Slovak–Hungarian War

Slovak-Hungarian Border War
Part of the Interwar period
Territorial changes of Slovakia: land ceded to Hungary before (red) and after (blue) the war (Carpatho-Ukraine not shown)
Date 23 March 1939 – 31 March 1939[1] Location Eastern Slovakia Result Tactical Hungarian victory Territorial changes Slovakia is forced to cede a strip of Eastern Slovak territory
Belligerents
First Slovak Republic	Kingdom of Hungary
Commanders and leaders
Jozef Tiso Augustín Malár	Miklós Horthy András Littay
Strength
3 infantry regiments 2 artillery regiments 9 armoured cars 3 tanks	5 infantry battalions 2 cavalry battalions 1 motorized battalion 3 armoured cars 70 tankettes 5 light tanks
Casualties and losses
Slovak military: 22 killed, 360 Slovak and 311 Czech POW 9 Avia B534 destroyed or damaged Slovak civilians: 36 killed	Hungarian military: 8 killed, 30 wounded Several vehicles and artillery pieces destroyed 1 Fiat CR.32 shot down Hungarian civilians: 15 killed

The Slovak–Hungarian War or Little War (Hungarian: Kis háború, Slovak: Malá vojna), was a war fought from 23 March to 31 March 1939 between the First Slovak Republic and Hungary in eastern Slovakia.

Prelude

After the Munich Pact, which weakened Czech lands to the west, the Hungarians remained poised threateningly on the Slovak border. They reportedly had artillery ammunition for only 36 hours of operations, and were clearly engaged in a bluff, but it was a bluff the Germans had encouraged, and one that they would have been obliged to support militarily if the much larger and better equipped Czechoslovak Army chose to fight. The Czechoslovak army had built 2,000 small concrete emplacements along the border wherever there was no major river obstacle.

The Hungarian Minister of the Interior, Miklós Kozma, had been born in Carpathian Ruthenia, and in mid-1938 his ministry armed the Rongyos Gárda ("Ragged Guard"), which began to infiltrate into southern Slovakia and Carpatho-Ukraine. The situation was now verging on open war. From the German and Italian points of view, this would be premature, so they pressured the Czechoslovak government to accept their joint Arbitration of Vienna. On 2 November 1938 this found largely in favour of the Hungarians and obliged the Prague government to cede to Hungary 11,833 km² of the south part of Slovakia, mostly Hungarian populated (according to the 1910 census^[2]). The partition also cost Slovakia Košice/Kassa (Kaschau), its second largest city, and left the capital, Bratislava/Pozsony (Pressburg), vulnerable to further Hungarian pressure.

The First Vienna Award did not fully satisfy the Hungarians, so this was followed by twenty-two border clashes between November 2, 1938 and January 12, 1939.

In March 1939, a new crisis hit the political scene in Czechoslovakia. President of Czechoslovakia Emil Hácha dismised the Slovak government of Jozef Tiso and appointed a new Slovak prime-minister Karol Sidor. Hitler decided to take advantage of the situation and inflict a final blow to the weakened Czechoslovak state. His emissary approached Sidor with the goal to divide Czechs and Slovaks to make the final blow easier. Hitler made it absolutely clear that either Slovakia would declare independence immediately and place itself under Nazi Germany's "protection" or he would let the Hungarians, who were - reported by Ribbentrop - gathering on the border, to take over even more land. However, Sidor refused the coercion and what would be considered treason. Hitler then asked the dismised prime-minister Tiso. On the evening of March 13, 1939, Tiso and Ferdinand Ďurčanský met Hitler, von Ribbentrop, and Generals Walther von Brauchitsch and Wilhelm Keitel in Berlin. During this time, being aware of the German position, the Hungarians were preparing for action on the adjacent Ruthenian border.

During the afternoon and night of March 14, the parliament of Slovakia proclaimed Slovakia's independence from Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovak president Hácha, in an attempt to save the country, traveled to Berlin to persuade Hitler not to intervene in Czechoslovak affairs. Instead, Hitler made him to surrender the army and accept the occupation. At 5:00 am on March 15 Hitler declared that the unrest in Czechoslovakia was a threat to German security, sending his troops into Bohemia and Moravia, which gave virtually no resistance.

