Skyway

A Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) Chinese miniature model of two residential towers joined by a skyway
Bridge of Sighs in Venice, Italy.
A three-storey bridge at The Core Shopping Centre in Calgary.
Skyways in the Peachtree Center district of Atlanta.

A skyway, skybridge, or skywalk is a type of pedway consisting of an enclosed or covered bridge between two or more buildings in an urban area. This protects pedestrians from the weather. In North America skyways are usually owned by businesses, and are therefore not public spaces (compare with sidewalk). However, in Asia, such as Bangkok's and Hong Kong's skywalks, they are built and owned separately by the city government, connecting between privately run rail stations or other transport with their own footbridges, and run many kilometers. Skyways usually connect on the first few floors above the ground-level floor, though they are sometimes much higher, as in Petronas Towers. The space in the buildings connected by skyways is often devoted to retail business, so areas around the skyway may operate as a shopping mall. Non-commercial areas with closely associated buildings, such as university campuses, can often have skyways and/or tunnels connecting buildings.

The world's largest discontinuous skyway network – Calgary, Alberta's "+15 Walkway" system – has a total length of 18 km (11 mi). The Minneapolis Skyway System is the world's largest continuous system and spans 11 miles (18 km) connecting 80 blocks in downtown Minneapolis.

On a smaller scale, terminals of large airports are often connected by skywalk systems, as at Manchester Airport, United Kingdom.

Some cities have the equivalent of a skyway underground, and there are also mixed subway/skyway systems; see underground city.

Early examples

Environmental factors

Besides pedestrian safety and convenience, the chief reasons assigned by urban planners for skywalk development are decrease of traffic congestion, reduction in vehicular air pollution and separation of people from vehicular noise. A number of cities (for example, Spokane, Washington) have given intricate analysis to skywalk systems employing computer models to optimize skywalk layout.[1]

Negative impacts

There is debate about the negative impact on urban areas of skyways. Robertson (1998) noted the negative impacts to street activities, and reductions to the property value at ground level.[2] Woo (2012) found that skywalk systems could be negatively associated with promoting consumerism.[3] Cui (2015) called for more research into the impact of skyways in developing countries.[4]

Cities with notable systems

North America

There are significant skyway networks in many cities in the US Midwest, such as Saint Paul, Des Moines, Cedar Rapids, Rochester, and Duluth.[5] Most networks in North America are privately owned. A notable exception in are the Saint Paul skyways, which are publicly owned.[6]

City System Length Blocks connected Link
Atlanta, Georgia 14 blocks map
Calgary, Alberta +15 or +30 Walkway 18 km (11 miles)[7] ~64 blocks map
Cedar Rapids, Iowa 15 blocks map
Chicago, Illinois Chicago Pedway 40 blocks
Cincinnati, Ohio Cincinnati Skywalk 1.3 miles (2.1 km) 15 blocks map
Dallas, Texas Part of the larger Dallas Pedestrian Network ~12 buildings map
Des Moines, Iowa Skywalk 4 miles (6.4 km)[8] 30 blocks map
Detroit, Michigan 10 buildings, ~ 8 blocks map
Duluth, Minnesota Skywalk 3 miles (4.8 km)[9] ~17 blocks map
Edmonton, Alberta Edmonton Pedway 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) ~13 blocks map
Fargo, North Dakota 6 blocks
Grand Rapids, MI Skywalk > 1 mile (1.7 km) 7 blocks – connects 12,000-seat VanAndel Arena, JW Marriott, Amway Grand Plaza and Marriott Courtyard hotels as well as 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2) DeVos Place Convention Center map
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Downtown Halifax Link
Houston Part of the larger Houston Downtown Tunnel System > 6 miles (9.7 km) including tunnels ~35 blocks (95 total) map
Indianapolis, IN Skywalk Connects Indiana Convention Center, Lucas Oil Stadium, Circle Centre Mall, Indianapolis Union Station, Indiana Statehouse, and 12 hotels
Kansas City Crown Center
Louisville, KY Louie Link A glassed-in skywalk called the Louie Link stretches six city blocks and links together the Kentucky International Convention Center (KICC), Fourth Street Live!, three hotels (Galt House Hotel & Suites, Marriott and Hyatt Regency), and 2,300 hotel rooms. In 2010 it was extended from the Galt House to the new $16 million Skywalk Garage, an eight-level, 860-space parking facility on Third Street, and a second skywalk connects from the garage across Third Street to the new KFC Yum! Center map
Mankato, Minnesota ~ 0.5 miles (0.80 km) 8 blocks
Milwaukee, Wisconsin Empire Building, Chase Tower, Grand Avenue Mall, Federal Building, Hyatt Regency, Hilton, Wisconsin Center
Minneapolis, Minnesota Minneapolis Skyway System > 11 miles (18 km) ~80 blocks map
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Oklahoma City Underground ~30 buildings
Paradise, Nevada Skyways are provided in lieu of street level pedestrian crossings
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 16 blocks map
Rochester, Minnesota Skyway ~17 blocks map
Rochester, New York 20 buildings over 13 blocks map
Saint Paul, Minnesota Skyway > 5 miles (8.0 km) 30 blocks map
Sioux City, Iowa 13 blocks map
Spokane, Washington 16 blocks
Toronto, Ontario SkyWalk 0.7 km 2 blocks – Metro Toronto Convention Centre South Building and Union Station (Toronto)
Winnipeg, Manitoba Winnipeg Walkway 18 blocks

