South African Class 16 4-6-2

South African Classes 16 & 16R 4-6-2

Class 16 no. 800, Braamfontein, c. 1930

Type and origin
♠ Class 16 as built with a Belpaire firebox ♥ Class 16R rebuilt with a Watson Standard boiler ♣ Steel firebox - ♦ Copper firebox
Power type	Steam
Designer	South African Railways (D.A. Hendrie)
Builder	North British Locomotive Company
Serial number	20430-20441
Model	Class 16
Build date	1914
Total produced	12

Specifications
Configuration:
• Whyte	4-6-2 (Pacific)
• UIC	2'C1'h2
Driver	2nd coupled axle
Gauge	3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge
Leading dia.	30 in (762 mm)
Coupled dia.	60 in (1,524 mm)
Trailing dia.	33 in (838 mm)
Tender wheels	34 in (864 mm)
Wheelbase	55 ft 11 ³⁄₄ in (17,062 mm)
• Engine	29 ft 5 ¹⁄₂ in (8,979 mm)
• Leading	6 ft 2 in (1,880 mm)
• Coupled	10 ft 9 in (3,277 mm)
• Tender	16 ft 9 in (5,105 mm)
• Tender bogie	4 ft 7 in (1,397 mm)
Length:
• Over couplers	64 ft 4 ¹⁄₈ in (19,612 mm)
Height	♠ 12 ft 10 in (3,912 mm) ♥ 12 ft 11 ¹⁄₄ in (3,943 mm)
Frame type	Plate
Axle load	♠ 18 LT (18,290 kg) ♥♣ 17 LT 15 cwt (18,030 kg)
• Leading	♠ 16 LT 3 cwt (16,410 kg) ♥♣ 16 LT 10 cwt (16,760 kg)
• 1st coupled	♠ 18 LT (18,290 kg) ♥♣ 17 LT 13 cwt (17,930 kg)
• 2nd coupled	♠ 18 LT (18,290 kg) ♥♣ 17 LT 15 cwt (18,030 kg)
• 3rd coupled	♠ 17 LT 18 cwt (18,190 kg) ♥♣ 17 LT 15 cwt (18,030 kg)
• Trailing	♠ 13 LT 12 cwt (13,820 kg) ♥♣ 13 LT 8 cwt (13,620 kg)
• Tender bogie	Bogie 1: 27 LT 10 cwt (27,940 kg) Bogie 2: 23 LT 11 cwt (23,930 kg)
• Tender axle	13 LT 15 cwt (13,970 kg)
Adhesive weight	♠ 53 LT 18 cwt (54,760 kg) ♥♣ 53 LT 3 cwt (54,000 kg)
Loco weight	♠ 83 LT 13 cwt (84,990 kg) ♥♣ 82 LT 19 cwt (84,280 kg)
Tender weight	51 LT 1 cwt (51,870 kg)
Total weight	♠ 134 LT 14 cwt (136,900 kg) ♥♣ 134 LT (136,200 kg)
Tender type	MP1 (2-axle bogies) MP, MP1, MR, MS, MT, MT1, MT2, MX, MY, MY1 permitted
Fuel type	Coal
Fuel capacity	10 LT (10.2 t)
Water cap	4,250 imp gal (19,300 l)
Firebox type	♠ Belpaire - ♥ Round-top
• Firegrate area	♠♥ 37 sq ft (3.4 m²)
Boiler:
• Model	Watson Standard no. 2B
• Pitch	♠ 7 ft 9 in (2,362 mm) ♥ 8 ft (2,438 mm)
• Diameter	♠ 5 ft 4 ⁵⁄₈ in (1,641 mm) ♥ 5 ft 7 ¹⁄₂ in (1,714 mm)
• Tube plates	♠ 18 ft 3 in (5,563 mm) ♥♣ 18 ft 4 in (5,588 mm) ♥♦ 18 ft 3 ⁵⁄₈ in (5,578 mm)
• Small tubes	♠ 131: 2 ¹⁄₄ in (57 mm) ♥ 87: 2 ¹⁄₂ in (64 mm)
• Large tubes	♠ 24: 5 ¹⁄₂ in (140 mm) ♥ 30: 5 ¹⁄₂ in (140 mm)
Boiler pressure	♠♥ 190 psi (1,310 kPa)
Safety valve	♠ Ramsbottom ♥ Pop
Heating surface	♠ 2,186 sq ft (203.1 m²) ♥ 1,978 sq ft (183.8 m²)
• Tubes	♠ 2,040 sq ft (190 m²) ♥ 1,836 sq ft (170.6 m²)
• Firebox	♠ 146 sq ft (13.6 m²) ♥ 142 sq ft (13.2 m²)
Superheater:
• Heating area	♠ 515 sq ft (47.8 m²) ♥ 472 sq ft (43.9 m²)
Cylinders	Two
Cylinder size	22 in (559 mm) bore 26 in (660 mm) stroke
Valve gear	Walschaerts
Valve type	Piston
Couplers	Johnston link-and-pin AAR knuckle (1930s)

