Souter Lighthouse

Souter Lighthouse
Marsden Head

Souter Lighthouse
Tyne and Wear
Location Marsden
Tyne and Wear
England
Coordinates 54°58′14″N 1°21′51″W / 54.970503°N 1.364100°W / 54.970503; -1.364100Coordinates: 54°58′14″N 1°21′51″W / 54.970503°N 1.364100°W / 54.970503; -1.364100
Year first constructed 1871
Deactivated 1988
Construction brick tower
Tower shape cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern
Markings / pattern white tower with a horizontal red band, red lantern
Height 77 ft (23 m)
Range 26 nmi (48 km; 30 mi)
Characteristic Fl R 5s.
Fog signal One blast every 30s
Admiralty number A2694
ARLHS number ENG-127
Managing agent National Trust[1]
Heritage Grade II* listed building
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Souter Lighthouse (grid reference NZ408642) is a lighthouse located in the village of Marsden in South Shields, Tyne & Wear, England. Souter was the first lighthouse in the world to be actually designed and built specifically to use alternating electric current, the most advanced lighthouse technology of its day.

History

The lighthouse was a much-needed aid to navigation due to the number of wrecks on the dangerous reefs of Whitburn Steel[2] which lay directly under the water in the surrounding area. In one year alone – 1860 – there were 20 shipwrecks. This contributed to making this coastline the most dangerous in the country, with an average of around 44 shipwrecks per every mile of coastline.

The lighthouse is located on Lizard Point, but takes its name from Souter Point, which is located a mile to the south. This was the intended site for the lighthouse, but it was felt that Lizard Point offered better visibility, as the cliffs there are higher, so the lighthouse was built there instead. The Souter Lighthouse name was retained in order to avoid confusion with the then recently-built Lizard Lighthouse in Cornwall.

Souter Lighthouse is approximately three miles south of the mouth of the River Tyne. Some four miles or so to the north of the mouth of the Tyne is a sister Victorian lighthouse, St Mary's Lighthouse, on St Mary's Island. This has now been decommissioned, but is open to visitors. St Mary's Lighthouse can be seen with the naked eye from the top of Souter Lighthouse.[3]

Souter Lighthouse was itself decommissioned in 1988,[4] but continued to serve as a radio navigation beacon up until 1999 when it was finally closed.

As Souter was never automated, it remains much in its original operational state except for updates during its lifespan to its lantern and electrical apparatus.

Today the decommissioned Souter lighthouse is owned by the National Trust and open to the public; the engine room, light tower and keeper's living quarters are all on view. There is also an outdoor play area, Trusty Club and indoor activities to accommodate young visitors. Two of the former lighthouse keepers' cottages are used as National Trust holiday cottages. The lighthouse is said to be haunted, and has even featured on British TV's Most Haunted ghost-hunting programme.[5]

Construction

Designed by James Douglass it was opened in 1871, with construction supervised by civil engineer Henry Norris[6] for Trinity House. The contract for building the lighthouse and keeper's cottage was reported in March 1869 as being £8,000[7] and was awarded to the local firm of James Todd,[8] after complaints that local builders had not had the opportunity to reply to tender as it had not been advertised locally.[9] The foundation stone was ceremonially laid by Admiral Collinson's sister on 9 June 1869.[10] After completing this project Douglass and Norris moved on to the building of Hartland Point Lighthouse in Devon.

Electricity

Souter Lighthouse's original generator

Trinity House had carried out an extensive testing and selection process over five years and included comparison with oil lights and examination of equipment in Britain and France.[11]

The 800,000 candle power light was generated using carbon arcs and not an incandescent light bulb, and could be seen for up to 26 miles.[12] In addition to the main light a red/white sector light shone from a window in the tower below the lantern, to highlight hazardous rocks to the south; it was powered using light diverted (through a set of mirrors and lenses) from the landward side of the main arc lamp.[13]

Carbon arc lights for lighthouses were pioneered by Professor Frederick Hale Holmes with experiments in 1857 at Blackwell and South Foreland off the Kent coast, in 1860 at North Foreland (described in a lecture [14] by Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution) and a test installation at Dungeness in 1862 and complete installation at Souter in 1870.[15] Electricity was provided by Holmes' own magneto electric generators for which he took out a series of patents[16] during those years. One of the Holmes generators built in 1867 and used at Souter is now on display at the Science Museum, London.[17] The generators were driven using not a steam engine but three so-called furnace gas engines made by the Felix Brown company of New York City. Located in the engine-house, each Brown was driving a pair of generators and an air-pump to feed the pressure tank of a foghorn.

