Sleeping Giant (Connecticut)

Sleeping Giant

View from the Giant's Chin
Highest point
Elevation 739 ft (225 m)
Coordinates 41°25′50″N 72°53′27″W / 41.43056°N 72.89083°W / 41.43056; -72.89083Coordinates: 41°25′50″N 72°53′27″W / 41.43056°N 72.89083°W / 41.43056; -72.89083 
Geography
Sleeping Giant
Parent range Metacomet Ridge
Geology
Age of rock 200 Ma
Mountain type Fault-block; igneous
Climbing
Easiest route casual uphill walk (via Tower Path)

Sleeping Giant (also known as Mount Carmel) of south-central Connecticut, with a high point of 739 feet (225 m), is a rugged traprock mountain located 8 miles (13 km) north of New Haven. It is part of the narrow, linear Metacomet Ridge that extends from Long Island Sound near New Haven, north through the Connecticut River Valley of Massachusetts to the Vermont border. A prominent landscape feature visible for miles, the Sleeping Giant receives its name from its anthropomorphic resemblance to a slumbering human figure as seen from either the north or south. The Giant is known for its expansive clifftop vistas, rugged topography, and microclimate ecosystems. Most of the Giant is located within Sleeping Giant State Park. The mountain is a popular recreation resource; over 30 miles (48 km) of hiking trails traverse it including 5 miles (8 km) of the 23-mile (37 km) Quinnipiac Trail.[1][2] Quinnipiac University is located at Mount Carmel's foot in Hamden.

Geography

The Sleeping Giant, 2.75 miles (4.43 km) long by 1.75 miles (2.82 km) wide, is located in Hamden with its eastern edge falling into Wallingford. The Giant's profile features distinct "head", "chin", "chest", "hip", "knee" and "feet" sections topographically represented by traprock outcrops and ridge crests. The highest point is the Left Hip, 739 ft (225 m), followed by the Chest, 710 ft (220 m), and the Left Knee and Right Leg, 700 ft (210 m) each, and so on. The Giant's Head, 670 ft (200 m), is marked by a 400 ft (120 m) cliff. A stone observation tower located on the Left Hip, built by the Works Progress Administration in the 1930s,[3] offers 360° views of the surrounding Mill and Quinnipiac River valleys. An old rock quarry, closed since 1933 and now part of the state park, has left scars on the Giant's Head.[3]


The Metacomet Ridge extends west and south from Sleeping Giant as Rocky Top and West Rock Ridge. The west side of Sleeping Giant drains into the Mill River thence to New Haven Harbor and Long Island Sound; the east side into the Quinnipiac River, thence to New Haven Harbor and Long Island Sound.[4]

Geology

Close-up of traprock on the Sleeping Giant
Faulting

Sleeping Giant, a fault-block ridge that formed 200 million years ago during the Triassic and Jurassic periods, is composed of traprock, also known as basalt, an extrusive volcanic rock. Minor earthquakes have also been measured by seismographs and reported by residents. Basalt is a dark colored rock, but the iron within it weathers to a rusty brown when exposed to the air, lending the ledges a distinct reddish appearance. Basalt frequently breaks into octagonal and pentagonal columns, creating a unique "postpile" appearance. Huge slopes made of fractured basalt scree are visible beneath many of the ledges of Sleeping Giant. The basalt cliffs are the product of several massive lava flows hundreds of feet deep that welled up in faults created by the rifting apart of North America from Eurasia and Africa. These basalt floods of lava happened over a period 20 million years. Erosion occurring between the eruptions deposited deep layers of sediment between the lava flows, which eventually lithified into sedimentary rock. The resulting "layer cake" of basalt and sedimentary sheets eventually faulted and tilted upward. Subsequent erosion wore away the weaker sedimentary layers at a faster rate than the basalt layers, leaving the abruptly tilted edges of the basalt sheets exposed, creating the distinct linear ridge and dramatic cliff faces visible today. One way to imagine this is to picture a layer cake tilted slightly up with some of the frosting (the sedimentary layer) removed in between.[5]

