Sky plc

Sky plc
Public
Traded as LSE: SKY
FTSE 100 Component
Industry Mass media
Predecessor BSkyB
Sky Television
British Satellite Broadcasting
Founded 2 November 1990 (1990-11-02)
Founders Rupert Murdoch
Headquarters London, England, UK
Area served
 Europe
Key people
 James Murdoch[1]
(Chairman)
Martin Gilbert
(Deputy Chairman)
Jeremy Darroch (CEO)
Products Direct-broadcast satellite, Pay television, broadcasting, broadband and telephony services,
Revenue £11.965 billion (2016)[2]
£0.977 billion (2016)[2]
£0.663 billion (2016)[2]
Owner 21st Century Fox (39.14%)
Number of employees
 30,000 (2017)[3]
Subsidiaries Sky UK
Sky Ireland
Sky Deutschland
Sky Italia
Amstrad
The Cloud
Now TV (UK)
Website corporate.sky.com

Sky plc[4][5][6][7] is a Pan-European satellite broadcasting, on-demand internet streaming media, broadband and telephone services company with headquarters in London. It has operations in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, Austria and Italy. Sky is Europe's biggest and leading media company and largest pay-TV broadcaster, with 21 million subscribers and 30,000 employees as of 2015.[3][8]

Initially formed in 1990 by the equal merger of Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting, BSkyB became the UK's largest digital subscription television company. In 2014, after completing the acquisition of Sky Italia and Sky Deutschland, the merged company changed its name to Sky plc.[9] Sky is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It had a market capitalisation of approximately £18.75 billion (€26.76 billion) as of 2015.[10]

Rupert Murdoch's 21st Century Fox owns a 39.14 per cent controlling stake in the company;[11] on 9 December 2016, following a previous attempt under News International that was affected by the phone hacking scandal, 21st Century Fox announced it had agreed to buy the remainder of Sky, pending government approval. As of July 2017, it has been subject to government review.

History

Foundation

British Sky Broadcasting was formed by the merger of Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting on 2 November 1990.[12] Both companies had begun to struggle financially and were both suffering financial losses as both competed against each other for viewers. The Guardian later characterised the merger as "effectively a takeover by News Corporation".[13]

The merger was investigated by Office of Fair Trading[14] and was cleared a month later since many of the represented views were more concerned about contractual arrangements which had nothing to do with competition.[15] The Independent Broadcasting Authority was not consulted about the deal; after approval, the IBA demanded precise details about the merger, stated they were considering the repercussions of the deal to ultimately determine whether BSB contracts were null and void.[16][17] On 17 November, the IBA decided to terminate BSB's contract, but not immediately, as it was deemed unfair to 120,000 viewers who had bought BSB devices.[18]

Sam Chisholm was appointed CEO [19] in a bid to reorganise the new company, which, continued to make losses of £10 million per week. The defunct BSB's HQ, Marco Polo House were sold, 39% of the new company's employees were made redundant to leave just under 1000 employees,[13] many of the new senior BSkyB executive roles were given to Sky personnel with many BSB leaving the company. In April the nine Sky/BSB channels had been condensed into five, with EuroSport being dropped soon after the Sky Sports launch.[20] Chisholm also renegotiated the merged company's expensive deals with the Hollywood studios, slashing the minimum guaranteed payments. The defunct Marcopolo I satellite was sold in December 1993 to Sweden's NSAB, and Marcopolo II went to Norway's Telenor in July 1992[21] after the ITC was unable to find new companies to take over the BSB licences and compete with BSkyB. News International received 50%, Pearson PLC 17.5%, Chargeurs 17.5%, Granada 12%, Reed International 2% of the new shares in the company.[22]

By September 1991, the weekly losses had been reduced to £1.5M a week, Rupert Murdoch said "there were strong financial marketing and political reason[s] for making the compromise merger instead of letting BSB die. Many of the lessons had been learnt with more than half the running cost of the combined company". Further cuts in losses were a direct result of 313,000 new customers joining during the first half of 1991.[23] By March 1992, BSkyB posted its first operating profits, of £100,000 per week, with £3.8 million weekly from subscriptions and £1 million from advertising, but continued to be burdened with £1.28 billion of debt. James Capel forecast BSkyB would still be indebted in 2000.[24]

Premiership football

In the autumn of 1991, talks were held for the broadcast rights for Premier League for a five-year period, from the 1992 season.[25] ITV were the current rights holders, and fought hard to retain the new rights. ITV had increased its offer from £18m to £34m per year to keep control of the rights.[26] BSkyB joined forces with the BBC[27] to make a counter bid. The BBC was given the highlights of most of the matches, while BSkyB paying £304m for the Premier League rights, would give them a monopoly of all live matches, up to 60 per year from the 1992 season. [28] Murdoch has described sport as a "battering ram" for pay-television, providing a strong customer base.[29] A few weeks after the deal, ITV went to the High court to get an injunction as it believed their details were leaked before the decision was taken. ITV also asked the Office of Fair Trading to also investigate since it believed Rupert Murdoch's media empire via the newspapers had influence the deal.[30] A few days later neither action took effect, ITV believed BSkyB was telephoned and informed of its £262m bid, and Premier League advised BSkyB to increase its counter bid.[31]

