Solar power in Spain

Spain's solar potential

Spain is one of the top ten countries by solar photovoltaics installed capacity and the first country for concentrated solar power (CSP) in the world. In 2016, the cumulative total solar power installed was 6,969 MW, of which 4,669 MW were solar PV installations and 2,300 MW were concentrated solar power.^[1] In 2016, nearly 8 TWh of electrical power was produced from photovoltaics, and 5 TWh from CSP plants.^[2]. During 2016 Photovoltaics accounted for 3% of total electricity generation and solar thermal an additional 1.9%.^[3]

Spain is one of the European countries with the most hours of sunshine. The country initially had a leading role in the development of solar power. However, in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, the Spanish government drastically cut its subsidies for solar power and capped future increases in capacity at 500 MW per year, with effects upon the industry worldwide.^[4] Between 2013 and 2015 new installations stagnated in Spain whilst growth accelerated in other leading countries leaving Spain to lose much of its world leading status to countries such as Germany, China and Japan. As a legacy from Spain's earlier development of solar power, the country remains a world leader in concentrated solar power, accounting for almost a third of solar power installed capacity in the country, a much higher ratio than that for other countries as of 2017. Many large concentrated solar power stations remain active in Spain and may have provided some of the impetus for large CSP developments in neighboring Morocco.

Installed capacity

Installed capacity grew rapidly until 2013. Since 2013 growth has been negligible in Spain, and the country has fallen behind many other European countries in the development of capacity, although it retains its leading position in the deployment of solar thermal power.

Timeline of developments

The 150 MW Andasol solar power station is a commercial parabolic trough solar thermal power plant, located in Spain. The Andasol plant uses tanks of molten salt to store solar energy so that it can continue generating electricity even when the sun isn't shining.^[5]

2014-2016

The first three units of Solnova in the foreground, with the two towers of the PS10 and PS20 solar power stations in the background.

Almost no new solar capacity is added during this period following the removal of government feed in tarriffs. Having promoted the solar industry with large government subsidies during earlier periods, the system now operates under a 180 degree turn with a punative "solar tax" applied to new PV systems which would otherwise flourish. Spain has been cited as a model in "how not to" develop renewables.^[6] The hoped for growth in self consumption solar generation during 2016 fails to materialize due to delays to reforms following the extended time taken to form a government, all be it with just one party opposed to reforms in this area.^[3]

2012

By the end of 2012, 4.5 GW of solar photovoltaics had been installed, and in that year 8.2 TWh of electricity was produced.^[7] Since then, new installations of solar photovoltaics have slowed down significantly..By the end of 2012 Spain had also installed over 2,000 MW of CSP.

2010

Since 2010, Spain has been the world's leader in concentrated solar power (CSP).

2008

In 2008 the Spanish government committed to achieving a target of 12% of primary energy from renewable energy by 2010 and by 2020 expected the installed solar generating capacity of 10 GW.^[8] Spain added a record 2.6 GW of solar photovoltaic power in 2008,^[9] a figure almost five times that of the next record year, increasing capacity to 3.5 GW.^[10] PV capacity added during 2008 would still account for more than half of total capacity as of 2016.

2004

Through a ministerial ruling in March 2004, the Spanish government removed economic barriers to the connection of renewable energy technologies to the electricity grid. The Royal Decree 436/2004 equalized conditions for large-scale solar thermal and photovoltaic plants and guaranteed feed-in tariffs.^[11]

Solar thermal power plants

The 11 megawatt PS10 solar power tower produces electricity from the sun using 624 large movable mirrors called heliostats.

Three Solar Towers from left: PS20, Eureka, PS10.

Solar Towers from left: PS10, PS20.

In March 2007, Europe's first commercial concentrating solar power tower plant was opened near the sunny Andalusian city of Seville. The 11 MW plant, known as the PS10 solar power tower, produces electricity with 624 large heliostats. Each of these mirrors has a surface measuring 120 square meters (1,290 square feet) that concentrates the Sun's rays to the top of a 115-meter (377 feet) high tower where a solar receiver and a steam turbine are located. The turbine drives a generator, producing electricity.^[13]

The Andasol 1 solar power station is Europe’s first parabolic trough commercial power plant (50 MWe), located near Guadix in the province of Granada, also in Andalusia (the plant is named after the region). The Andasol 1 power plant went online in November 2008, and has a thermal storage system which absorbs part of the heat produced in the solar field during the day. This heat is then stored in a molten salt mixture and used to generate electricity during the night, or when the sky is overcast.^[14]

A 15 MWe solar-only power tower plant, the Solar Tres project, is in the hands of the Spanish company SENER, employing molten salt technologies for receiving and energy storage. Its 16-hour molten salt storage system will be able to deliver power around the clock. The Solar Tres project has received a €5 million grant from the EC’s Fifth Framework Programme.^[11]

