Smiljan

Smiljan
Village

Statue of Nikola Tesla at the Nikola Tesla Memorial Center in Smiljan
Smiljan

Location of Smiljan within Croatia

Coordinates: 44°34′N 15°19′E / 44.567°N 15.317°E / 44.567; 15.317Coordinates: 44°34′N 15°19′E / 44.567°N 15.317°E / 44.567; 15.317
Country  Croatia
County Lika-Senj County
Municipality Gospić
Population (2011)[1]
 • Total 418
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 53211 Smiljan
Area code(s) +053

Smiljan (pronounced [smî̞ʎan]) is a village in the mountainous region of Western Lika in Croatia. It is located 6 km (3.7 mi) northwest of Gospić, and fifteen kilometers from the Zagreb-Split highway; its population is 418 (2011).[1] Smiljan is famous as the birthplace of scientist Nikola Tesla.

Geography

It consists of eighteen scattered hamlets (Baćinac, Bogdanic, Covina, Colon Hill, Drazic, Kolakovic, Kovacevici, Ljutača, Milkovic Varos, Miljac, Miskulin Hill, Podkrčmar, Rasovača, Rosulje, Smiljan, Smiljansko Polje, Vaganac).

Smiljan resort is located in the central part of the Velebit-Lika plain, on the western edge of the field at the foot of the hill Licko Krcmar. It consists of twelve villages which makes the spatial and functional unit.

In the surroundings are Hill-forts Bogdanić, Smiljan and Krčmar, prehistoric tombs, the churches of St. Anastasia, St. Mark and St. Vitus. It got its name from the fort Smiljan which ruins are located at hill Vekavac.[2]

History

The oldest traces of settlement on the ground of Smiljan are dating from the Middle and Late Bronze Age. On the hillfort Miljac once was situated necropolis, and were found numerous remains of Iapodian culture.[3]

The area of Smiljan was controlled by the Ottoman Empire between 1527–1686, after which the Ottoman rule was expelled from those parts by counts Jerko Rukavina and Dujam Kovačević. Until that time the Ottoman aghas, Rizvan and Zenković, from Novi near Gospić had estates in Smiljan, Bužim and Trnovac.[2]

After the defeat of the Ottomans in Lika, most of the Bunjevci (Roman Catholic Vlachs who spoke Western Herzegovinian subdialect of Neo-Shtokavian with Ikavian accent) migrated to Lika, including Smiljan between 1683–87.[4][5] A 1700 church register listed 17 Serbian Orthodox families in the village, who had settled during the Great Turkish War.[6] Villages and hamlets in Lika and Krbava were divided according to religious confession, which was aligned with ethnicity; in Smiljan the Orthodox, who were ethnic Serbs, lived in the hamlets of Selište, Ljutača and Bogdanić at that time.[7]

In 1708 the Roman Catholic parish of Our Lady of Mount Carmel was founded. There is a small chapel, Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary. The Serbian Orthodox church of St. Peter and Paul was built in 1765; it is now a branch of a parish in Gospić. The re-construction of the Catholic parish church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel was started in 1860, and finished 1864. In 1830 a minor school was founded.[2]

During World War II, warfare broke out among ethnic groups. The Ustaše of the Independent State of Croatia killed several hundred Serbs by the Orthodox church in Smiljan.[8] The Ustaše killed most of the Serbs in this and other villages in Gospić district between 1 and 10 August 1941.[9] The Orthodox parish church was destroyed by the Ustaše the same year.[10][11]

Demography

The village of Smiljan (with Brušane and Oštarije) was incorporated to the Croatian Military Frontier only in 1713 (after being separated from the city of Karlobag), and subsequently registered in the 1712/14 census done in Lika and Krbava.[12][13] In 1712/14 there were 1.405–1.536 people,[12][14] with 1.153–1.283 people land owners, 117 landless (with Brušane),[15] with average 1.33 acre per individual,[16] 120–139 families who were land owners, with average 9.6 members in family.[17] Most of them were Bunjevci (1.312), then Vlachs (208), and Carniolians (16).[17][14] There were 103 Roman Catholic, and 17 Serbian Orthodox (Vlachian) families.[18]

Some of the most numerous families (actually kind of tribe-collective) in Lika and Krbava were in Smiljan; of count and captain Nikola Rukavina Bevandić (56 members), Dujam Kovačević (50), Ivan Devčić (46), Mijat Lemajić (40), Juriša Pavičić (40), Milanko Pejnović (40), Petar Serdar (40), Ilija Brkljačić (30), and Anton Tomljenović (30).[19]

In 1746 there lived 2.149 people,[20] with 2.144 people land owners, and 290 families of land owners.[21]

In 1830 existed 206 houses, with 1880 people, of whom 1.401 Roman Catholic, and 479 Orthodox faith. After some settlements got separated, in 1857 numbered only 110 houses with 1132 people, of whom 535 Roman Catholic and 597 Orthodox faith, with further separation, in 1910 the hamlet numbered only 50 people, however whole municipality had 2286 people, of whom 1698 Roman Catholic, and 588 Orthodox faith.[2]

Population number according census[22]
1857 1869 1880 1890 1900 1910 1921 1931 1948 1953 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
2.090 2.365 1.973 1.222 1.283 1.162 1.127 1.068 747 818 835 761 605 555 446 418

Note: In 1869 and 1880 contains data for villages Rastoka (Gospić) and Smiljansko Polje, while in 1857 part of data for Smiljansko Polje.

