Special administrative regions of China

Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China
中華人民共和國特別行政區
Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó tèbié xíngzhèngqū
Regiões administrativas especiais da República Popular da China
Flag

Regional flags of Hong Kong and Macau SARs

Largest SAR/city Hong Kong
Languages Standard Chinese (in Traditional characters), English (in HK), Cantonese (de facto in HK and Macau), Portuguese (in Macau)
Demonym Chinese
Special Administrative Regions
Government One country, two systems
Xi Jinping
Li Keqiang
Carrie Lam
Fernando Chui Sai On
Area
• Total
 1,135.7 km2 (438.5 sq mi)
Population
• 2014[lower-alpha 1] estimate
 7,858,800[1][2]
• Density
 6,920/km2 (17,922.7/sq mi)
Currency Hong Kong dollar
Macanese pataca
Date format
  • yyyy年m月d日
  • or yyyy-mm-dd
  • or dd/mm/yyyy
  • (CE; CE-1949)
  1. ↑ Second quarter
special administrative region(s)
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese 特別行政區
Simplified Chinese 特别行政区
Cantonese Yale Dahkbiht Hàngjingkēui
Portuguese name
Portuguese regiões administrativas especiais

The special administrative regions (SAR) are one type of provincial-level administrative divisions of China directly under Central People's Government, which enjoys the highest degree of autonomy, and no or less interference by either Central Government or the Chinese Communist Party.

The legal basis for the establishment of SARs, unlike the administrative divisions of Mainland China, is provided for by Article 31, rather than Article 30, of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China of 1982. Article 31 reads: "The state may establish special administrative regions when necessary.[3][4][5] The systems to be instituted in special administrative regions shall be prescribed by law enacted by the National People's Congress in the light of the specific conditions".[6]

At present, there are two SARs established according to the Constitution, namely the Hong Kong SAR and the Macau SAR, former British and Portuguese dependencies respectively,[7] transferred to China in 1997 and 1999 pursuant to the Sino-British Joint Declaration of 1984 and the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration of 1987 respectively. Pursuant to their Joint Declarations, which are binding inter-state treaties registered with the United Nations, and their Basic laws, the Chinese SARs "shall enjoy a high degree of autonomy."[8] There is additionally the Wolong Special Administrative Region in Sichuan province, which is however not established according to Article 31 of the Constitution. Generally, the two SARs are not considered to constitute a part of Mainland China, by both Chinese and SAR authorities.

The provision to establish special administrative regions appeared in the constitution in 1982, in anticipation of the talks with the United Kingdom over the question of the sovereignty over Hong Kong. It was envisioned as the model for the eventual reunification with Taiwan and other islands, where the Republic of China has resided since 1949. Special administrative regions should not be confused with special economic zones, which are areas in which special economic laws apply to promote trade and investments.

Under the One country, two systems principle, the two SARs continue to possess their own governments, multi-party legislatures, legal systems, police forces, monetary systems, separate customs territory, immigration policies, national sports teams, official languages, postal systems, academic and educational systems, and substantial competence in external relations that are different or independent from the People's Republic of China.

Special administrative regions should be distinguished from the constituent countries system in the United Kingdom or Kingdom of the Netherlands.

List of special administrative regions of China

There are currently two special administrative regions established according to Article 31 of the Chinese Constitution. For the Wolong Special Administrative Region in Sichuan province, please see the section below.

Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China[lower-alpha 1]
Name Chinese (T) / (S) Yale Pinyin Postal map Abbreviation and GB Population Area km2 ISO ISO:CN Admin. Division
 Hong Kong 香港 Hēunggóng Xiānggǎng Hongkong 港 (Gǎng), HK, HKSAR 7,184,000 1,104.4 HK CN-91 List (18 districts)
 Macau 澳門 / 澳门 Oumùhn Àomén Macao 澳 (Ào), MO, MC, MSAR, RAEM 614,500 31.3 MO CN-92 List (7 freguesias)

Characteristics

The two special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau (created in 1997 and 1999 respectively) each have a codified constitution called Basic Law.[7] The law provides the regions with a high degree of autonomy, a separate political system, and a capitalist economy under the principle of "one country, two systems" proposed by Deng Xiaoping.[7]