The Slovaks were surprised when the Hungarians recognized their new state as early as March 15. However, the Hungarians were not satisfied with their frontier with Slovakia and, according to Slovak sources, weak elements of their 20th Infantry Regiment and frontier Guards had to repulse a Hungarian attempt to seize Hill 212.9 opposite Uzhhorod (Ungvar). In this and the subsequent shelling and bombing of the border villages of Nižné Nemecké and Vyšné Nemecké, the Slovaks claimed to have suffered 13 dead, and they promptly petitioned the Germans, invoking Hitler's promise of protection.

On March 17, the Hungarian Foreign Ministry told the Germans that Hungary wanted to negotiate with the Slovaks over the eastern Slovak boundary on the pretext that the existing line was only an internal Czechoslovak administrative division, not a recognized international boundary, and therefore needed defining now that Carpatho-Ukraine had passed into Hungarian hands. They enclosed a map of their proposal that shifted the frontier about 10 kilometres west of Uzhhorod, beyond Sobrance, and then ran almost due north to the Polish border.

The Hungarian claim partly relied on the 1910 census, which stated that Hungarians and Ruthenians, not Slovaks, formed the majority in north-eastern Slovakia. In addition to the demographic issue, the Hungarians also had another purpose in mind: protecting Uzhhorod and the key railway to Poland up the Uzh River, which was within view of the current Slovak border. Therefore they resolved to push the frontier back a safe distance beyond the western watershed of the Uzh Valley.

Berlin let the Hungarians know that it would acquiesce to such a border revision and told Bratislava so. On March 18, the Slovak leaders, in Vienna for the signing of the Treaty of Protection, were forced to accept this, though grudgingly, and Bratislava ordered Slovak civil and military authorities to pull back. All other potential Hungarian requests were supposed to be illegal in Slovakia.

The Hungarians were aware that Slovakia had signed a treaty guaranteeing Slovakia's borders on March 18 and that it would come into force when Germany countersigned it. They, therefore, decided to act immediately and take advantage of the disorganized Slovak army, which had not yet fully consolidated. Thus, their forces in the western Carpatho-Ukraine began to advance from the River Uzh into eastern Slovakia at dawn on 23 March, some six hours before Joachim von Ribbentrop countersigned the Treaty of Protection in Berlin.

Order of battle

• Slovak Order of battle
• Hungarian Order of battle
• Weapons employed in the Slovak–Hungarian War

War

Land war

At dawn on March 23, 1939 Hungary suddenly attacked Slovakia from Carpatho-Ukraine with instructions being to "proceed as far to the west as possible". Hungary attacked Slovakia without any declaration of war, catching the Slovak army unprepared, because many Slovak soldiers were in transit from the Czech region and had not reached their Slovak units yet. Czech soldiers were leaving newly established Slovakia, but many of them decided to support their former units in Slovakia after the Hungarian attack.

In the north, opposite Stakčín, Major Matějka assembled an infantry battalion and two artillery batteries. In the south, around Michalovce, Štefan Haššik, a reserve officer and a local Slovak People's Party secretary, gathered a group of about four infantry battalions and several artillery batteries. Further west, opposite the passive, but threatening Košice-Prešov front where the Hungarians maintained an infantry brigade, Major Šivica assembled a third Slovak concentration. To the rear, a cavalry group and some tanks were thrown together at Martin, and artillery detachments readied at Banská Bystrica, Trenčin and Bratislava. However, German interference disrupted or paralysed their movement, especially in the V Corps. The defence was tied down defensively, as the Hungarian annexations the last autumn had delivered the only railway line to Michalovce and Humenné into their hands, thereby delaying all Slovak reinforcements.

