12. 1 2 A Handspindle Treasury
  13. ↑ http://joyofhandspinning.com/types-of-drop-spindles-for-spinning-wool-yarn/
  14. ↑ http://www.knitty.com/ISSUEspring06/FEATKSgotspin.html

See also

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