Solar thermal power plants designed for solar-only generation are well matched to summer noon peak loads in prosperous areas with significant cooling demands, such as Spain. Using thermal energy storage systems, solar thermal operating periods can even be extended to meet base-load needs.^[11]

Abengoa Solar began commercial operation of a 20-megawatt solar power tower plant near Seville in late April, 2009. Called the PS20, the plant uses a field of 1,255 flat mirrors, or heliostats, to concentrate sunlight on a receiver mounted on a central tower. Water pumped up the tower and through the receiver boils into steam, which is then directed through a turbine to produce electricity. The new facility is located adjacent to one with half its capacity, called PS10, which was the world's first commercial solar power tower plant. According to Abengoa Solar, the new facility is exceeding its predicted power output.^[15]

Photovoltaics

Small systems

• 
  PV solar parking
• 
  BIPV façade at MNACTEC, near Barcelona
• 
  An isolated mountain hut with stand-alone PV system in Catalonia
• 
  solar PV system at a sewage treatment plant in Santuari de Lluc

Utility-scale systems

Photovoltaics (PV) convert sunlight into electricity and many solar photovoltaic power stations have been built in Spain.^[16] As of November 2010, the largest PV power plants in Spain include, the Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park (60 MW), Puertollano Photovoltaic Park (47.6 MW), Planta Solar La Magascona & La Magasquila (34.5 MW), Arnedo Solar Plant (34 MW), and Planta Solar Dulcinea (31.8 MW).^[16]

BP Solar begun constructing a new solar photovoltaic cell manufacturing plant at its European headquarters in Tres Cantos, Madrid.^[18] For phase one of the Madrid expansion, BP Solar aimed to expand its annual cell capacity from 55 MW to around 300 MW. Construction of this facility was underway, with the first manufacturing line expected to be fully operational in 2009.^[18] The new cell lines would use innovative screen-printing technology. By fully automating wafer handling, the manufacturing lines would be able to handle the very thinnest of wafers available and ensure the highest quality.^[18] Thin wafers are of particular importance since there has been a silicon shortage in recent years. However, after the new national law limiting installed power by year, in April 2009 BP Solar closed its factories.^[19]

Since the beginning of 2007, Aleo Solar AG has also been manufacturing high-quality solar modules for the Spanish market at its own factory in Santa Maria de Palautordera near Barcelona. In 2014 SITECNO S.A. took over this facility^[18]

Regional PV distribution

PV capacity in watts per capita by autonomous communities in 2013^[20]

<1 watt   1—10 watts   10—50 watts   50—100 watts   100—200 watts

200—350 watts   350—500 watts   500—750 watts   >750 watts

Policies, laws and incentives

New building codes

New building codes in Spain are mandating solar hot water for new and remodeled private residences, and photovoltaics to offset some power requirements for all new and remodeled commercial buildings. The new laws also reflect increased awareness of the importance of better building insulation and the use of daylighting.^[22]

Subsidy reductions

In the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, the Spanish government drastically cut its subsidies for solar power and capped future increases in capacity at 500 MW per year, with effects upon the industry worldwide. "The solar industry in 2009 has been undermined by [a] collapse in demand due to the decision by Spain", according to Henning Wicht, a solar-power analyst.^[4] In 2010, the Spanish government went further, retroactively cutting subsidies for existing solar projects, aiming to save several billion euro it owed.^[9][23] According to the Photovoltaic Industry Association, several hundred photovoltaic plant operators may face bankruptcy.^[24] Phil Dominy of Ernst & Young, comparing the feed-in tariff reductions in Germany and Italy, said; "Spain stands out as an example of how not to do it".^[25] As a result, a Spanish association of solar power producers has announced its intention to go to court over the government's plans to cap solar subsidies. In 2014 alternative energy group NextEra filed a complaint against Spain at the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes.^[26]

Research and development

The Plataforma Solar de Almería (PSA), part of the Center for Energy, Environment and Technological Research (CIEMAT), is a center for research, development, and testing of concentrating solar power technologies.^[27] ISFOC^[28] in Puertollano is a development institute for concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) which evaluates CPV technologies at the pilot production scale to optimize operation and determine cost. Technical University of Madrid has a photovoltaic research group.^[29]

Solar Concentra is the Spanish technology platform for concentrated solar power (CSP).^[30] It was created in 2010, and it combines the efforts of the different agents of the CSP sector in Spain.

See also

• Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change
• List of renewable energy topics by country
• Net metering
• Renewable energy in Spain
• Wind power in Spain
• Solar power in the European Union
• Renewable energy by country

References

External links

• Spain pioneers grid-connected solar-tower thermal power
• Photovoltaic solar power grows fast in Spain
• GM installs world's biggest rooftop solar panels
• Is the Sun Setting on Solar Power in Spain?