The Hungarian troops advanced quickly into eastern Slovakia, which surprised both the Slovaks and Germans. Despite the awful confusion caused by the hurried mobilization and desperate shortage of officers, the Slovak force in Michalovce had coalesced sufficiently to attempt a counterattack by the following day. This was largely due to Czech Major Kubíček, who had taken over command from Haššik and begun to get a better grip on the situation. Because they were based on a widely available civilian truck, spares were soon found to repair five of the sabotaged OA vz.30 armoured cars in Prešov, and they reached Michalovce at 5:30 am on March 24. Their Czech crews had been replaced by scratch teams of Slovak signallers from other technical armed forces. They were immediately sent on a reconnaissance mission to Budkovce, some 15 km south of Michalovce, but could not find any trace of the Hungarians.

It was decided to counterattack eastwards where the most advanced Hungarian outpost was known to be some 10 km away at Závadka. The road-bound armoured cars engaged the Hungarian pocket from the front whilst Slovak infantry worked round their flanks. Soon they forced the heavily outnumbered Hungarians to fall back from Závadka towards their main line on the River Okna/Akna, just in front of Nižná Rybnica.

The armoured cars continued down the road a little past Závadka whilst the Slovak infantry fanned out and began to deploy on a front of some 4 km on either side of them, between the villages of Úbrež and Vyšné Revištia. The infantry first came under Hungarian artillery fire during the occupation of Ubrež, north of the road. At 11 pm a general attack was launched on the main Hungarian line at Nižná Rybnica. The Hungarian response was fierce and effective. The Slovaks had advanced across open ground to within a kilometre of the Akna River when they began taking fire by Hungarian field and anti-tank artillery.

One armoured car was hit in the engine and had to be withdrawn, while a second was knocked out in the middle of the road by a 37mm anti-tank cannon. The raw infantry, unfamiliar with their new officers, first went to ground and then began to retreat, which soon turned into a panic that for some could not be stopped before Michalovce, 15 km to the rear. The armoured cars covered the retreating infantry with their machine guns to forestall any possible Hungarian pursuit.

Late on March 24, four more OA vz.30 armoured cars and three LT vz.35 light tanks and a 37mm anti-tank cannon arrived in Michalovce from Martin to find total confusion. Early on March 25, they headed eastwards, sometimes steadying the retreating infantry by firing over their heads, thereby ensuring the reoccupation of everything up to the old Úbrež – Vyšné Revištia line, which the Hungarians had not occupied. However, the anti-tank section mistakenly drove past the knocked-out armoured car and ran straight into the Hungarian line, where it was captured.

By now, elements of the 41st Infantry Regiment and a battery of 202nd Mountain Artillery Regiment had begun to reach Michalovce, and Kubíček planned a major counterattack for noon, to be spearheaded by the newly arrived tanks and armoured cars. However, German pressure brought about a ceasefire before it could go in. On March 26, the rest of 202nd Mountain Artillery Regiment and parts of the 7th and 17th Infantry Regiments began to arrive. There were now some 15,000 Slovak troops milling around Michalovce but, even with these reinforcements, a second counterattack had little better prospect of success than the first, because the more numerous and cohesive Hungarians were well dug-in and had more than enough 37mm anti-tank cannons to deal effectively with the 3 modern light tanks that represented the only, slight, advantage possessed by the Slovaks.

Air war

Slovak Air Force

After the splitting of Czechoslovakia, the six regiments of the former Czechoslovak Air Force were also disintegrated. The core of this air force on Slovak territory was the 3rd Air Regiment of Milan Rastislav Štefánik, which came under Slovak Ministry of Defence control. However, most of the officers, experienced pilots and aviation experts were Czechs.

Before March 14, the Slovak Air Force (Slovenské vzdušné zbrane) had about 1400 members. After the split, Czechoslovakia had only 824 left.^[3] Returning crews from occupied Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia only slowly reinforced the nascent Slovak Air Force. The tactical situation was most critical in eastern Slovakia, at the airport of Spišská Nová Ves. The two fighter squadrons at that airport only had nine pilots, and there were only three officers at the airport headquarters. Additionally, the situation was becoming more and more critical as Hungarian attacks were increasing.^[3] Many pilots flying together in those days were collected from different parts of Slovakia and had no time to train together, which put them at a marked disadvantage against the prepared and complete Hungarian squadrons. The best Slovak fighter plane of the time was the Avia B-534.

