Spanish Socialist Workers' Party

Spanish Socialist Workers' Party Partido Socialista Obrero Español
Abbreviation	PSOE
President	Cristina Narbona
Secretary-General	Pedro Sánchez
Spokesperson in Congress	Margarita Robles
Spokesperson in Senate	Ander Gil
Founder	Pablo Iglesias Posse
Founded	2 May 1879 (1879-05-02)
Headquarters	C/ Ferraz, 70 28008 Madrid, Spain
Newspaper	El Socialista
Student wing	Campus Joven
Youth wing	Socialist Youth of Spain
Trade union	General Union of Workers
Membership (2017)	187,360[1]
Ideology	Social democracy[2][3] Pro-Europeanism[4][5]
Political position	Centre-left[2]
European affiliation	Party of European Socialists
International affiliation	Progressive Alliance Socialist International
European Parliament group	Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats
Colors	Red
Congress of Deputies	84 / 350
Senate	62 / 265
European Parliament	14 / 54
Regional Parliaments	345 / 1,268
Regional Governments	7 / 19
Provincial deputations[6]	391 / 1,040
Local Government (2015)	20,823 / 67,611
Website
www.psoe.es
Politics of Spain Political parties Elections

The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (Spanish: Partido Socialista Obrero Español [päɾˈti.ðo̞ so̞.θjäˈlis.tä o̞βɾe̞.ɾo̞ e̞s.päˈɲo̞l]; better known by its initials, PSOE [pe̞ˈso̞.e̞]), is a social-democratic^[7] political party in Spain.

PSOE formed the government in democratic Spain between 1982 and 1996, and between 2004 and 2011. It is the currently the oldest political party in Spanish history.

The party, under Felipe González, formed a majority government after its victory in the 1982 general election and stayed in power until 1993 elections. The party then formed a minority government until 1996. PSOE has had strong ties with the General Union of Workers (UGT), a Spanish trade union. For decades, UGT membership was a requirement for PSOE membership. However, since the 1980s, UGT has frequently criticized the economic policies of PSOE, even calling for a general strike on 14 December 1988.^[8]

PSOE was last in power between 2004 and 2011 general elections, with José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero serving as leader of the government. The PSOE is a member of the Party of European Socialists, Progressive Alliance and the Socialist International.^[8] In the European Parliament, PSOE's 14 Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) sit in the Socialists and Democrats (S&D) European parliamentary group.

Ideology

PSOE was founded with the purpose of representing and defending the interests of the working class formed during the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. In its beginnings, PSOE's main objective was the defense of worker's rights and the achievement of the ideals of socialism, emerging from contemporary philosophy and Marxist politics, by securing political power for the working class and socialising the means of production in order to establish a dictatorship of the proletariat in the transition to socialist society. The ideology of the Spanish Socialist Worker's Party has evolved throughout the 20th Century according to relevant historical events and the evolution of Spanish society.

In 1979 the party abandoned its definitive Marxist theses at the hands of its then secretary general Felipe González, not before overcoming great tensions and two congresses, the first of which preferred to maintain Marxism. Before this situation, notable internal leaders like Pablo Castellano or Luis Gómez Llorente founded the internal faction of Left Socialists, which included the militants who would not renounce Marxism. This allowed for the consolidation of the leftist forces in PSOE. From this moment, the diverse events both outside and within the party led to projects that resembled those of other European social democratic parties and acceptance of the defence of the market economy.

Currently, PSOE defines itself as "social democratic, center-left and progressive". Concerning the territorial model of the realm, PSOE supports asymmetric federalism.^[9] It is grouped with other self-styled socialists, social democrats and labour parties in the Party of European Socialists.

Early history (1879–1974)

Pablo Iglesias founded the party back in 1879.

Casa Labra Pub

PSOE was founded on the 2nd of May, 1879 in the Casa Labra Pub (city of Madrid) by the historical Spanish workers' leader Pablo Iglesias.^[8] The first program of the new political party was passed in an assembly of 40 people, on 20 July of that same year. Although PSOE was rather weak during the late 19th century, its active participation in strikes from 1899 to 1902 and especially its electoral coalition with the main Republican parties led in 1910 to the election of Pablo Iglesias as the first Socialist representative in the Spanish Cortes.

