South African Class KM 0-6-0+0-6-0

CSAR Class M 0-6-0+0-6-0
South African Class KM 0-6-0+0-6-0

SAR Class KM no. 1600, ex CSAR Class M no. 1000, c. 1915 in Johannesburg station

Type and origin
Power type	Steam
Designer	Kitson and Company
Builder	Kitson and Company
Serial number	4262
Model	CSAR Class M
Build date	1904
Total produced	4

Specifications
Configuration:
• Whyte	0-6-0+0-6-0 (Kitson-Meyer)
• UIC	C+Cn4
Driver	1st & 4th coupled axles
Gauge	3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge
Coupled dia.	48 in (1,219 mm)
Tender wheels	33 ¹⁄₂ in (851 mm)
Wheelbase	58 ft 4 ¹⁄₂ in (17,793 mm)
• Engine	34 ft (10,363 mm)
• Coupled	8 ft 6 in (2,591 mm) each
• Tender	14 ft 7 in (4,445 mm)
• Tender bogie	4 ft 7 in (1,397 mm)
Pivot centres	25 ft 6 in (7,772 mm)
Length:
• Over couplers	66 ft 5 ¹⁄₄ in (20,250 mm)
Height	12 ft 10 in (3,912 mm)
Axle load	14 LT 18 cwt (15,140 kg)
• 1st coupled	13 LT 1 cwt (13,260 kg)
• 2nd coupled	13 LT 3 cwt (13,360 kg)
• 3rd coupled	12 LT 11 cwt (12,750 kg)
• 4th coupled	14 LT 16 cwt (15,040 kg)
• 5th coupled	14 LT 14 cwt (14,940 kg)
• 6th coupled	14 LT 18 cwt (15,140 kg)
• Tender bogie	Bogie 1: 18 LT 9 cwt (18,750 kg) Bogie 2: 19 LT 10 cwt (19,810 kg)
• Tender axle	9 LT 15 cwt (9,906 kg)
Adhesive weight	83 LT 3 cwt (84,480 kg)
Loco weight	83 LT 3 cwt (84,480 kg)
Tender weight	37 LT 19 cwt (38,560 kg)
Total weight	121 LT 2 cwt (123,000 kg)
Tender type	2-axle bogies
Fuel type	Coal
Fuel capacity	7 LT (7.1 t)
Water cap	3,000 imp gal (14,000 l)
Tender cap.	6 LT (6.1 t)
Firebox type	Belpaire
• Firegrate area	34 sq ft (3.2 m²)
Boiler:
• Pitch	7 ft 2 in (2,184 mm)
• Diameter	5 ft (1,524 mm)
• Tube plates	13 ft 9 ⁵⁄₈ in (4,207 mm)
• Small tubes	239: 2 in (51 mm)
Boiler pressure	180 psi (1,241 kPa)
Safety valve	Ramsbottom
Heating surface	1,863 sq ft (173.1 m²)
• Tubes	1,727 sq ft (160.4 m²)
• Firebox	136 sq ft (12.6 m²)
Cylinders	Four
Cylinder size	16 in (406 mm) bore 24 in (610 mm) stroke
Valve gear	Walschaerts
Couplers	Johnston link-and-pin

Performance figures
Tractive effort	34,560 lbf (153.7 kN) @ 75%

Career
Operators	Central South African Railways South African Railways Transvaal Collieries
Class	CSAR Class M, SAR Class KM
Number in class	1
Numbers	CSAR 1000, SAR 1600
Delivered	1904
First run	1904
Withdrawn	1918

The South African Railways Class KM 0-6-0+0-6-0 of 1904 was an articulated steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in Transvaal Colony.

In 1904, the Central South African Railways placed a single 0-6-0+0-6-0 Kitson-Meyer type articulated steam locomotive in service and designated it Class M. In 1912, when the locomotive was assimilated into the South African Railways, it was renumbered and designated Class KM.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Manufacturer

In 1903, the English locomotive builders Kitson and Company persuaded the Cape Government Railways (CGR), the Beira and Mashonaland Railway (B&MR) and the Central South African Railways (CSAR) to try their new 0-6-0+0-6-0 Kitson-Meyer type articulated steam locomotive. One was delivered to the CGR and two to the B&MR in 1903. One locomotive was also delivered to the CSAR in 1904, numbered 1000 and designated Class M.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Characteristics

The Kitson-Meyer design consisted of two sets of coupled wheels under the frame, with both power units free to swivel in relation to the frame. Compared to the usual practice on steam locomotives, the sets of coupled wheels were both mounted back to front, with the wheels to the front of the cylinders. The cylinders of the rear power unit discharged their exhaust steam up a chimney mounted in the coal bunker to the rear of the cab, while the front cylinders discharged in the usual manner up a chimney mounted on the smokebox in front of the boiler.^[3]