Performance figures
Tractive effort	♠♥ 29,890 lbf (133.0 kN) @ 75%

Career
Operators	South African Railways
Class	Class 16 & 16R
Number in class	12
Numbers	790-801
Delivered	1914
First run	1914

The 2nd coupled axle had flangeless wheels

The South African Railways Class 16 4-6-2 of 1914 was a steam locomotive.

In 1914, the South African Railways placed twelve Class 16 steam locomotives with a 4-6-2 Pacific type wheel arrangement in passenger train service.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Manufacturer

The Class 16 4-6-2 Pacific type passenger locomotive was designed by D.A. Hendrie, Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the South African Railways (SAR) from 1910 to 1922. It was built by the North British Locomotive Company in Glasgow, Scotland, who delivered twelve locomotives in 1914, numbered in the range from 790 to 801.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Characteristics

D.A. Hendrie

The design of the Class 16 closely followed that of Hendrie's Class 15 4-8-2 Mountain type which was introduced at the same time from the same builders and many parts were made interchangeable.^[1]^[3]

The cylinders were arranged outside the plate frames, with the piston valves above the cylinders and actuated by Walschaerts valve gear. The boilers were equipped with superheaters and had Belpaire fireboxes. The engines were delivered new with Type MP1 tenders with a 10 long tons (10.2 tonnes) coal capacity and a 4,250 imperial gallons (19,300 litres) water capacity.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[5]^[6]

Power comparison

When it was built in 1914, the Class 16 was considered to be a very large and powerful express locomotive, even when compared to British locomotives which were built to run on 4 feet 8 ¹⁄₂ inches (1,435 millimetres) broad gauge. As built, with 60 inches (1,524 millimetres) diameter coupled wheels, the ratio of wheel diameter to rail gauge was the same as that of a broad gauge locomotive with 81 inches (2,057 millimetres) diameter coupled wheels. Their tractive effort of 29,890 pounds-force (133.0 kilonewtons) at 75% boiler pressure exceeded the 27,800 pounds-force (124 kilonewtons) at 85% boiler pressure of Churchward's The Great Bear Pacific on the Great Western Railway and equalled, also at 85% boiler pressure, that of Gresley's later Great Northern Pacifics. This made the Class 16 the most powerful express passenger locomotive design yet to have been built in Great Britain at the time.^[7]

Watson Standard boilers

During the 1930s, many serving locomotives were reboilered with a standard boiler type designed by A.G. Watson, CME of the SAR from 1929 to 1936, as part of his standardisation policy. Such Watson Standard reboilered locomotives were reclassified by adding an "R" suffix to their classification.^[3]^[5]^[6]

Eventually all twelve Class 16 locomotives were reboilered with Watson Standard no. 2B boilers and reclassified to Class 16R. Early conversions were equipped with copper and later conversions with steel fireboxes. In the process, they were also equipped with Watson cabs with their distinctive slanted fronts, compared to the conventional vertical fronts of their original cabs.^[3]^[5]^[6]

Their original Belpaire boilers were fitted with Ramsbottom safety valves, while the Watson Standard boiler was fitted with Pop safety valves. An obvious visual difference between an original and a Watson Standard reboilered locomotive is usually a rectangular regulator cover, just to the rear of the chimney on the reboilered locomotive. In the case of the Class 16 and Class 16R locomotives, two even more obvious differences are the Watson cab and the absence of the Belpaire firebox hump between the cab and boiler on the reboilered locomotives.^[3]^[5]^[6]

Service

The Class 16 was intended for fast passenger trains in Transvaal, the Orange Free State and the upper sections of Natal where the gradients were not as severe. They were placed in suburban passenger service, working between Pretoria and Johannesburg, and in mainline service on the section from Johannesburg to Volksrust on the line to Natal. In later years, after being withdrawn from mainline passenger service, many of these locomotives remained employed in suburban passenger working and shunting service.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[7]

Illustration

The main picture shows Class 16 no. 800 at Braamfontein c. 1930, as built with a Belpaire firebox and Type MP1 tender, on interurban service with a destination board for Pretoria below its headlight.

