South African Class 16DA 4-6-2 1930

No. 876 taking water at Thaba Nchu, 4 July 1999

Type and origin
♠ With 60 inch (1,524 mm) coupled wheels ♥ With 63 inch (1,600 mm) coupled wheels
Power type	Steam
Designer	South African Railways (A.G. Watson)
Builder	Henschel and Son
Serial number	21749-21754
Model	Class 16DA
Build date	1930
Total produced	6

Specifications
Configuration:
• Whyte	4-6-2 (Pacific)
• UIC	2'C1'h2
Driver	2nd coupled axle
Gauge	3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge
Leading dia.	30 in (762 mm)
Coupled dia.	♠ 60 in (1,524 mm) ♥ 63 in (1,600 mm)
Trailing dia.	34 in (864 mm)
Tender wheels	34 in (864 mm)
Wheelbase	60 ft 3 ¹⁄₄ in (18,371 mm)
• Engine	30 ft 8 in (9,347 mm)
• Leading	6 ft 10 in (2,083 mm)
• Coupled	11 ft (3,353 mm)
• Tender	20 ft 5 in (6,223 mm)
• Tender bogie	6 ft 2 in (1,880 mm)
Length:
• Over couplers	68 ft 4 ¹⁄₈ in (20,831 mm)
Height	♠ 12 ft 10 in (3,912 mm) ♥ 12 ft 11 ¹⁄₂ in (3,950 mm)
Frame type	Bar
Axle load	♠ 19 LT 10 cwt (19,810 kg) ♥ 19 LT 15 cwt 1 qtr (20,080 kg)
• Leading	♠♥ 17 LT 7 cwt (17,630 kg)
• 1st coupled	♠ 19 LT 10 cwt (19,810 kg) ♥ 19 LT 15 cwt 1 qtr (20,080 kg)
• 2nd coupled	♠ 19 LT 7 cwt 3 qtr (19,700 kg) ♥ 19 LT 13 cwt (19,970 kg)
• 3rd coupled	♠ 19 LT 2 cwt (19,410 kg) ♥ 19 LT 7 cwt 1 qtr (19,670 kg)
• Trailing	♠♥ 15 LT 18 cwt (16,160 kg)
• Tender bogie	Bogie 1: 33 LT 18 cwt (34,440 kg) Bogie 2: 35 LT 10 cwt (36,070 kg)
• Tender axle	17 LT 15 cwt (18,030 kg)
Adhesive weight	♠ 57 LT 19 cwt 3 qtr (58,920 kg) ♥ 58 LT 15 cwt 2 qtr (59,720 kg)
Loco weight	♠ 91 LT 4 cwt 3 qtr (92,700 kg) ♥ 92 LT 0 cwt 2 qtr (93,500 kg)
Tender weight	69 LT 8 cwt (70,510 kg)
Total weight	♠ 160 LT 12 cwt 3 qtr (163,200 kg) ♥ 161 LT (163.58355232 t)
Tender type	KT (2-axle bogies)
Fuel type	Coal
Fuel capacity	14 LT (14.2 t)
Water cap	6,000 imp gal (27,300 l)
Firebox type	Round-top
• Firegrate area	60 sq ft (5.6 m²)
Boiler:
• Pitch	♠ 8 ft 6 in (2,591 mm) ♥ 8 ft 7 ¹⁄₂ in (2,629 mm)
• Diameter	5 ft 10 ¹⁄₄ in (1,784 mm)
• Tube plates	17 ft 10 ⁵⁄₈ in (5,451 mm)
• Small tubes	142: 2 ¹⁄₄ in (57 mm)
• Large tubes	34: 5 ¹⁄₂ in (140 mm)
Boiler pressure	♠ 195 psi (1,344 kPa) ♥ 205 psi (1,413 kPa)
Safety valve	Pop
Heating surface	2,565 sq ft (238.3 m²)
• Tubes	2,371 sq ft (220.3 m²)
• Arch tubes	22 sq ft (2.0 m²)
• Firebox	172 sq ft (16.0 m²)
Superheater:
• Heating area	620 sq ft (58 m²)
Cylinders	Two
Cylinder size	23 in (584 mm) bore 26 in (660 mm) stroke
Valve gear	Walschaerts Caprotti (No. 879 as built)
Valve type	Piston Poppet (No. 879 as built)
Couplers	AAR knuckle