In 1914 the pioneering electric light at Souter was replaced with a more conventional oil lamp; it was again converted in 1952 to run on (mains) electric power.[12] The mechanism which caused the optic (lens array) to revolve was driven by clockwork until 1983.[18]

Charts and Engineering

Foghorn

Present-day foghorn

The foghorn has seen many changes over the years. When the lighthouse was first built, a single horn of a clay and iron pipe design, facing straight out to sea, was provided. This was replaced in 1873 by a pair of twin horns to the same design, angled to spread the noise up and down the coast. In turn these were superseded by twin Rayleigh trumpets in the 1920s, with the foghorn house remodelled at the seaward corners to accommodate them, then in 1953 these gave way to the present diaphone fog horns.

The horns produced a five-second blast every 30 seconds in poor weather up until 1988, when Souter Lighthouse was decommissioned by Trinity House. The siren signal was a 5-second sound of 480 Hz every 5 minutes.

The foghorns remain in working order and are sounded on special occasions throughout the year, most notably during the monthly Engine Room Day, which is held at the lighthouse during the summer months.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Souter The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved April 26, 2016
  2. ↑ "Newcastle Courant". 18 June 1869. p. 6. a new lighthouse to be erected on Souter Point...It will erected to prevent wrecks from occurring, if possible, on Whitburn Steel, of which there have been so many complaints within recent years.
  3. ↑ Personal observation
  4. ↑ http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/local-news/ten-interesting-facts-south-shields-1342148
  5. ↑ http://www.tv.com/shows/most-haunted/souter-lighthouse-282470/
  6. ↑ "Shields Gazette and Daily Telegraph". 9 September 1870. p. 3. the works are being pushed rapidly forward under the supervision of Mr H. Norris, the board and resident engineer
  7. ↑ "Sheffield Daily Telegraph". 11 March 1869. p. 2. A new lighthouse and keepers' residence are to erected at Souter Point near, South Shields. The contract for building has been let for £8,000.
  8. ↑ "The Architect and Contract Reporter: A Weekly Illustrated Journal". 1. January–June 1869: 183. The contract for the erection of a new lighthouse and lighthouse-keepers residence at Souter Point, near Sunderland, has been let to Mr. Todd, builder, of South Shields, for £8,000
  9. ↑ "Shields Gazette and Daily Telegraph". 12 April 1869. p. 2. Some months ago, tenders were advertised for in the Sunderland papers, asking offers for the erection of a lighthouse on Souter Point. Most of the people in Shields hardly ever saw a Sunderland paper in their lives, yet the Shields builders were virtually shut out from competing for a lighthouse within the limits of their own Poor-Law Union, so far as publicity of the fact of tenders being wanted was concerned. Communications were accordingly made from this office on the subject; the advertisement appeared in the Gazette, and a South Shields contractor ultimately got the job.
  10. ↑ "Shields Gazette and Daily Telegraph". 9 June 1869. p. 9. The foundation-stone of the lighthouse at Souter Point was laid yesterday afternoon by Mrs Blain (sister to Admiral Collinson) in the presence of the committee of the Elder Brethren of the Trinity House, London, Admiral Collinson, Captain Nesbitt, Captain Webb, Mr G. N. Douglas[sic], engineer to the Corporation, and friends. Robert [sic] Norris is the superintendent of the works, and Mr James Todd is the contractor.
  11. ↑ "Dover Express". 22 May 1868. p. 4.
  12. 1 2 Jones, Robin (2014). Lighthouses of the North East Coast. Wellington, Somerset: Halsgrove.
  13. ↑ "Trinity House History page, quoting Newcastle Courant 12 Jan. 1871".
  14. ↑ "Newcastle Courant". 30 March 1860. p. 3. MAGNETO-ELECTRIC LIGHT FOR LIGHTHOUSES - Professor Faraday, in a lecture delivered at the Royal Institution, says: "By means of a magnet, and of motion, we can get the some kind of electricity as from the battery; and, under the authority of the Trinity House, Professor Holmes has been occupied in introducing the magneto-electric light in the lighthouse at the North Foreland...For the last six months the North Foreland has been shining by means of this electric light beyond all comparison better than its former light. Never for once during six months has it failed in doing its duty
  15. ↑ Electricity Supply in the United Kingdom - A Chronology from the beginnings of the Industry to 31 December 1985 (4th ed.). The Electricity Council. 1987 [1973]. p. 15. ISBN 0-85188-105-X.
  16. ↑ Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology. Routledge. 1996. p. 606. ISBN 0-415-06042-7.
  17. ↑ "Holmes's electricity generator, 1867". Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  18. ↑ "Local history society".
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