Class 16 no. 790, as built, on a SAR Museum playing card
Class 16R no. 793 with a modified Type MP1 tender

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to South African Class 16 4-6-2.

1 2 3 4 5 Holland, D. F. (1972). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways. 2: 1910-1955 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, Devon: David & Charles. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7153-5427-8.
1 2 3 4 Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1945). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter VII - South African Railways (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, August 1945. p. 594.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. pp. 10–11 & 64. ISBN 0869772112.
↑ North British Locomotive Company works list, compiled by Austrian locomotive historian Bernhard Schmeiser
1 2 3 4 South African Railways & Harbours/Suid Afrikaanse Spoorweë en Hawens (15 Aug 1941). Locomotive Diagram Book/Lokomotiefdiagramboek, 3'6" Gauge/Spoorwydte. SAR/SAS Mechanical Department/Werktuigkundige Dept. Drawing Office/Tekenkantoor, Pretoria. p. 43.
1 2 3 4 South African Railways & Harbours/Suid Afrikaanse Spoorweë en Hawens (15 Aug 1941). Locomotive Diagram Book/Lokomotiefdiagramboek, 2'0" & 3'6" Gauge/Spoorwydte, Steam Locomotives/Stoomlokomotiewe. SAR/SAS Mechanical Department/Werktuigkundige Dept. Drawing Office/Tekenkantoor, Pretoria. pp. 6a-7a, 41, 43.
1 2 Durrant, A. E. (1989). Twilight of South African Steam (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, London: David & Charles. pp. 92–93. ISBN 0715386387.