Asia

In Bangkok, Thailand there are more than 5.4 km of covered wide dedicated elevated skywalks[10] with lighting. These were developed due to lack of proper sidewalks as well as street hawkers and local merchants taking advantage of any sidewalk space as makeshift commercial real estate. Common reasons skywalks were built include to avoid street pollution, dust, wetness from food vendors and/or rain, potholes, long queues, crowds, and uneven pavement, supporting urbanism but probably most importantly, tourism receipts. Most skywalks connect to a BTS station and utilize space underneath the rail line and BTS pillar supports. These skywalks have connector ramps which connect stations to malls seamlessly and are paid for by the malls themselves, otherwise the city and BTS fund walkway development. A 50km long extension project was shelved in 2011 due to funding issues,[11] nevertheless the system is growing organically.

Commuters cross Queen's Road on the Hong Kong Central Elevanted Walkway

In Hong Kong, China there are numerous foot bridge networks across the city. Particularly large networks exists around elevated or at grade MTR stations and connections between malls and housing estates in new town centers. The largest network spans Admiralty, Central and parts of Sheung Wan districts in the CBD and consists of the Central Elevated and Central–Mid-Levels Walkway systems which link up over 40 major office buildings. The Central–Mid-Levels walkway system is the longest outdoor covered escalator system in the world according to Guinness World Records.[9][10] Other large systems exist in Tsuen Wan and Mong Kok.

The Mumbai Skywalk Project is a planned discontinuous network of over 50 km of skywalks in Mumbai Metropolitan Region, India. The skyways will connect Mumbai Suburban Railway stations to important junctions, each 1 to 2 km in length. The first of these is a 1.3 km (0.8 mi) long skywalk connecting the suburban regions of Bandra and Kurla.[12][13][14]

Additionally, short skyways are used to connect buildings in other locations. This includes a skywalk, 170 m above the ground and 58 m long between the two Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, between the two towers on 41st and 42nd floors, world's highest 2-story bridge.

A skybridge connects the two towers of Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Europe

Brussels, Belgium has a skyway between the two Belgacom Towers.

London has skywalks on the Barbican Estate and London Wall. The City of London Pedway Scheme was devised as part of the post World War II reconstruction plans for London, it was put into effect mainly from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s and eventually abandoned by the 1980s.

Australia

See also

References

  1. ↑ Carbon monoxide dispersion analysis in downtown Spokane, ESL Inc., Sunnyvale, (1973)
  2. ↑ Robertson, K. A. (1988-07-01). "PEDESTRIAN SKYWALK SYSTEMS: DOWNTOWN'S GREAT HOPE OR PATHWAYS TO RUIN?". Transportation Quarterly. 42 (3). ISSN 0278-9434.
  3. ↑ Ares (2012-07-02). "Guest Article: Skywalks in Hong Kong and their Consequences on Urban Communities". Places. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
  4. ↑ Cui, Jianqiang; Allan, Andrew; Lin, Dong (2015-06-03). "Assessing grade separation pedestrian systems: Planning, design and operation". URBAN DESIGN International. 20 (3): 241–252. ISSN 1357-5317. doi:10.1057/udi.2015.8.
  5. ↑ Montgomery, Michael R.; Bean, Richard (1999-01-01). "Market Failure, Government Failure, and the Private Supply of Public Goods: The Case of Climate-Controlled Walkway Networks". Public Choice. 99 (3–4): 403–37. ISSN 0048-5829.
  6. ↑ "How a small request kicked off a big debate over skyways and public safety in St. Paul". MinnPost. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
  7. ↑ "Calgary's +15 Skywalk".
  8. ↑ Skywalks – Greater Des Moines Convention and Visitors Bureau. Seedesmoines.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-30.
  9. ↑ Skywalk, Skywalk Fitness Program, Clean & Safe Team Contact. downtownduluth.com. Retrieved on 2016-04-26.
  10. ↑ http://www.bangkokpost.com/lite/news/420125/up-above-the-milling-crowd
  11. ↑ http://www.thailand-construction.com/bmas-skywalk-project-over-priced/?doing_wp_cron=1435427814.1741809844970703125000
  12. ↑ Archived September 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  13. ↑ Bellman, Eric. (2010-01-19) Packed Streets Have a City of Walkers Looking Skyward for Answers. Online.wsj.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-30.
  14. ↑ Archived June 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.


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