A nearby village of Smiljansko Polje ("Field of Smiljan") has 135 residents (2011).[1]

Tesla memorial complex

Due to celebration of the 150th anniversary of the birth of the electricity pioneer and inventor Nikola Tesla, Croatian officials opened a Tesla memorial complex, including a museum inside his restored childhood home.[23] Today, Tesla's birth house, together with the Serbian Orthodox church of St. Peter and Paul (built in 1765)[24] and the surrounding area, make up a memorial complex. There are various exhibits of Tesla's inventions and a museum where the details of the inventor's life are shown.[25] There is also a congress hall in a nearby building. The original memorial complex was built in 1956.[25]

During the Croatian War of Independence, several of the buildings were severely damaged by fire due to shelling.[24] The Croatian authorities restored the complex and reopened it in a 2006 ceremony, with the highest dignitaries of Croatia and Serbia attending.[26]

Notable people

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements, 2011 Census: Smiljan". Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. December 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Rudolf Horvat (1941). "Lika i Krbava: Povijesne Slike, Crtice i Bilješke" (PDF). Mala Knjižnica Matice Hrvatske (in Croatian). Zagreb: Matica Hrvatska. pp. 73–74. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  3. ↑ "Arheološka nalazišta". Croatian Encyclopedia (in Croatian). Zagreb: Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography. 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  4. ↑ "Bunjevci". Croatian Encyclopedia (in Croatian). Zagreb: Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography. 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  5. ↑ Šarić 2009, p. 350.
  6. ↑ Sinđel Dimitrije Dušan Balać (1943). Istorijska prava srpskog naroda na krajeve: Dalmaciju, Krbavu, Liku, Gorski Kotar, Žemberak, Kordun, Baniju i Slavoniju. Srpski narodni savez. pp. 18–19.
  7. ↑ Šarić 2009, p. 363.
  8. ↑ Momčilo Diklić (2007). Srbi u Hrvatskoj 1945–1991: period potiranja nacionalnog identiteta. Institut za Evropske studije. ISBN 978-86-82057-39-0. У Смиљану, поред Православне цркве, усташе су побиле, на свиреп начин, више стотина Срба.
  9. ↑ Јован Мирковић (2005). Genocid u 20. veku na prostorima jugoslovenskih zemalja: zbornik radova sa naučnog skupa, Beograd, 22–23. april 2003. Музеј жртава геноцида. ISBN 978-86-906329-1-6. Села Смиљан, Дивосело, Липе, Острвица, Читлук, Широка Кула, Бар- лете и остала села госпићког котара подвргнута су тоталној ликвидацији срп- ског становништва од 1. до 10. августа 1941. године.
  10. ↑ Pravoslavlje. Izdaje Srpska patrijaršija. 2007. p. 40.
  11. ↑ Slobodan Mileusnić (1997). Duhovni genocid: pregled porušenih, oštećenih i obesvećenih crkava, manastira i drugih crkvenih objekata u ratu 1991–1995 (1997). Muzej Srpske pravoslavne crkve. p. 65.
  12. 1 2 Roksandić 2003, p. 76.
  13. ↑ Šarić 2009, p. 359.
  14. 1 2 Šarić 2009, p. 375.
  15. ↑ Šarić 2009, p. 376.
  16. ↑ Roksandić 2003, p. 113.
  17. 1 2 Roksandić 2003, p. 107, 111.
  18. ↑ Šarić 2009, p. 362–363.
  19. ↑ Šarić 2009, p. 373.
  20. ↑ Roksandić 2003, p. 105.
  21. ↑ Roksandić 2003, p. 111.
  22. ↑ "Naselja i stanovništvo Republike Hrvatske 1857.-2001." (in Croatian). Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  23. 1 2 "Electrical pioneer Tesla honoured". BBC News. 10 July 2006. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
  24. 1 2 "Lika napokon otkrila Teslu" [Lika finally discovers Tesla]. Jutarnji list (in Croatian). 2006-07-08. Archived from the original on 2011-05-22. Retrieved 2011-08-11. Vesna Bunčić, ravnateljica Muzeja Like u kojem se čuvaju namještaj i predmeti iz Tesline rodne kuće. Kada je u svibnju 1992. jedan projektil pao na gospodarski objekt tik uz kuću, izbio je požar u kojem je ta drvena zgradica u potpunosti izgorjela. No, požar je zahvatio i dio krova Tesline rodne kuće. – Pripadnici HV-a ugasili su požar, a onda su namještaj i svi predmeti deponirani u Muzeju Like. Od 2000. godine Muzej Like krenuo je u sanaciju krova, dok je gospodarski objekt ponovno sagrađen 2003. godine – pojasnila je Vesna Bunčić. U Muzeju su, uz namještaj, i porculanski predmeti te 133 knjige iz biblioteke Teslina oca Milutina. Namještaj će tu i ostati jer se u obnovljenoj Teslinoj kući sada priprema drukčiji postav.
  25. 1 2 "Museum of Lika in Gospić – Nikola Tesla Memorial Centre in Smiljan". Museum Documentation Center (Croatia). Retrieved 2011-11-08.
  26. ↑ "150. obljetnica rođenja Nikole Tesle" [150th anniversary of the birth of Nikola Tesla] (in Croatian). Office of the President of Croatia. HINA. 2006-07-10. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
  27. ↑ "Kovačević, Ferdinand". Croatian Encyclopedia (in Croatian). Zagreb: Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography. 2008. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  28. ↑ "Kovačević, Edo". Croatian Encyclopedia (in Croatian). Zagreb: Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography. 2008. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
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