Performance figures
Tractive effort	♠ 33,530 lbf (149.1 kN) @ 75% ♥ 33,570 lbf (149.3 kN) @ 75%

Career
Operators	South African Railways
Class	Class 16DA
Number in class	6
Numbers	874-879
Nicknames	Boepens, Wide firebox
Delivered	1930
First run	1930
Withdrawn	1973

The South African Railways Class 16DA 4-6-2 of 1930 was a steam locomotive.

In 1930, the South African Railways placed six redesigned Class 16DA steam locomotives with a 4-6-2 Pacific type wheel arrangement in passenger train service.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Manufacturer

An order for six locomotives for the South African Railways (SAR), similar to the Class 16DA Pacific type locomotives of 1928 and 1929 but built to an improved design, was placed with Henschel and Son of Kassel in Germany in 1930.^[1]^[2]

Characteristics

A.G. Watson

In an attempt to improve the steaming properties of further orders of Class 16DA locomotives, A.G. Watson, who had succeeded Colonel Collins as CME in 1929, designed a boiler of the Wootten type. It had a very wide firebox with a grate area of 60 square feet (5.574 square metres). Watson was a firm believer in large firegrates with enlarged blast pipe caps to give a reasonably low burning rate of fuel per unit of grate area, which improved boiler efficiency and reduced the emission of sparks and partially burnt fuel.^[1]^[2]^[5]

The boiler itself was of the same dimensions as that of the earlier locomotives in terms of girth and length between tube plates, the only difference being in the tube arrangement. The enlarged firebox, however, had a firegrate area which was 33⅓% larger than the 45 square feet (4.181 square metres) of the earlier Hohenzollern- and Baldwin-built locomotives. It was of comparable proportions to those which would later be installed on the Class 15E and Class 23.^[1]^[3]^[4]

This boiler and firebox was installed on these final six Class 16DA locomotives, numbered in the range from 874 to 879, which were built by Henschel and delivered in 1930. Compared to the earlier Hohenzollern- and Baldwin-built locomotives, the steaming ability of the six Henschel-built locomotives was phenomenal and led to the adoption of wide fireboxes without combustion chambers as the standard on all subsequent SAR mainline steam locomotives.^[1]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

The Henschel-built Class 16DA locomotives with their much wider fireboxes, their correspondingly larger grate areas and slightly larger diameter trailing wheels were sufficiently different from the Baldwin- and Hohenzollern-builts to justify a separate classification such as Class 16DB, but this did not happen and the locomotives ended up being known as the Wide Firebox or Boepens Class 16DA.^[7]

Modifications

Five of these locomotives were delivered with Walschaerts valve gear. The last engine, no. 879, was built with Caprotti valve gear for experimental purposes. This rotary poppet valve gear was driven from a single gearbox on the centre of the driving axle. The valve gear was given a fair trial, but was eventually replaced with the standard Walschaerts valve gear in 1940.^[1]^[2]^[8]

They were all delivered with 60 inches (1,520 millimetres) diameter coupled wheels and with their boiler operating pressure set at 195 pounds per square inch (1,340 kilopascals). Four of them were later retyred with 63 inches (1,600 millimetres) diameter tyres on their coupled wheels. At the same time, their operating boiler pressure was raised to 205 pounds per square inch (1,410 kilopascals) to not have their tractive effort reduced by the larger coupled wheels.^[3]^[4]

When the larger tyres were fitted, the old tyres were left in position and turned down on the wheel centres to serve as liners and the new tyres were then shrunk on over the liners. The practice of increasing the diameter of coupled wheels, wheel spacing and other considerations permitting, was begun by A.G. Watson during his term in office and was continued by his successors. The reduction of tractive effort caused by the larger wheels was made up by increasing boiler pressures or by fitting larger cylinders or both, as required. This policy resulted in more mileage between heavy repairs, less cost-per-mile on repairs and locomotives capable of higher speeds.^[2]

