Puntland–Somaliland dispute

Claimed borders of Somaliland and Puntland. The area between the red and yellow lines is disputed.

The Puntland–Somaliland dispute is a territorial dispute over the northern Somali provinces of Sool, Sanaag and Cayn (SSC) between the self-declared state of Somaliland and the Puntland region of Somalia.^[1][2][3][4]

The dispute

Dispute updated as of December 2016

  Under control of Somaliland Government

  Under control of Puntland region

Background

The territory was historically part of British Somaliland, a British protectorate that declared independence in 1961 and then formed a union with neighboring Italian colony Trust Territory of Somaliland to form the Somali Republic (Somalia). In the aftermath of the Somali Civil War, a successor state of the British protectorate was formed in 1991 under the name Somaliland, declaring independence from Somalia.

The dispute started in 1998, when Puntland was formed as an autonomous state of Somalia and declared the region as part of its territory based on tribal affiliation of the locals.^[5]

Puntland claims Sool, Sanaag and Cayn (SSC) based on kinship ties with the regions' dominant Darod clans. Somaliland claims the territory as part of the original bounds of the former British Somaliland protectorate, which the self-declared country regards itself as the successor to.^[6] Fighting between the two forces led to casualties and captured prisoners, who were later exchanged.

Sanaag

Sanaag is a disputed region, claimed as sovereign territory by Puntland and Somaliland, two autonomous macro regions of Somalia.

The dispute with the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) stems from the passage of the new Charter in November 2004. However, this was not a pragmatic issue until the military successes of the government in the 2006–2007 war in Somalia. Assertions of sovereignty in January 2007 by the TFG leadership sparked riots in Somaliland.^[7][8]

On July 1, 2007, the state of Maakhir was declared in Sanaag. The polity's leaders claimed independence from both Puntland and Somaliland,^[9] but Maakhir was later officially incorporated into Puntland in January 2009.^[10]

On 20 July 2013, an agreement between local elders in the south of Sanaag Region [northern Somalia] and the Somaliland administration led to the defection of the fighters in an attempt to combine the previously warring forces. "We had discussions and we agreed to work together on security in the area," Somaliland information minister Abdullahi Ukuse, adding that "the defecting force is made up of 500 fighters, 13 technicals and six lorries. These fighters were previously adversaries of the [Somaliland] military. The two forces are now one army." Other sources estimated that somewhere between 500 to 800 soldiers defected and integrated with the Somaliland army. A defecting Khaatumo state commander said he was happy that he joined the Somaliland troops, promising to help beef up security in the region.^[11]

On 12 June 2014, heavily armed Somaliland regional administration forces entered Hingalol town. According to Puntland MP Abdihakim Abdullahi, they arrived in 13 battle wagons and were repeatedly told by local elders to leave the town or they would encounter resistance. Puntland elder Garad Abdullahi Ali Eid similarly indicated that before the Somaliland forces' began their march toward the area, Puntland clan elders had met with them and requested that they not enter the town ahead of a scheduled June 15 clan convention.^[12]

Sool

Sool is a disputed region, claimed as sovereign territory by both the Somaliland and Puntland administrations. During 2006, the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) also incorporated sharia courts in Sool region into their loose alliance, though their military forces never occupied the region.

Under the government of Siad Barre, Sool was not a separate region, but part of the larger Nugaal province, with the capital city of Garowe. It was separated from Nugaal in the 1980s.^[13]

Cayn

The area, centered on the town of Buuhoodle, is also disputed by Somaliland and Puntland. According to Somaliland, the so-called Cayn (or Ayn) area claimed by Puntland remains part of the Togdheer region. Somaliland disputes the territorial claims of Puntland, which wrote the claim on the portion of Togdheere into their 1998 charter.^[5]

Troops from Somaliland and Ethiopia entered this region on 15 May 2010, in order to put down resistance to the upcoming Somaliland elections. Troops searched several towns and villages, including Buuhoodle, for local clan militia supporting Puntland. These forces clashed with local militia, leaving at least 13 dead and 33 wounded.

Armed clashes

Capture of Las Anod

In October 2007, the conflict mushroomed into a regional conflict over control of the city of Las Anod, as Somaliland regular army forces mobilized from their base in the town of Adhicadeeye, west of the city, and entered the conflict. Puntland was slow to mobilize a counter-attack, as Puntland's weak economy and overstretched military obligations in Mogadishu prevented a rapid response. After getting the city under its control, Somaliland moved Sool's regional administration into Las Anod.^[14] Between 10 and 20 people were reported to be dead.^[15]

2010 clashes

In 2010 Ethiopian and Somaliland forces engage an autonomist militia in northern Somalia's Sool region in a bid to pacify the region ahead of the 2010 Somaliland presidential election. Ethiopian troops entered had southern Somalia to fight Islamist militants on previous occasions, but it is believed to be the first time that they had done so in Somaliland, which is generally seen as more stable than Somalia.

2016 clashes

On 18 July, at least five soldiers have been killed after Puntland and Somaliland troops clashed in Sanaag. A Puntland army commander confirmed that three Puntland soldiers and two high ranking Somaliland military officers were killed.^[16]

Somaliland captured a prominent member of the Puntland administration, Mohamed Farah Adan, who was the former vice Minister of Justice and is currently a member of the Puntland parliament.^[17] He was detained for a week in Erigavo and released the following month.^[18]

Other viewpoints

Former president of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud stated his opinion whilst in office that Puntland is made up of two and a half regions, Bari, Nugal and northern Mudug), which goes against Puntland's claim of Sool and Sanaag.^[19]

Furthermore, in preparation for the Somali presidential election of 2017 an official decision from the office of presidency of the Somalia on the allocation of seats for the upper house of the parliament of Somalia was reached. The seats for both Sool and Sanaag were allocated to Somaliland.^[20]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Somali Civil War.

• 2010 Ayn clashes
• Maakhir
• Northern Somali Unionist Movement
• Northland State
• Khatumo State

Notes

References

• H. J. de Blij, Peter O. Muller, Antoinette WinklerPrins, Jan Nijman, The World Today: Concepts and Regions in Geography, (John Wiley & Sons: 2010)
• Puntland Constitution

Further reading

• Hoehne, Markus V. 2007: Puntland and Somaliland clashing in northern Somalia: Who cuts the Gordian knot?, published online on 7 November 2007. http://hornofafrica.ssrc.org/Hoehne/
• Hoehne, Markus V. 2009: Mimesis and mimicry in dynamics of state and identity formation in northern Somalia, Africa 79/2, pp. 252–281.