Meyer locomotive

The Kitson-Meyer was a development of the Meyer locomotive. On a Meyer locomotive, the two engine units were mounted close together, and usually with the cylinder ends of the engine units facing each other at the centre of the locomotive. One disadvantage of this design was that the rear power unit was directly beneath the firebox, thereby limiting the firebox in size.^[5]

Kitson-Meyer locomotive

On the Kitson-Meyer locomotive, the rear engine unit was located further back, which allowed the firebox to be between the two engine units, thereby making a much larger firebox possible. The same feature would also be a characteristic of the Garratt locomotive, of which the first appearance in the world was still five years in the future at the time. This also increased the length of the locomotive, making it possible to utilise the additional length behind the cab for a coal and water bunker. The auxiliary chimney at the rear avoided the need to have an exhaust steam pipe running the length of the locomotive to the smokebox at the front end.^[5]

The Kitson-Meyer locomotives which were delivered to the three Southern African railways had Walschaerts valve gear. They carried no water, but had a coal bunker to the rear of the cab with a capacity of 7 long tons (7.1 tonnes). All its water was carried in the tender, which had a capacity of 3,000 imperial gallons (14,000 litres) as well as an additional coal capacity of 6 long tons (6.1 tonnes).^[3]

Performance and modifications

All three railways found their Kitson-Meyers to be poor steamers and, as built, none of these locomotives had a long service life.^[1]

While the Kitson-Meyer could handle a one-third heavier load than a CSAR Class 8-L1 by hauling loads of 1,000 long tons (1,016.0 tonnes) up 1 in 100 (1%) grades, it was heavy on coal and repairs. It was found that the boiler could not supply sufficient steam for the four cylinders on longer runs. Part of the problem could probably be ascribed to the fact that the exhaust steam from the rear power unit contributed nothing to the smokebox draught, the same phenomenon which would necessitate the installation of induced draught equipment on South Africa’s Class 25 condensing locomotives half a century later.^[2]^[6]

Under the guidance of L.S. Smart, who had succeeded P.A. Hyde as Chief Locomotive Superintendent of the CSAR in 1905, the CSAR carried out certain modifications to their Kitson-Meyer locomotive in 1906. Since it was impractical to increase the size of the boiler to suit the engines, the diameter of the cylinders was reduced to bring them within the range of the boiler’s steam generating capacity. While this reduced the locomotive’s tractive force, it did result in making the Kitson-Meyer a reasonably good performer.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Service

The modified CSAR Kitson-Meyer locomotive survived longer than its CGR and B&MR sister engines, which were all scrapped in 1912. The design was not repeated on the CSAR and was eventually superseded by the introduction of the first Mallet articulated locomotive in 1910.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

When the Union of South Africa was established on 31 May 1910, the three Colonial government railways (CGR, Natal Government Railways and CSAR) were united under a single administration to control and administer the railways, ports and harbours of the Union. Although the South African Railways and Harbours came into existence in 1910, the actual classification and renumbering of all the rolling stock of the three constituent railways were only implemented with effect from 1 January 1912.^[4]^[7]

In 1912, the CSAR Kitson-Meyer locomotive was renumbered 1600 and designated Class KM on the SAR. It remained in SAR service until 1918 and was used on the Reef for its entire service life, stationed at Germiston. Upon withdrawal from service, it was sold to the Transvaal Collieries.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Illustration

Works picture of CSAR Class M no. 1000 sans tender, c. 1904

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to South African Class KM 0-6-0+0-6-0.

1 2 3 4 5 6 Holland, D.F. (1971). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways. 1: 1859–1910 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, Devon: David & Charles. pp. 69–70, 130–132. ISBN 978-0-7153-5382-0.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1945). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter VI - Imperial Military Railways and C.S.A.R. (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, February 1945. p. 100.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. p. 84. ISBN 0869772112.
1 2 3 4 Classification of S.A.R. Engines with Renumbering Lists, issued by the Chief Mechanical Engineer’s Office, Pretoria, January 1912, pp. 9, 15, 46 (Reprinted in April 1987 by SATS Museum, R.3125-6/9/11-1000)
1 2 Meyer and Kitson-Meyer locomotives
↑ Holland, D. F. (1972). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways. 2: 1910-1955 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, Devon: David & Charles. pp. 110, 140. ISBN 978-0-7153-5427-8.
↑ The South African Railways - Historical Survey. Editor George Hart, Publisher Bill Hart, Sponsored by Dorbyl Ltd., Published c. 1978, p. 25.