High degree of autonomy

Currently, the two SARs of Hong Kong and Macau are responsible for all affairs except those regarding diplomatic relations and national defense.[9] Consequently, the National People's Congress authorizes the SAR to exercise a high degree of autonomy and enjoy executive, legislative and independent judicial power,[10] and each with their own Courts of Final Appeal.[11]

External affairs

Special administrative regions are empowered to contract a wide range of agreements with other countries and territories such as mutual abolition of visa requirement, mutual legal aid, air services, extradition, handling of double taxation and others, with no Chinese Government involvement. However, in some diplomatic talks involving a SAR, the SAR concerned may choose to send officials to be part of the Chinese delegation. For example, Margaret Chan, the current World Health Organization (WHO) Director-General and former Director of Health in Hong Kong, served as one of delegates from the People's Republic of China to the WHO.

In sporting events the SARs participate under the respective names of "Hong Kong, China" and "Macau, China", and compete as different entities[12] as they had done since they were under foreign rules, but both SARs are usually allowed to omit the term ", China" for informal use.

The Government of Hong Kong has established Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices (HKETOs) in few countries as well as Greater China Region. HKETOs serve as a quasi-interests section in favor of Hong Kong. For regions with no HKETOs, Chinese diplomatic missions take charge of protecting Hong Kong-related interests.

Some countries which have a diplomatic relationship with the central Chinese government maintain Consulate-General offices in Hong Kong.

Defense and military

The People's Liberation Army is garrisoned in both SARs. PRC authorities have said the PLA will not be allowed to interfere with the local affairs of Hong Kong and Macau, and must abide by its laws.[13] In 1988, scholar Chen Fang of the Academy of Military Science even tried to propose the "One military, two systems" concept to separate the defence function and public functions in the army.[13] The PLA does not participate in the governance of the SAR but the SAR may request them for civil-military participation, in times of emergency such as natural disasters. Defence is the responsibility of the PRC government.[9]

A 1996 draft PRC law banned People's Liberation Army-run businesses in HK, but loopholes allow them to operate while the profits are ploughed back into the military.[13] There are many PLA-run corporations in Hong Kong. The PLA also have sizable land-holdings in Hong Kong worth billions of dollars.[13]

Immigration and nationality

Each of the SARs issues passports on its own to its permanent residents who are concurrently Chinese (PRC) citizens. PRC citizens must also satisfy one of the following conditions:

Apart from affording the holder consular protection by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, these passports also specify that the holder has right of abode in the issuing SAR.

The National People's Congress has also put each SAR in charge of administering the PRC's Nationality Law in its respective realms, namely naturalization, renunciation and restoration of PRC nationality and issuance of proof of nationality.

Due to their colonial past, many inhabitants of the SARs hold some form of non-Chinese nationality (e.g. British National (Overseas) status, British citizenship, British Overseas citizenship or Portuguese citizenship). However, SAR residents who are Chinese descent have always been considered as Chinese citizens by the PRC authorities. Special interpretation of the Nationality Law, while not recognizing dual nationality, has allowed Chinese citizens to keep their foreign "right of abode" and use travel documents issued by the foreign country. However, such travel documents cannot be used to travel to mainland China and persons concerned must use Home Return Permit. Therefore, master nationality rule applies so the holder may not enjoy consular protection while in mainland China. Chinese citizens who also have foreign citizenship may declare a change of nationality at the Immigration Department of the respective SARs, and upon approval, would no longer be considered Chinese citizens.

SAR permanent residents who are not Chinese citizens (including stateless persons) are not eligible for SAR passports. Persons who hold a non-Chinese citizenship must obtain passports from foreign diplomatic missions which represents their countries of citizenship. For those who are stateless, each SAR may issue its own form of certificates of identity, e.g. Document of Identity, in lieu of national passports to the persons concerned. Chinese citizens who are non-permanent residents of two SARs are also ineligible for SAR passports but may obtain CIs just like stateless persons.