Ecosystem

Sleeping Giant hosts a combination of microclimates unusual in New England. Dry, hot upper ridges support oak savannas, often dominated by chestnut oak and a variety of understory grasses and ferns. Eastern red cedar, a dry-loving species, clings to the barren edges of cliffs. Lower eastern slopes tend to support oak-hickory forest species common in the surrounding lowlands. Narrow ravines crowded with eastern hemlock block sunlight, creating damp, cooler growing conditions with associated cooler climate plant species. Talus slopes are especially rich in nutrients and support a number of calcium-loving plants uncommon in eastern Connecticut. Because the ridge generates such varied terrain, it is the home of several plant and animal species that are state-listed or globally rare.[6] Sleeping Giant is also an important seasonal raptor migration path.[1]

History

Sleeping Giant State Park
Connecticut State Park
Country  United States
State  Connecticut
County New Haven
Town Hamden
Elevation 522 ft (159 m) [7]
Area 1,465 acres (593 ha) [8]
Established 1924
Management Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection
Website: Sleeping Giant State Park
Sleeping Giant Tower

Lookout tower at the summit of the Giant
Location Hamden, Connecticut
Coordinates 41°25′50.29″N 72°53′26.76″W / 41.4306361°N 72.8907667°W / 41.4306361; -72.8907667
Built 1936
Architect Works Progress Administration
Architectural style Other, Romanesque
MPS Connecticut State Park and Forest Depression-Era Federal Work Relief Programs Structures TR
NRHP Reference # 86001754
Added to NRHP September 4, 1986

According to Native Americans of the Quinnipiac Tribe, the giant stone spirit Hobbomock (or Hobomock), a prominent wicked figure in many stories (see Pocumtuck Ridge and Quinnipiac), became enraged about the mistreatment of his people and stamped his foot down in anger, diverting the course of the Connecticut River (where the river suddenly swings east in Middletown, Connecticut after several hundred miles of running due south). To prevent him from wreaking such havoc in the future, the good spirit Keitan cast a spell on Hobbomock to sleep forever as the prominent man-like form of the Sleeping Giant.[9]

During the mid-19th century, spurred by the painters of the Hudson River School and transcendentalist philosophers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, an interest in mountains as a respite from industrialization and urbanization took hold in New England.[1] Summer cottages were built on the Sleeping Giant and many other locations on the Metacomet Ridge. In 1888, John H. Dickerman built a carriage road on the Giant and opened what he called Blue Hills Park. He held picnics with ice cream on the ledges for local residents.[9]

Conservation of the Giant began in 1924 with the creation of the Sleeping Giant Park Association (SGPA) by a group of local residents concerned with ongoing traprock quarrying on the Giant's head. A cottage owner, Judge Willis Cook, had leased his property to the Mount Carmel Traprock Company for the purpose of quarrying traprock for building materials. The blasting away of what was a beloved landscape feature resulted in public outrage, well reported by local newspapers at the time. Under the leadership of James W. Toumey, a Yale University forestry professor, the SGPA undertook a ten-year struggle with the traprock operation. The property was purchased by the SGPA in 1933, during the Great Depression, for $30,000; the money was raised through private donations and the property became the Sleeping Giant State Park. A complete history of the Giant has been published in Nancy Davis Sachse's book Born Among the Hills – The Sleeping Giant Story.[10]

The Sleeping Giant Tower was built at the top in 1936 by the Works Progress Administration. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 as part of the Connecticut State Park and Forest Depression-Era Federal Work Relief Programs Structures.[11]

Recreation

Sleeping Giant State Park is a popular outdoor recreation destination among residents and visitors of the greater New Haven region. The clifftops offer long views of much of New Haven County and some of Hartford County over more than 270 degrees of the compass, and (atmospheric conditions permitting) across Long Island Sound to the Shoreham area on Long Island.[12]

The state park is open until sunset year-round. During warm weather months, a parking fee is charged on weekends and holidays ($4 to $15 in 2016).[13] Activities permitted on the Giant include hiking, rock climbing, snowshoeing, picnicking, bird watching, and other passive pursuits. Trails specifically designed for horseback riding and cross-country skiing are located on the lower reaches of the Giant, and fishing is allowed in the abutting Mill River. Rock climbing, closed on the Giant in 1953 because of accidents,[14] was permitted as of 2015.[15] Youth camping only is allowed on the Giant (by permit). Seasonal facilities include restrooms, a picnic shelter, and picnic tables. The 23-mile (37 km) Quinnipiac Trail—the oldest trail in the 700-mile (1,100 km) blue blazed trail system managed by the Connecticut Forest and Park Association—traverses the length of the Giant from the Quinnipiac River west over the Giant's high points to the Mill River then continues north over West Rock Ridge and Mount Sanford.[12][16]