Locomotives of the Central South African Railways
3' 6" gauge	CSAR 0-6-0ST 1896 CSAR 4-6-0T 1887 CSAR Class 6-L1 CSAR Class 6-L2 CSAR Class 6-L3 CSAR Class 7 CSAR Class 8-L1 CSAR Class 8-L2 CSAR Class 8-L3 CSAR Class 9 CSAR Class 10 1904 CSAR Class 10 1910 CSAR Class 10-2 Saturated CSAR Class 10-2 Superheated CSAR Class 10-C CSAR Class 11 CSAR Class B 0-6-4T CSAR Class C 2-8-4T CSAR Class D CSAR Class E 4-8-0TT CSAR Class E 4-8-2T CSAR Class E 4-10-2T CSAR Class F CSAR Class M CSAR Mallet Saturated CSAR Mallet Stoker CSAR Mallet Superheated CSAR Rack 4-6-4RT CSAR Railmotor IMR 0-6-0ST 1896 IMR 4-6-0T 1887 IMR 46 Tonner 0-6-4T IMR 55 Tonner 2-6-4T IMR 7th Class 4-8-0 IMR 8th Class 4-8-0 IMR Reid Tenwheeler 4-10-2T IMR Western Australian 2-8-4T NZASM 10 Tonner NZASM 13 Tonner NZASM 14 Tonner NZASM 18 Tonner NZASM 19 Tonner NZASM 32 Tonner NZASM 40 Tonner NZASM 46 Tonner OVGS 1st Class 4-4-0TT OVGS 2nd Class 2-6-0 OVGS 2nd Class 2-6-0ST OVGS 3rd Class 4-4-0 OVGS 4th Class G 4-6-0 OVGS 5th Class K 4-6-0 1890 OVGS 5th Class K 4-6-0 1891 OVGS 6th Class L 4-6-0 OVGS 6th Class L2 4-6-0 OVGS 6th Class L3 4-6-0 PPR 0-4-0ST Natal PPR 26 Tonner PPR 35 Tonner Portuguese PPR 55 Tonner
2' gauge	CSAR Pankop
List of South African locomotive classes South African locomotive history