Comparisons

Body  Hong Kong  Macau  China (Central Government only)
Constitutional Document Hong Kong Basic Law Macau Basic Law Constitution of the PRC
Final Authority of
Constitutional Interpretation & Review		 NPC Standing Committee NPC Standing Committee NPC Standing Committee
Head of State / Territory Chief Executive of Hong Kong Chief Executive of Macau President of the PRC
Head of Government Chief Executive of Hong Kong Chief Executive of Macau Premier of the State Council
Executive Executive Council of Hong Kong Executive Council of Macau State Council
Legislative Legislative Council Legislative Assembly National People's Congress (NPC);
NPC Standing Committee
Judiciary Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal of Macau Supreme People's Court
Legal Supervisory
or Prosecution		 Department of Justice Public Prosecutions Office Supreme People's Procuratorate
Police Hong Kong Police
(part of Hong Kong Disciplined Services)		 Public Security Police;
Judicial Police
(parts of Macau Security Force)		 People's Police (of Public Security, State Security, Justice, Court and Procuratorate systems);
People's Armed Police
Military PLA Hong Kong Garrison PLA Macau Garrison People's Liberation Army (PLA);
People's Armed Police
Currency Hong Kong dollar Macanese pataca Renminbi (Chinese yuan)
Official Language(s) Chinese (traditional), English Chinese (traditional), Portuguese Standard Chinese (Putonghua) (simplified)
Foreign relations limited under "Hong Kong, China" limited under "Macau, China" full rights
Principal Agency
in Foreign Affairs		 Ministry of Foreign Affairs Commissioner Office in Hong Kong Ministry of Foreign Affairs Commissioner Office in Macau Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Citizenship Chinese citizenship Chinese citizenship Chinese citizenship
Proof of Residency Right of abode Right of abode[14] Hukou
Passport Hong Kong SAR passport Macau SAR passport PRC passport
Passport Issuing Authorities Immigration Department Identification Services Bureau Ministry of Public Security;
Ministry of Foreign Affairs/diplomatic missions
(and local government Foreign Affairs Offices)
Customs Customs and Excise Department Macao Customs Service General Administration of Customs

Offer to Taiwan and other ROC-controlled areas

The status of a special administrative region for Taiwan and other areas controlled by the Republic of China was first proposed in 1981.[7] The 1981 proposal was put forth by Ye Jianying called "Ye's nine points" (葉九條).[15] A series of different offers have since appeared. On 25 June 1983 Deng Xiaoping appeared at Seton Hall University in the US to propose "Deng's six points" (鄧六條), which called for a "Taiwan Special Administrative Region" (台灣特別行政區).[15] It was envisioned that after Taiwan's unification with the PRC as an SAR, the PRC would become the sole representative of China.[15] Under this proposal, Taiwan would be guaranteed its own military,[15] its own administrative and legislative powers, an independent judiciary and the right of adjudication, although it would not be considered a separate government of China.[15]

In 2005 the Anti-Secession Law of the PRC was enacted. It promises the lands currently ruled by the authorities of Taiwan a high degree of autonomy, among other things.[16] The PRC can also employ non-peaceful means and other necessary measures to defend its claims to sovereignty over the ROC's territories in the event of an outright declaration of independence by Taiwan (ROC).[16]

Wolong

The Wolong Special Administrative Region[17] (Chinese: 卧龙特别行政区; pinyin: Wòlóng Tèbié Xíngzhèngqū) is located in the southwest of Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan. It was formerly known as Wolong Special Administrative Region of Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province and was founded in March 1983 with approval of the State Council. It was given its current name and placed under Sichuan provincial government with administrative supervision by the provincial department of forestry. Its area supersedes Sichuan Wolong National Nature Reserve and its administrative office is the same as the Administrative Bureau of the State Forestry Administration for the reserve. It currently has a population of 5343.[17]

Despite its name, the Wolong Special Administrative Region is not an SAR as defined by Article 31 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China; as a result, it has been proposed the Wenchuan Wolong Special Administrative Region of Sichuan Province change its name, with designations such as special area or township.[18]

History

ROC special administrative regions

This article is part of a series on
Administrative divisions
of Taiwan
First-level
Second-level
Third-level
Fourth-level
Fifth-level
  • Neighborhoods
Historical divisions of
Taiwan (1895–1945)
Republic of China (1912–49)