Service

The locomotives were placed in service at Kimberley and took over the working of the Union Limited and Union Express between there and Johannesburg from the narrow firebox Class 16DA. They were never stationed at Braamfontein Loco in Johannesburg, but were serviced there in the process of working between Kimberley and Johannesburg. They also worked south from Kimberley to Beaufort West.^[9]^[10]

When the Class 16E arrived in 1935, these Class 16DAs remained in service on the express trains in company with the new locomotives which were also stationed at Kimberley and also worked north to Johannesburg and south to Beaufort West.^[9]

In 1939-1940, when new air-conditioned rolling stock was placed in service on the Union Limited and Union Express services between Cape Town and Johannesburg, all the Class 16DA and Class 16E locomotives were transferred to Bloemfontein in the Free State. From here, they continued to work passenger trains north and south, including the Orange Express which was the premier passenger train passing through Bloemfontein. During the 1950s the Orange Express was worked almost exclusively by wide firebox Class 16DA and Class 16E locomotives between Bloemfontein and Kimberley. When the Class 15F replaced them, they were relegated to suburban and local passenger train work. The wide firebox Class 16DA were withdrawn from service in 1973.^[5]^[8]

Preservation

No. 876 was the last of these engines to be kept in working order while being operated as part of the Transnet Heritage Collection and shedded at the Bloemfontein locomotive depot. No. 878 was still serviceable when it was plinthed at the Transnet Rail Engineering shops in Bloemfontein and is in excellent condition, since its location inside the works premises affords protection against South Africa's metal scavengers.^[7]

During 2012, Atlantic Rail In Cape Town began fundraising efforts with the aim to eventually restore no. 879 to running order. It began steam testing in 2013, which culminated in a test run on the open line with a full load on 6 April 2014. Named Katie, it is based at Monument Station and is being used on weekend excursion trains to Stellenbosch.^[11]

Works numbers

The table lists the Class 16DA engine numbers, works numbers and variations in coupled wheel sizes.^[3]^[4]

Class 16DA 4-6-2
Works Numbers & Variations
SAR No.	Works No.	Coupled wheel dia.
874	21749	63"/1600mm
875	21750	63"/1600mm
876	21751	60"/1524mm
877	21752	60"/1524mm
878	21753	63"/1600mm
879	21754	63"/1600mm

Illustration

No. 879 as built with Caprotti valve gear
No. 876 Lettie Uys at Springfontein, c. 1991
No. 878 at the Bloemfontein shops, 7 April 2006
No. 879 at Oranjerivier, 13 April 1979
No. 879 in dark blue Union Limited livery, c. 2002

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to South African Class 16DA 4-6-2 1930.

1 2 3 4 5 6 Holland, D. F. (1972). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways. 2: 1910-1955 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, Devon: David & Charles. pp. 67–68. ISBN 978-0-7153-5427-8.
1 2 3 4 5 Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1946). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter VII - South African Railways (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, May 1946. pp. 375-376.
1 2 3 4 5 South African Railways & Harbours/Suid Afrikaanse Spoorweë en Hawens (15 Aug 1941). Locomotive Diagram Book/Lokomotiefdiagramboek, 3'6" Gauge/Spoorwydte. SAR/SAS Mechanical Department/Werktuigkundige Dept. Drawing Office/Tekenkantoor, Pretoria. pp. 23-24.
1 2 3 4 5 South African Railways & Harbours/Suid Afrikaanse Spoorweë en Hawens (15 Aug 1941). Locomotive Diagram Book/Lokomotiefdiagramboek, 2'0" & 3'6" Gauge/Spoorwydte, Steam Locomotives/Stoomlokomotiewe. SAR/SAS Mechanical Department/Werktuigkundige Dept. Drawing Office/Tekenkantoor, Pretoria. pp. 6a-7a, 23-24.
1 2 3 Soul of A Railway, System 5, Part 1: Bloemfontein. Captions 1, 19. (Accessed on 1 March 2017)
↑ Henschel-Lieferliste (Henschel & Son works list), compiled by Dietmar Stresow
1 2 Durrant, A. E. (1989). Twilight of South African Steam (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, London: David & Charles. p. 94. ISBN 0715386387.
1 2 Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. pp. 10–11, 67. ISBN 0869772112.
1 2 Information supplied by Les Pivnic, retired Assistant Curator, South African Railway Museum
↑ Soul of A Railway, System 7, Western Transvaal, based in Johannesburg, Part 26: Braamfontein West to Klerksdorp (home signal) by Les Pivnic, Part 1. Caption 18. (Accessed on 6 May 2017)
↑ Atlantic Rail – Day Trips (Accessed on 17 April 2017)