The party was a member of the Labour and Socialist International between 1923 and 1940.^[10]

PSOE formed part of the Spanish Government during the Second Spanish Republic and as part of the Spanish Popular Front, elected to government in February 1936. During the civil war years, PSOE was divided into three wings: a leftist revolutionary Marxist wing, led by Francisco Largo Caballero that advocated dictatorship of the proletariat, nationalization of every industry, and total redistribution of land; a moderate, social-democratic faction, led by Indalecio Prieto; and a reformist one, led by Julian Besteiro.^[11]

The dictator Francisco Franco banned PSOE in 1939, and the party was legalized again in 1977. During Franco's rule members of PSOE were persecuted, with many leaders, members and supporters being imprisoned or exiled and even executed.

Modern history (1974–present)

Ferraz 70, PSOE headquarters since 1982

Its 25th Congress was held in Toulouse in August 1972. In 1974 at its 26th Congress in Suresnes, Felipe González was elected Secretary General, replacing Rodolfo Llopis Ferrándiz. González was from the "reform" wing of the party, and his victory signaled a defeat for the historic and veteran wing of the Party. The direction of the party shifted from the exiles to the young people in Spain who hadn't fought the war.^[8]

Llopis led a schism to form the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (historic) González showed intentions to move the party away from its Marxist and socialist background, turning PSOE into a social-democratic party, similar to those of the rest of western Europe. In 1977 PSOE became the unofficial opposition leading party with 29.2% of the vote and 118 seats in the Parliament (which until then it had been the Communists, leading more aggressively among a larger representation of underground parties since the last free popular vote during the Civil War on Republican territory) in what was still a pluralistic party election but heading towards a de facto two-party system. Their standing was further boosted in 1978 when the 6 deputies of the Popular Socialist Party agreed to merge with the party.

In their 27th congress in May 1979, González resigned because the party would not abandon its Marxist character. In September of that year, the extraordinary 28th congress was called in which González was re-elected when the party agreed to move away from Marxism. European social-democratic parties supported González's stand, and the Social Democratic Party of Germany granted them money. PSOE party symbol was changed from the anvil with the book to the social-democratic rose in the fist, as used by the French Socialist Party. In the referendum of 1978, PSOE supported the Spanish Constitution, which was approved. In the 1979 Spanish general election PSOE gained 30.5% of the vote and 121 seats, remaining the main opposition party.

1980 PSOE Anti-NATO billboard. While opposing Spanish membership to NATO when they were on opposition, the party changed its posture in government, and supported the "Yes" option on the 1986 NATO membership referendum.

On the 28th of October 1982 Spanish general election, PSOE was victorious, with 48.1% of the vote (10,127,392 total). Felipe González became Prime Minister of Spain on 2 December, a position he held until May 1996.

Though the party had opposed NATO, after reaching the government most party leaders supported keeping Spain inside the organisation. The González administration organised a referendum on the question in 1986, calling for a favourable vote, and won. The administration was criticised for avoiding the official names of North Atlantic Treaty Organisation and NATO, using the unofficial Atlantic Alliance terms. A symbol of this U-turn is Javier Solana who campaigned against NATO but ended up years later as its Secretary General.

Felipe González (here with Shimon Peres) was the Spanish Prime Minister from 1982 to 1996.

PSOE supported the United States in the Gulf War (1991). PSOE won the 1986, 1989 and 1993 general elections. Under the Gonzalez Administration, public expenditure on education, health, and pensions rose in total by 4.1 points of the country's GDP between 1982 and 1992.^[12]

Economic crisis and state terrorism (GAL) against the violent separatist group ETA eroded the popularity of Felipe González, and in 1996, PSOE lost the elections to the conservative People's Party (PP). Between 1996 and 2001 PSOE weathered a crisis, with Gonzalez resigning in 1997. PSOE suffered a heavy defeat in 2000 (34.7%). PSOE remained as the ruling party in the autonomous communities of Andalusia, Extremadura, Castilla-La Mancha and Asturias.

In 2000, a new general secretary, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (also known as ZP), was elected, renewing the party. Later, PSOE won the municipal elections of 2003.

PSOE strongly opposed the Iraq War, which was supported by the PP.

José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero

On 13 November 2003 PSOE (Socialists' Party of Catalonia, PSC) increased its vote total but scored second in the regional election in Catalonia, after Convergence and Union. After a period of negotiations, the party formed a pact with Republican Left of Catalonia, Initiative for Catalonia Greens and the United and Alternative Left, and governed in Catalonia until 2010.