Locomotives of South Africa

Steam

7' ¼" gauge	East London 0-4-0VB Table Bay 0-4-0ST Table Bay 0-4-0T Table Bay 0-4-0WT
4' 8½" gauge	Cape 0-4-0T Blackie Cape 0-4-2 Cape 2-4-0T CGR 0-4-0ST Aid Natal 0-4-0ST Durban Natal 0-4-0WT Natal Natal 4-4-0T Perseverance
3' 6" gauge Tank engines	CGR 0-4-0ST 1873 CGR 0-4-0ST 1874 CGR 0-4-0ST 1881 CGR 0-4-0ST 1881 Coffee Pot CGR 0-6-0ST CGR 0-6-0T CGR 2-6-0ST 1900 CGR 2-6-0ST 1902 CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1875 CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1876 CGR 1st Class 2-6-0ST CGR 1st Class 4-4-0T CGR 2nd Class 4-4-0T CGR 3rd Class 2-6-0T CGR Railmotor CSAR Class C CSAR Class E CSAR Rack 4-6-4RT CSAR Railmotor Durban's Congella Durban's Edward Innes Durban's John Milne Durban's Sir Albert Port Elizabeth 0-4-0ST Kowie Railway 0-6-0T Kowie Railway 4-4-0T Metropolitan & Suburban 4-6-2T NGR 2-6-0T Durban & Pietermaritzburg NGR Class I 2-6-2T NGR Class K 0-4-0ST NGR Class K 0-6-0ST NGR Class K 2-6-0T NZASM 10 Tonner NZASM 13 Tonner NZASM 14 Tonner NZASM 18 Tonner NZASM 19 Tonner NZASM 32 Tonner NZASM 40 Tonner PPR 26 Tonner PPR 35 Tonner Portuguese SAR Class A SAR Class B SAR Class C SAR Class C1 SAR Class C2 SAR Class D SAR Class E SAR Class F SAR Class G SAR Class H SAR Class H1 SAR Class H2 SAR Class J SAR Class K SAR Railmotor SAR Dock 0-4-0ST SAR Dock 0-4-0T SWA 2-8-0T
3' 6" gauge Tender engines	CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1876 BP CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1876 Kitson CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1879 CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1891 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0TT CGR 2nd Class 2-6-2TT CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1883 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1884 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1889 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1898 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1901 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1903 CGR 4th Class 4-4-2 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1880 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1882 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1882 Joy CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1884 CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1890 CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1891 NGR Havelock NGR Class I SAR Class Exp 1 SAR Class Exp 2 SAR Class Exp 3 SAR Class Exp 4 SAR Class Exp 5 SAR Class Exp 6 SAR Class S SAR Class S1 SAR Class S2 SAR Class 1 SAR Class 1A SAR Class 1B SAR Class 2 SAR Class 2C SAR Class 3 SAR Class 3A SAR Class 3B SAR Class 4 SAR Class 4A SAR Class 5 SAR Class 5A SAR Class 5B SAR Class 6 SAR Class 6A SAR Class 6B SAR Class 6C SAR Class 6D SAR Class 6E SAR Class 6F SAR Class 6G SAR Class 6H SAR Class 6J SAR Class 6K SAR Class 6L SAR Class 6Y SAR Class 6Z SAR Class 7 SAR Class 7A SAR Class 7B SAR Class 7C SAR Class 7D SAR Class 7E SAR Class 7F SAR Class 8 SAR Class 8A SAR Class 8B SAR Class 8C SAR Class 8D SAR Class 8E SAR Class 8F SAR Class 8R SAR Class 8X SAR Class 8Y SAR Class 8Z SAR Class 9 SAR Class 10 SAR Class 10A SAR Class 10B SAR Class 10C SAR Class 10D SAR Class 11 SAR Class 12 SAR Class 12A SAR Class 12B SAR Class 13 SAR Class 14 SAR Class 14A SAR Class 14B SAR Class 14C 1st SAR Class 14C 2nd SAR Class 14C 3rd SAR Class 14C 4th SAR Class 15 SAR Class 15A SAR Class 15B SAR Class 15C SAR Class 15CA SAR Class 15E SAR Class 15F SAR Class 16 SAR Class 16A SAR Class 16B SAR Class 16C SAR Class 16D SAR Class 16DA 1928 SAR Class 16DA 1930 SAR Class 16E SAR Class 17 SAR Class 18 SAR Class 19 SAR Class 19A SAR Class 19B SAR Class 19C SAR Class 19D SAR Class 20 SAR Class 21 SAR Class 23 SAR Class 24 SAR Class 25 SAR Class 25NC SAR Class 26 SAR Katanga SWA 2-8-0
3' 6" gauge Articulated engines	CGR Fairlie CGR Kitson-Meyer SAR Class FC SAR Class FD SAR Class GA SAR Class GB SAR Class GC SAR Class GCA SAR Class GD SAR Class GDA SAR Class GE SAR Class GEA SAR Class GF SAR Class GG SAR Class GH SAR Class GK SAR Class GL SAR Class GM SAR Class GMA SAR Class GO SAR Class HF SAR Class KM SAR Class MA SAR Class MB SAR Class MC SAR Class MC1 SAR Class MD SAR Class ME SAR Class MF SAR Class MG SAR Class MH SAR Class MJ SAR Class MJ1 SAR Class U
2' 6" gauge	Cape Copper John King & Miner Cape Copper Britannia Cape Copper Caledonia Cape Copper Clara Cape Copper Condenser Cape Copper Scotia Namaqua Copper Pioneer Walvis Bay 2-4-2T Hope
2' & 600mm gauges	ACR Class NG-G16A CGR NG 0-4-0T CGR NG 0-6-0T CGR NG 4-6-2T CGR Type A 2-6-4T CGR Type C 0-4-0T NGR Class N 4-6-2T SAR Dutton SAR NG 0-4-0T SAR Class NG1 SAR Class NG2 SAR Class NG3 SAR Class NG4 SAR Class NG5 SAR Class NG6 SAR Class NG7 SAR Class NG8 SAR Class NG9 SAR Class NG10 SAR Class NG-G11 SAR Class NG-G12 SAR Class NG-G13 SAR Class NG-G14 SAR Class NG15 SAR Class NG-G16 SWA Class Ha SWA Class Hb SWA Class Hc SWA Class Hd SWA Jung SWA Zwillinge

Electric

Amcoal Class E38

Gas-electric

SAR Gas-electric

Diesel

3' 6" gauge Diesel-electric	PRASA Class Afro 4000 SAR Class DS SAR Class DS1 SAR Class 31-000 SAR Class 32-000 SAR Class 32-200 SAR Class 33-000 SAR Class 33-200 SAR Class 33-400 SAR Class 34-000 SAR Class 34-200 SAR Class 34-400 SAR Class 34-500 SAR Class 34-600 SAR Class 34-800 SAR Class 34-900 SAR Class 35-000 SAR Class 35-200 SAR Class 35-400 SAR Class 35-600 TFR Class 35-800 SAR Class 36-000 SAR Class 36-200 SAR Class 37-000 Spoornet Class 39-000 TFR Class 39-200 TFR Class 43-000 TFR Class 44-000
2' gauge Diesel-electric	SAR Class 91-000
3' 6" gauge Diesel-hydraulic	SAR Class 61-000
3' 6" gauge Electro-diesel	Spoornet Class 38-000

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