Locomotives of South Africa

Steam

7' ¼" gauge	East London 0-4-0VB Table Bay 0-4-0ST Table Bay 0-4-0T Table Bay 0-4-0WT
4' 8½" gauge	Cape 0-4-0T Blackie Cape 0-4-2 Cape 2-4-0T CGR 0-4-0ST Aid Natal 0-4-0ST Durban Natal 0-4-0WT Natal Natal 4-4-0T Perseverance
3' 6" gauge Tank engines	CGR 0-4-0ST 1873 CGR 0-4-0ST 1874 CGR 0-4-0ST 1881 CGR 0-4-0ST 1881 Coffee Pot CGR 0-6-0ST CGR 0-6-0T CGR 2-6-0ST 1900 CGR 2-6-0ST 1902 CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1875 CGR 1st Class 0-4-0ST 1876 CGR 1st Class 2-6-0ST CGR 1st Class 4-4-0T CGR 2nd Class 4-4-0T CGR 3rd Class 2-6-0T CGR Railmotor CSAR Class C CSAR Class E CSAR Rack 4-6-4RT CSAR Railmotor Durban's Congella Durban's Edward Innes Durban's John Milne Durban's Sir Albert Port Elizabeth 0-4-0ST Kowie Railway 0-6-0T Kowie Railway 4-4-0T Metropolitan & Suburban 4-6-2T NGR 2-6-0T Durban & Pietermaritzburg NGR Class I 2-6-2T NGR Class K 0-4-0ST NGR Class K 0-6-0ST NGR Class K 2-6-0T NZASM 10 Tonner NZASM 13 Tonner NZASM 14 Tonner NZASM 18 Tonner NZASM 19 Tonner NZASM 32 Tonner NZASM 40 Tonner PPR 26 Tonner PPR 35 Tonner Portuguese SAR Class A SAR Class B SAR Class C SAR Class C1 SAR Class C2 SAR Class D SAR Class E SAR Class F SAR Class G SAR Class H SAR Class H1 SAR Class H2 SAR Class J SAR Class K SAR Railmotor SAR Dock 0-4-0ST SAR Dock 0-4-0T SWA 2-8-0T
3' 6" gauge Tender engines	CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1876 BP CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1876 Kitson CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1879 CGR 1st Class 2-6-0 1891 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0 CGR 1st Class 4-4-0TT CGR 2nd Class 2-6-2TT CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1883 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1884 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1889 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1898 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1901 CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1903 CGR 4th Class 4-4-2 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1880 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1882 CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1882 Joy CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT 1884 CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1890 CGR 5th Class 4-6-0 1891 NGR Havelock NGR Class I SAR Class Exp 1 SAR Class Exp 2 SAR Class Exp 3 SAR Class Exp 4 SAR Class Exp 5 SAR Class Exp 6 SAR Class S SAR Class S1 SAR Class S2 SAR Class 1 SAR Class 1A SAR Class 1B SAR Class 2 SAR Class 2C SAR Class 3 SAR Class 3A SAR Class 3B SAR Class 4 SAR Class 4A SAR Class 5 SAR Class 5A SAR Class 5B SAR Class 6 SAR Class 6A SAR Class 6B SAR Class 6C SAR Class 6D SAR Class 6E SAR Class 6F SAR Class 6G SAR Class 6H SAR Class 6J SAR Class 6K SAR Class 6L SAR Class 6Y SAR Class 6Z SAR Class 7 SAR Class 7A SAR