In the Republic of China (ROC) when it governed Mainland China, "special administrative regions" (Chinese: 特別行政區; pinyin: tèbié xíngzhèngqū) were historically used to designate special areas, most of which were eventually converted into provinces. All were suspended or abolished after the end of the Chinese Civil War, with the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the ROC government's retreat to Taiwan. The regions were:

Name Created Became
province 		Current status
Suiyuan 1914 1928 part of Inner Mongolia
Chahar 1914 1928 distributed into Inner Mongolia, Beijing and Hebei
Rehe (Jehol) 1914 1928 distributed into Hebei, Liaoning and Inner Mongolia
Chuanbian1 1914 19352 part of Sichuan
Dongsheng 1924 part of Inner Mongolia
Weihaiwei 1930 part of Shandong
Hainan 1944 In preparation in 1949 province
1 postal: Chwanpien; Chinese: 川邊; pinyin: Chuānbiān; Wade–Giles: Ch'uan-pien.
2 As Xikang Province.

Chahar SAR

Chahar was made a special administrative region in 1914 by the Republic of China, as a subdivision of the then Zhili Province, with 6 banners and 11 counties. In 1928 it became a province, with 5 of its counties partitioned to Suiyuan, and 10 counties were included from Hebei.

Notes

  1. ↑ References and details on data provided in the table can be found within the individual provincial articles.

References

  1. ↑ "Mid-year Population for 2014". Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong). 12 August 2014.
  2. ↑ "Demographic Statistics for the 2nd Quarter 2014". Statistics and Census Service of the Government of Macau SAR. 11 August 2014.
  3. ↑ Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China (中华人民共和国行政区划; Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Xíngzhèng Qūhuà), 15 June 2005, retrieved 5 June 2010
  4. ↑ Chapter II: Relationship between the Central Authorities and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Article 12, retrieved 5 June 2010
  5. ↑ Chapter II Relationship between the Central Authorities and the Macau Special Administrative Region, Article 12, retrieved 5 June 2010
  6. ↑ Lauterpacht, Elihu. Greenwood, C. J. [1999] (1999). International Law Reports Volume 114 of International Law Reports Set Complete set. Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0521642442, 9780521642446. p 394.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Ghai, Yash P. (2000). Autonomy and Ethnicity: Negotiating Competing Claims in Multi-Ethnic States. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521786428, 9780521786423. p 92.
  8. ↑ Article 12, Basic Law of Hong Kong and Article 12, Basic Law of Macau
  9. 1 2 Zhang Wei-Bei. [2006] (2006). Hong Kong: the pearl made of British mastery and Chinese docile-diligence. Nova Publishers. ISBN 1594546002, 9781594546006.
  10. ↑ Chan, Ming K. Clark, David J. [1991] (1991). The Hong Kong Basic Law: Blueprint for Stabiliree Legal Orders – Perspectives of Evolution: Essays on Macau's Autonomy After the Resumption of Sovereignty by China. ISBN 3540685715, 9783540685715. p 212.
  11. ↑ Oliveira, Jorge. Cardinal, Paulo. [2009] (2009). One Country, Two Systems, Three Legal Orders – Perspectives of Evolution: Essays on Macau's Autonomy After the Resumption of Sovereignty by China. ISBN 3540685715, 9783540685715. p 212.
  12. ↑ English.eastday.com. English.eastday.com. "China keeps low key at East Asian Games." Retrieved on 2009-12-13.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Gurtov, Melvin. Hwang, Byong-Moo Hwang. (1998). China's Security: The New Roles of the Military. Lynne Rienner Publishing. ISBN 1555874347, 9781555874346. p 203–204.
  14. ↑ "Certificate of Entitlement to the Right of Abode in the Macao SAR", Macau SAR Identification Department
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Big5.china.com.cn. "Big5.china.com.cn." 鄧六條. Retrieved on 2009-12-14.
  16. 1 2 United Nations refugee agency. "UNHCR." Anti-Secession Law (No. 34). Retrieved on 2009-12-14.
  17. 1 2 Wolong Introduction
  18. ↑ A Brief Review of the Special Administrative Regions and the Special Administrative Region System

See also

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