Conservation

Most, but not all, of the Sleeping Giant has been conserved. The trails and facilities on Sleeping Giant are collaboratively maintained by the Sleeping Giant Park Association and the State of Connecticut, with the bulk of the trail maintenance done by the association. Sleeping Giant State Park encompasses 1,500 acres (6.1 km2); the SGPA remains active in securing additional parcels to add to the property. The SGPA has also been instrumental in defeating attempts to log the Giant, build communications towers on its summits, and close the state park altogether. SGPA runs a regular recreational and interpretive hikes on the Giant and volunteer trail maintenance programs. The Connecticut Forest and Park Association also has a working investment in the conservation of the Giant and trail building on it.[12]

Literary influence

In 1948, the children's author Eleanor Estes published the collection Sleeping Giant and Other Stories. In the title story, the Sleeping Giant decides to get up and leave.

In October 2015, the poet, journalist and children's author Jason J. Marchi and illustrator Jesse J. Bonelli published The Legend of Hobbomock: The Sleeping Giant. The Native American legend is retold (with a few liberties) in this illustrated children's book. A separate teacher's resource guide (98 pp.) is also available from the publisher (Fahrenheit Books).[17] The Legend of Hobbomock: The Sleeping Giant won the 2012 Connecticut Press Club Award, the Mom’s Choice Awards® Silver Recipient in 2014 and was Finalist 4 in the American Association of Publishers (AAP) 2015 REVERE Awards for PRE K-12 Learning.

See also

↑ North South ↓
Mount Sanford
(no image)
West Rock Ridge

References

  1. 1 2 3 Farnsworth, Elizabeth J. (2004). "Metacomet-Mattabesett Trail Natural Resource Assessment" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 27, 2008. Retrieved November 20, 2007.
  2. ↑ "Sleeping Giant State Park Trails". Connecticut Forest and Park Association. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  3. 1 2 Burlew, John S. (1993). Connecticut Walk Book: A Trail Guide to the Connecticut Outdoors (17 ed.). Rockfall, Conn.: The Connecticut Forest and Park Association. ISBN 0961905220.
  4. ↑ DeLorme Topo 6.0. Mapping Software. DeLorme, Yarmouth, Maine
  5. ↑ Raymo, Chet and Raymo, Maureen E. (1989). Written in Stone: A Geologic History of the Northeastern United States. Chester, Conn.: Globe Pequot. ISBN 1883789273.
  6. ↑ White, Harry. "The Traprock Wilderness Recovery Strategy". Archived from the original on May 3, 2006. Retrieved December 13, 2007.
  7. ↑ "Sleeping Giant State Park". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  8. ↑ "Appendix A: List of State Parks and Forests" (PDF). State Parks and Forests: Funding. Staff Findings and Recommendations. Connecticut General Assembly. January 23, 2014. p. A-3. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  9. 1 2 "A Brief History of the Sleeping Giant". Sleeping Giant Park Association. Retrieved December 25, 2007.
  10. ↑ "Sleeping Giant Park Association". Sleeping Giant Park Association. Retrieved December 25, 2007.
  11. ↑ McCahon, Mary E. (September 4, 1986). "Historic Resources Inventory: Sleeping Giant Tower" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  12. 1 2 3 "The Sleeping Giant Park Association". Sleeping Giant Park Association. Retrieved December 25, 2007.
  13. ↑ "State Parks and Forests Fees". Department of Energy & Environmental Protection. July 6, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  14. ↑ "Climbing in Connecticut". Ragged Mountain Foundation. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015.
  15. ↑ Fasulo, David (2015). Rock Climbing Connecticut. Falcon Guides. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 94–98. ISBN 9781493015139.
  16. ↑ "Sleeping Giant State Park". State Parks and Forests. Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection. July 18, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  17. ↑ Marchi, Jason J. (2011). The Legend of Hobbomock: The Sleeping Giant (1 ed.). New Haven, Conn.: Fahrenheit Books. ISBN 9780983094517.
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