Class 7B SAR Class 7C SAR Class 7D SAR Class 7E SAR Class 7F SAR Class 8 SAR Class 8A SAR Class 8B SAR Class 8C SAR Class 8D SAR Class 8E SAR Class 8F SAR Class 8R SAR Class 8X SAR Class 8Y SAR Class 8Z SAR Class 9 SAR Class 10 SAR Class 10A SAR Class 10B SAR Class 10C SAR Class 10D SAR Class 11 SAR Class 12 SAR Class 12A SAR Class 12B SAR Class 13 SAR Class 14 SAR Class 14A SAR Class 14B SAR Class 14C 1st SAR Class 14C 2nd SAR Class 14C 3rd SAR Class 14C 4th SAR Class 15 SAR Class 15A SAR Class 15B SAR Class 15C SAR Class 15CA SAR Class 15E SAR Class 15F SAR Class 16 SAR Class 16A SAR Class 16B SAR Class 16C SAR Class 16D SAR Class 16DA 1928 SAR Class 16DA 1930 SAR Class 16E SAR Class 17 SAR Class 18 SAR Class 19 SAR Class 19A SAR Class 19B SAR Class 19C SAR Class 19D SAR Class 20 SAR Class 21 SAR Class 23 SAR Class 24 SAR Class 25 SAR Class 25NC SAR Class 26 SAR Katanga SWA 2-8-0
3' 6" gauge Articulated engines	CGR Fairlie CGR Kitson-Meyer SAR Class FC SAR Class FD SAR Class GA SAR Class GB SAR Class GC SAR Class GCA SAR Class GD SAR Class GDA SAR Class GE SAR Class GEA SAR Class GF SAR Class GG SAR Class GH SAR Class GK SAR Class GL SAR Class GM SAR Class GMA SAR Class GO SAR Class HF SAR Class KM SAR Class MA SAR Class MB SAR Class MC SAR Class MC1 SAR Class MD SAR Class ME SAR Class MF SAR Class MG SAR Class MH SAR Class MJ SAR Class MJ1 SAR Class U
2' 6" gauge	Cape Copper John King & Miner Cape Copper Britannia Cape Copper Caledonia Cape Copper Clara Cape Copper Condenser Cape Copper Scotia Namaqua Copper Pioneer Walvis Bay 2-4-2T Hope
2' & 600mm gauges	ACR Class NG-G16A CGR NG 0-4-0T CGR NG 0-6-0T CGR NG 4-6-2T CGR Type A 2-6-4T CGR Type C 0-4-0T NGR Class N 4-6-2T SAR Dutton SAR NG 0-4-0T SAR Class NG1 SAR Class NG2 SAR Class NG3 SAR Class NG4 SAR Class NG5 SAR Class NG6 SAR Class NG7 SAR Class NG8 SAR Class NG9 SAR Class NG10 SAR Class NG-G11 SAR Class NG-G12 SAR Class NG-G13 SAR Class NG-G14 SAR Class NG15 SAR Class NG-G16 SWA Class Ha SWA Class Hb SWA Class Hc SWA Class Hd SWA Jung SWA Zwillinge

Electric

Amcoal Class E38

Gas-electric

SAR Gas-electric

Diesel

3' 6" gauge Diesel-electric	PRASA Class Afro 4000 SAR Class DS SAR Class DS1 SAR Class 31-000 SAR Class 32-000 SAR Class 32-200 SAR Class 33-000 SAR Class 33-200 SAR Class 33-400 SAR Class 34-000 SAR Class 34-200 SAR Class 34-400 SAR Class 34-500 SAR Class 34-600 SAR Class 34-800 SAR Class 34-900 SAR Class 35-000 SAR Class 35-200 SAR Class 35-400 SAR Class 35-600 TFR Class 35-800 SAR Class 36-000 SAR Class 36-200 SAR Class 37-000 Spoornet Class 39-000 TFR Class 39-200 TFR Class 43-000 TFR Class 44-000
2' gauge Diesel-electric	SAR Class 91-000
3' 6" gauge Diesel-hydraulic	SAR Class 61-000
3' 6" gauge Electro-diesel	Spoornet Class 38-000

South African steam locomotive tenders

Cape gauge

Type FT

Type GT

Type HT

Type KT

Type LP

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