On 14 March 2004, PSOE won the 2004 Spanish general election with almost 43% of the votes, following the 11-M terrorist (11 March) attacks, and maintained their lead in the elections to the European Parliament.

In 2005, PSOE called for a "Yes" vote on the European Constitution. PSOE also favoured the negotiations between the government and ETA during the 2006 cease-fire, which had a de facto end with the Barajas Airport terrorist attack.

On March 9th, 2008 PSOE won the 2008 general elections again with José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero remaining Prime Minister of Spain. The Socialists increased their share of seats in the Congress of Deputies from 164 to 169 after the latest election.

However, after waning popularity throughout their second term, mainly due to their handling of the worsening economic climate in Spain in the aftermath of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, PSOE were defeated in the general elections of November 2011 by the conservative People's Party. Shortly after, an extraordinary congress was held, in which Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba, former Deputy to Zapatero and Minister of the Interior, was elected Secretary General defeating Carme Chacón, the other candidate, who stood for the Zapatero platform. This victory caused huge internal divisions and weakened the party's external image.

In 2013, PSOE held a political conference which introduced a completely new platform, widely seen as a move to the left in a desperate attempt to steal votes from parties such as United Left, whose popularity rose steadily due to the general discontent with the two-party system and spending cuts. That platform was the basis for the European Parliament election manifesto, promoted as a solid alternative to the conservative plan for Europe. The expectations inside the party, which chose Elena Valenciano as their election candidate, were really optimistic; however, the social democrats suffered another huge defeat due to the appearance of new parties such as Podemos which managed to gain the support of left-wing voters; PSOE won 14 seats. Shortly thereafter, Rubalcaba resigned as Secretary General and an Extraordinary Congress was convoked. This congress was the first to use a primary election system with three candidates: Pedro Sánchez, Eduardo Madina and José Antonio Pérez-Tapias. Pedro Sánchez was elected with 49 percent of the vote of the affiliates and therefore became Secretary General on 27 July.

In 2015 municipal elections were held, where the PSOE won 25% of the vote, one of its worst results in the history of democracy, together with the fall of the Popular Party, which won 27% of votes, it meant the end of the two-party system in Spain in favor of new parties. The PSOE lost 943 councilors but passes govern 2-7 communities through pacts left.

On 20 December, the 2015 general election was held, which produced a parliament broken into four major parties. PSOE, due to the large increase for parties like Podemos (left) and Citizens (center-right), got about 20% of the vote, its worst result since democracy was restored.

Excepting the Andalusian elections 2015, most elections held during the leadership of Sanchez tested negative for the PSOE. Added to this, the policy of pacts conducted by Sanchez after the general elections of 2016, based on the outright refusal to facilitate a government of the Popular party, it was disputed by several leaders of the formación, conceived within the party a critical current with Sanchez, led by Susana Diaz, president of Andalusia.

On September 28, 2016, the Secretary of Federal Policy PSOE, Antonio Pradas, presented at the party headquarters resignation en bloc of 17 members of the Federal Executive for the party to pass to be managed by a management and pressure Pedro Sanchez to resign as secretary general. The Executive, composed of 35 members (originally 38), lost by resignation two executives, who joined at 17 by a total of 19, half plus one of the same. Including the president of the party, Micaela Navarro, the former Minister Carme Chacon or presidents Ximo Puig Valencia and Castilla-La Mancha Emiliano García-Page.

On the afternoon of October 1, 2016, after holding a tense Federal Committee, Pedro Sanchez resigned as party general secretary. That night it was reported that an interim manager would happen, the head of which is the President of the Principality of Asturias Javier Fernández Fernández

Electoral performance

Restoration Cortes

Second Republic Cortes

Cortes Generales

Congress of Deputies Election Candidate Votes % Seats +/– Government 1977 Felipe González 5,371,866 29.32 118 / 350 – UCD (minority) 1979 Felipe González 5,469,813 30.40 121 / 350 3 UCD (minority) 1982 Felipe González 10,127,392 48.11 202 / 350 81 PSOE 1986 Felipe González 8,901,718 44.06 184 / 350 18 PSOE 1989 Felipe González 8,115,568 39.60 175 / 350 9 PSOE 1993 Felipe González 9,150,083 38.78 159 / 350 16 PSOE (minority) 1996 Felipe González 9,425,678 37.63 141 / 350 18 PP (minority) 2000 Joaquín Almunia 7,918,752 34.16 125 / 350 16 PP 2004 José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero 11,026,163 42.59 164 / 350 39 PSOE (minority) 2008 José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero 11,289,335 43.87 169 / 350 5 PSOE (minority) 2011 Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba 7,003,511 28.76 110 / 350 59 PP 2015 Pedro Sánchez 5,545,315 22.00 90 / 350 20 PP (caretaker) 2016 Pedro Sánchez 5,443,846 22.63 85 / 350 5 PP (minority)