Occupation of Spišská Nová Ves airport at 22 March 1939:^[3]

Other elements of the 3rd Air Regiment of Milan Rastislav Štefánik were located at airports in Vajnory, Piešťany, Nitra, Žilina and Tri Duby. However, a lack of pilots greatly hampered its effectiveness. Some crews from Piešťany and Žilina were sent to support Spišská Nová Ves. In this state, the Slovak Air Force had to support ground units in combat and interfere with Hungarian supplies. To do this, they had to fly low and, as they had no armor, become an easy target for Hungarian artillery or even ground unit soldiers.

Royal Hungarian Air Force

Hungary concentrated its aerial assets on targets in eastern Slovakia:^[4]

The best plane in the Royal Hungarian Air Force was the Fiat CR.32 fighter. It did not have as powerful an engine as the Slovak Avia, so Hungarian pilots tried to fight at horizontal levels, while the Slovaks tried to take the combat into the vertical plane. The Fiats could be handled better, especially if the Avias were flying with bombs under their wings, making them more clumsy. The Fiat CR.32 had better machine guns.

Combat

On March 15, the Royal Hungarian Air Force did a thorough reconnaissance of eastern Slovakia. The following day Hungarian squadrons were moved to airports closer to the borders of Slovakia and put on alert.

On the morning of the March 23, two Slovak patrol squadrons operating from Spišská Nová Ves searched for the enemy, but ineffectually, as these missions were not yet coordinated with ground units. Later on March 23, Slovak headquarters gave orders for a complete aerial reconnaissance of all areas. Patrols spotted wide movement of Hungarians on Slovak territory. At 1:00 pm a three-member squadron of Š-328s was sent to attack the enemy in the area of Ulič, Ubľa, and Veľký Bereznyj. The mission failed when pilots couldn't positively identify the enemy because of fog. It later turned out that they were Hungarians moving from Ubľa to Kolonica.

After that, another two fighter squadrons of three B-534s were sent on missions. The first one discovered Hungarian troops at the railway station in Ulič and destroyed some artillery pieces and other material in an attack. The second, sent to the same place, successfully destroyed a few Hungarian vehicles and damaged more equipment, although one of the planes was shot down and its pilot, Ján Svetlík, killed. Another Slovak squadron was sent to the area, this time to support Slovak ground units. They encountered Hungarian machine gun fire, and another B-534 was shot down. The pilot managed to land, but died a few minutes later. The plane was then destroyed by Slovak soldiers. Two other B-534s attacked Hungarian troops, and, heavily damaged and out of ammunition, returned to Spišská Nová Ves. The last Slovak mission of March 23 consisted of one Š-328, which destroyed an unknown number of Hungarian tanks and vehicles near Sobrance. Its pilot was injured and had to land near Sekčovice. Slovak pilots did not encounter the Hungarian Air Force that day.

The first day was not a great success for the Slovak Air Force. Two B-534s had been destroyed, with another four heavily damaged, and two pilots dead; however, they had helped slow the Hungarian advance and inflicted significant damage. The next day, the situation rapidly changed.

On the morning of March 24, one squadron of three B-534s took off to support Slovak units at Vyšné Remety. After reaching the area they were surprised by three Hungarian Fiat CR.32s, and two of the Slovak planes were shot down, with one of the pilots killed. At 7:00 am six B-534s from Piešťany landed in Spišská Nová Ves; three of them then took off to support infantry near Sobrance. Two were shot down, and one Slovak pilot was captured.

Near Michalovce, nine Hungarian fighters shot down three B-534s, which were covering three Letov Š-328s as they bombed Hungarian infantry. One of the Š-328s was also shot down, and the pilot killed; another had to land because of mechanical problems. From a six-plane squadron, only one returned to Spišská Nová Ves.

On that day, the bombing of Spišská Nová Ves was also planned by the Royal Hungarian Air Force.