Locomotives of South Africa

Steam

7' ¼" gauge	East London 0-4-0VB Table Bay 0-4-0ST Table Bay 0-4-0T Table Bay 0-4-0WT
4' 8½" gauge	Cape 0-4-0T Blackie Cape 0-4-2 Cape 2-4-0T CGR 0-4-0ST Aid Natal 0-4-0ST Durban Natal 0-4-0WT Natal Natal 4-4-0T Perseverance
3' 6" gauge Tank engines	CGR 0-4-0ST 1873 CGR 0-4-0ST 1874 CGR 0-4-0ST 1881 CGR 0-4-0ST 1881 Coffee Pot CGR 0-6-0ST CGR 0-6-0T CGR 2-6-0ST 1900 CGR 2-6-0ST 1902 CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1875 CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1876 CGR 1st Class 2-6-0ST CGR 1st Class 4-4-0T CGR 2nd Class 4-4-0T CGR 3rd Class 2-6-0T CGR Railmotor CSAR Class C CSAR Class E CSAR Rack 4-6-4RT CSAR Railmotor Durban's Congella Durban's Edward Innes Durban's John Milne Durban's Sir Albert Port Elizabeth 0-4-0ST Kowie Railway 0-6-0T Kowie Railway 4-4-0T Metropolitan & Suburban 4-6-2T NGR 2-6-0T Durban & Pietermaritzburg NGR Class I 2-6-2T NGR Class K 0-4-0ST NGR Class K 0-6-0ST NGR Class K 2-6-0T NZASM 10 Tonner NZASM 13 Tonner NZASM 14 Tonner NZASM 18 Tonner NZASM 19 Tonner NZASM 32 Tonner NZASM 40 Tonner PPR 26 Tonner PPR 35 Tonner Portuguese SAR Class A SAR Class B SAR Class C SAR Class C1 SAR Class C2 SAR Class D SAR Class E SAR Class F SAR Class G SAR Class H SAR Class H1 SAR Class H2 SAR Class J SAR Class K SAR Railmotor SAR Dock 0-4-0ST SAR Dock 0-4-0T SWA 2-8-0T
3' 6" gauge Tender engines	CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1876 BP CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1876 Kitson CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1879 CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1891 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0TT CGR 2nd Class 2-6-2TT CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1883 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1884 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1889 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1898 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1901 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1903 CGR 4th Class 4-4-2 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1880 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1882 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1882 Joy CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1884 CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1890 CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1891 NGR Havelock NGR Class I SAR Class Exp 1 SAR Class Exp 2 SAR Class Exp 3 SAR Class Exp 4 SAR Class Exp 5 SAR Class Exp 6 SAR Class S SAR Class S1 SAR Class S2 SAR Class 1 SAR Class 1A SAR Class 1B SAR Class 2 SAR Class 2C SAR Class 3 SAR Class 3A SAR Class 3B SAR Class 4 SAR Class 4A SAR Class 5 SAR Class 5A SAR Class 5B SAR Class 6 SAR Class 6A SAR Class 6B SAR Class 6C SAR Class 6D SAR Class 6E SAR Class 6F SAR Class 6G SAR Class 6H SAR Class 6J SAR Class 6K SAR Class 6L SAR Class 6Y SAR Class 6Z SAR Class 7 SAR Class 7A SAR Class 7B SAR Class 7C SAR Class 7D SAR Class 7E SAR Class 7F SAR Class 8 SAR Class 8A SAR Class 8B SAR Class 8C SAR Class 8D SAR Class 8E SAR Class 8F SAR Class 8R SAR Class 8X SAR Class 8Y SAR Class 8Z SAR Class 9 SAR Class 10 SAR Class 10A SAR Class 10B SAR Class 10C SAR Class 10D SAR Class 11 SAR Class 12 SAR Class 12A SAR Class 12B SAR Class 13 SAR Class 14 SAR Class 14A SAR Class 14B SAR Class 14C 1st SAR Class 14C 2nd SAR Class 14C 3rd SAR Class 14C 4th SAR Class 15 SAR Class 15A SAR Class 15B SAR Class 15C SAR Class 15CA SAR Class 15E SAR Class 15F SAR Class 16 SAR Class 16A SAR Class 16B SAR Class 16C SAR Class 16D SAR Class 16DA 1928 SAR Class 16DA 1930 SAR Class 16E SAR Class 17 SAR Class 18 SAR Class 19 SAR Class 19A SAR Class 19B SAR Class 19C SAR Class 19D SAR Class 20 SAR Class 21 SAR Class 23 SAR Class 24 SAR Class 25 SAR Class 25NC SAR Class 26 SAR Katanga SWA 2-8-0
3' 6" gauge Articulated engines	CGR Fairlie CGR Kitson-Meyer SAR Class FC SAR Class FD SAR Class GA SAR Class GB SAR Class GC SAR Class GCA SAR Class GD SAR Class GDA SAR Class GE SAR Class GEA SAR Class GF SAR Class GG SAR Class GH SAR Class GK SAR Class GL SAR Class GM SAR Class GMA SAR Class GO SAR Class HF SAR Class KM SAR Class MA SAR Class MB SAR Class MC SAR Class MC1 SAR Class MD SAR Class ME SAR Class MF SAR Class MG SAR Class MH SAR Class MJ SAR Class MJ1 SAR Class U
2' 6" gauge	Cape Copper John King & Miner Cape Copper Britannia Cape Copper Caledonia Cape Copper Clara Cape Copper Condenser Cape Copper Scotia Namaqua Copper Pioneer Walvis Bay 2-4-2T Hope
2' & 600mm gauges	ACR Class NG-G16A CGR NG 0-4-0T CGR NG 0-6-0T CGR NG 4-6-2T CGR Type A 2-6-4T CGR Type C 0-4-0T NGR Class N 4-6-2T SAR Dutton SAR NG 0-4-0T SAR Class NG1 SAR Class NG2 SAR Class NG3 SAR Class NG4 SAR Class NG5 SAR Class NG6 SAR Class NG7 SAR Class NG8 SAR Class NG9 SAR Class NG10 SAR Class NG-G11 SAR Class NG-G12 SAR Class NG-G13 SAR Class NG-G14 SAR Class NG15 SAR Class NG-G16 SWA Class Ha SWA Class Hb SWA Class Hc SWA Class Hd SWA Jung SWA Zwillinge

Electric

Amcoal Class E38

Gas-electric

SAR Gas-electric

Diesel

3' 6" gauge Diesel-electric	PRASA Class Afro 4000 SAR Class DS SAR Class DS1 SAR Class 31-000 SAR Class 32-000 SAR Class 32-200 SAR Class 33-000 SAR Class 33-200 SAR Class 33-400 SAR Class 34-000 SAR Class 34-200 SAR Class 34-400 SAR Class 34-500 SAR Class 34-600 SAR Class 34-800 SAR Class 34-900 SAR Class 35-000 SAR Class 35-200 SAR Class 35-400 SAR Class 35-600 TFR Class 35-800 SAR Class 36-000 SAR Class 36-200 SAR Class 37-000 Spoornet Class 39-000 TFR Class 39-200 TFR Class 43-000 TFR Class 44-000
2' gauge Diesel-electric	SAR Class 91-000
3' 6" gauge Diesel-hydraulic	SAR Class 61-000
3' 6" gauge Electro-diesel	Spoornet Class 38-000

South African steam locomotive tenders

Cape gauge

Type FT

Type GT

Type HT

Type KT

Type LP

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