Senate Election Seats +/– Government 1977 54 / 207 – UCD (minority) 1979 69 / 208 15 UCD (minority) 1982 134 / 208 65 PSOE 1986 124 / 208 10 PSOE 1989 107 / 208 17 PSOE 1993 96 / 208 11 PSOE (minority) 1996 81 / 208 15 PP (minority) 2000 60 / 208 21 PP 2004 89 / 208 29 PSOE (minority) 2008 96 / 208 7 PSOE (minority) 2011 54 / 208 42 PP 2015 47 / 208 7 PP (caretaker) 2016 43 / 208 4 PP (minority)

European Parliament

Election	Candidate	Votes	%	Seats	+/–
1987	Fernando Morán	7,522,706	39.06	28 / 60	–
1989	Fernando Morán	6,275,552	39.57	27 / 60	1
1994	Fernando Morán	5,719,707	30.79	22 / 64	5
1999	Rosa Díez	7,477,823	35.33	24 / 64	2
2004	Josep Borrell	6,741,112	43.46	25 / 54	1
2009	Juan Fernando López Aguilar	6,141,784	38.78	23 / 54	2
2014	Elena Valenciano	3,614,232	23.01	14 / 54	9

Terms

• Baron: Unofficial term for the party's regional leaders. They can be very powerful, especially if they run an autonomous community. There have been conflicts between barons and the central directorate in the past. Some barons were Pasqual Maragall (Catalonia), who didn't run for re-election in 2006; Juan Carlos Rodríguez Ibarra (Extremadura), who didn't run for re-election in 2007; Manuel Chaves (Andalucia), who renounced Andalucia's presidency in 2009 to assume Third Vice Presidency of the Spanish Government; José Montilla (Catalonia), now opposition leader. The term barón is more colloquial than official, representing the great power regional leaders have in the party, but it has been falling out of use since 2008.
• Compañero ("companion", "comrade"): A term of address among Socialists, analogous to the English comrade and the Russian tovarisch.
• Currents: There have been several internal groups within PSOE, based on personal or ideological affinities. Some of them have ended with separation from PSOE. The failed trial of primary elections for PSOE candidates was an attempt to conciliate currents. Examples of currents are "Guerristas" (followers of Alfonso Guerra), "Renovadores" (renewers, right wing of the Party) or Izquierda Socialista (Socialist Left).

Historical leaders

Notable members

See also

• Politics of Spain
• List of political parties in Spain

Footnotes

References

Bibliography

• Reynoso, Diego (2004), Votos ponderados: sistemas electorales y sobrerrepresentación distrital, FLACSO México, 249, ISBN 978-970-701-521-0 
• Anttiroiko, Ari-Veikko; Mälkiä, Matti (2007), Encyclopedia of Digital Government, Idea Group Inc (IGI), 1916, ISBN 978-1-59140-790-4 
• Amoretti, Ugo M.; Bermeo, Nancy Gina (2004), Federalism and Territorial Cleavages, JHU Press, p. 498, ISBN 9780801874086 
• Field, Bonnie N.; Botti, Alfonso (2013), Politics and Society in Contemporary Spain: From Zapatero to Rajoy, Palgrave Macmillan, 256, ISBN 978-1-137-30662-3 
• Gibbons, John (1999), Spanish Politics Today, Manchester University Press, 174, ISBN 9780719049460 
• Campoy-Cubillo, Adolfo (2012), Memories of the Maghreb: Transnational Identities in Spanish Cultural Production, Palgrave Macmillan, 230, ISBN 9781137028150 

Further reading

• Graham, Helen. "The Spanish Socialist Party in Power and the Government of Juan Negrín, 1937-9," European History Quarterly (1988) 18#2 pp 175–206. online

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Partido Socialista Obrero Español.

• Official site