Bombing of Spišská Nová Ves

Since the base of all Slovak air operations was at Spišská Nová Ves, the Hungarians planned an attack on the airport for March 24. Thirty six bombers supported by 27 fighters were assigned to the mission, but due to poor organization, faulty navigation, mechanical problems, and last-minute changes, only about 10 bombers actually participated in the attack. Because Slovakia lacked an early-warning system, the Hungarians found the airport's defences unprepared. Anti-aircraft guns were without crews and ammunition. Most of the Hungarian bombs missed the air operations base, but several hit the airport, a storage facility, a hangar, a brickworks, and a barracks-yard.^[5] Many of the bombs landed in mud and failed to explode.

Although the bombers damaged six planes and several buildings, their mission wasn't fully successful, as the airport continued to operate until the end of the conflict.

On March 27, thirteen victims of the bombing - some of them civilians - were buried, arousing intense anti-Hungarian sentiment.

The sole Hungarian loss of the entire conflict was a Fiat fighter who was accidentally shot down by Hungarian artillery; however, the Hungarian Air Force didn't manage to take control of the skies over eastern Slovakia. Following the bombing of Spišská Nová Ves, Major Ján Ambruš arrived there on March 25 to organize a revenge air strike on Budapest. The war ended before it could be carried out.

Losses

• Sum total: 807 casualties on both sides, 91 Dead (30 military, 51 Civilian); 55+ Injured (Unknown breakdown). 671 POWS (All Czech/Slovak, 46.3% Czech 53.7% Slovak)
• Hungarians: 8 military, 15 civilian dead, 55 injured, no POWs
• Slovaks: 22 military and 36 civilian dead, unknown injured, 360 Slovakian military POWs + 311 POWs of Czech (Bohemian and Moravian) origin.

Aftermath

The Commemorative Medal for the Defence of Slovakia. Instituted on May 8, 1939, it was given to military personnel who participated in the war against Hungary in March 1939 or in the invasion of Poland in September.

Although Slovakia had signed a protection treaty with Nazi Germany, Germany refused to help the country (in direct violation of that treaty) and did not support Slovakia during the Slovak-Hungarian negotiations in early April. As a result, by a treaty signed on April 4 in Budapest, Slovakia was forced to cede to Hungary a strip of eastern Slovak territory (1,697 km², 69,930 inhabitants, 78 municipalities), corresponding today to the area around the towns of Stakčín and Sobrance. Thirty six Slovak citizens died in the war.

The claims on both sides were contradictory. At the time, the Hungarians announced the capture of four light tanks and an armored car. However, no Slovak light tanks had ever entered action and a medal was awarded to the man who recovered the one knocked-out armored car from no man's land during the night. On the other hand, there is no doubt that the Hungarians did come into possession of at least one LT vz.35 light tank and one OA vz.27 armoured car during March. The contradictions are attributable to a combination of the fog of war, propaganda and confusion between Hungarian captures in Carpatho-Ukraine and eastern Slovakia.

The Slovak casualties are officially recorded as 22 dead – all were named. On March 25, the Hungarians announced their own losses as 8 dead and 30 wounded. Two days later, they gave out a figure of 23 dead and 55 wounded – a total that may include their earlier losses occupying Carpatho-Ukraine. They also reported they were holding 360 Slovak and 311 Czech prisoners. Many of the Slovaks presumably belonged to the two companies reportedly surprised asleep in the barracks in the first minutes of the invasion. The Czechs were stragglers from the garrison of Carpatho-Ukraine.

Notes

Bibliography

• Axworthy, Mark W.A. Axis Slovakia – Hitler's Slavic Wedge, 1938–1945, Bayside, N.Y. : Axis Europa Books, 2002, ISBN 1-891227-41-6
• Niehorster, Dr. Leo W.G. The Royal Hungarian Army 1920–1945 Volume 1, New York : Axis Europa Books, 1998, ISBN 1-891227-19-X
• Ladislav Deák: Malá vojna (The Little War), Bratislava 1993, ISBN 80-88750-02-4.

External links

• "The Slovak-Hungarian Frontier, 1918-1939". Archived from the original on 4 Feb 2011.  - Short overview of the historical context
• Military details of the conflict: 1, 2 (in Slovak)