BSkyB retained the rights paying £670m 1997–2001 deal, but was challenged by On Digital[32] for the rights from 2001–2004, thus were forced to £1.1 billion which give them 66 live games a year.[33]

Following a lengthy legal battle with the European Commission, which deemed the exclusivity of the rights to be against the interests of competition and the consumer, BSkyB's monopoly came to an end from the 2007–08 season. In May 2006, the Irish broadcaster Setanta Sports was awarded two of the six Premiership packages that the English FA offered to broadcasters. Sky picked up the remaining four for £1.3bn.[34]

Flotation

In October 1994,[35] BSkyB announced its plans to float the company on the UK and US stock exchanges, selling off 20% of the company.[36] The stock flotation reduced Murdoch's holding to 40 percent and raised £900m, which allowed the company to cut its debt in half. Sam Chisholm said "By any standards this is an excellent result, in every area of the company has performed strongly".[37] Chisholm, became one of the world's most highly paid television executives.[38]

In 1995, BSkyB opened its second customer management centre at Dunfermline, Scotland,[39] in addition to its original centre at Livingston which opened in 1989. BSkyB entered the FTSE 100 index, operation profits increased to £155M a year, and Pearson sold off its 17.5% stake in the company.[40]

Sam Chisholm resigned from BSkyB due to a rift with Rupert Murdoch.[41] A week later, Murdoch was quoted as saying "I cannot understand the fuss; BSkyB was grossly overpriced", which caused further rifts with the new management.[42]

Launch of Sky Digital

In 1997, BSkyB formed a partnership with Carlton and Granada to bid for the right for the new digital terrestrial network. In June, it was awarded the right to start the service, ONdigital under the condition BSkyB withdrew from the group's bid.[43]

In February 2003 BSkyB wished to renegotiate its deal with MTV to reduce its payment from £20m. Chief executive Tony Ball said "We're definitely prepared to stare them down if we can't get a sensible deal, MTV, and other channels, have done particularly well out of the growth of Sky but the opportunity for savings is now there and Sky will be taking it," he added. "MTV has done extremely well out of that original deal."[44] On 17 April 2003 BSkyB launched its own range of music channels Scuzz and Flaunt with The Vault being added in Summer 2003, as part of its plan to create its own original channels for the platform.[45] Within 18 months the channels failed to make impact, and were outsourced to the Chart Show Channels company.[46]

Shortly afterwards it acquired Artsworld, giving a majority of subscribers full access to the channel. The buyout was part of James Murdoch's strategy to improve the perceptions BSkyB which could lead to potential new subscribers. John Cassy, the channel manager of Artsworld, said: "It is great news for the arts that a dedicated cultural channel will be available to millions of households."[47]

In early 2007 Freeview overtook Sky Digital with nearly 200,000 more subscribers at the end of 2006, while cable broadcaster Virgin Media had three million customers.[48]

Amstrad takeover

In July 2007, BSkyB announced the takeover of Amstrad for £125m, a 23.7% premium on its market capitalisation.[49]

Virgin Media Television acquisition

On 4 June 2010, BSkyB and Virgin Media announced that they had reached agreement for the acquisition by BSkyB of Virgin Media Television.[50][51]

Virgin1 was also a part of the deal and was rebranded as Channel One on 3 September 2010, as the Virgin name was not licensed to Sky.[52][53] The new carriage deals are understood to be for up to nine years.[54]

On 29 June 2010, The Competition Authority in Ireland cleared the proposed transaction.[55]

On 20 July 2010, The Office of Fair Trading announced that they would review BSkyB's acquisition of the Virgin Media Television business to judge whether it posed any competition concerns in the UK.[56] The OFT planned to investigate the deal to see whether it could constitute a qualifying merger under the Enterprise Act 2002. The watchdog invited interested parties from the industry to comment on the sale, including its potential impact on the pay-TV market. On 14 September 2010, the OFT decided not to refer BSkyB's takeover of Virgin Media's TV channels to the Competition Commission.[57]

Attempted takeover by News Corporation

In June 2010, News Corporation made a bid for complete ownership of BSkyB. However, following the News International phone hacking scandal, critics and politicians began to question the appropriateness of the proposed takeover. The resulting reaction forced News Corp. to withdraw its bid for the company in July 2011.[58][59] The scandal forced the resignation of James Murdoch, who was the chairman of both BSkyB and News International, from his executive positions in the UK, with Nicholas Ferguson taking over as Chairman of BSkyB.[60]

In September 2012, Ofcom ruled that BSkyB was still fit to hold broadcast licenses in the UK, but criticised James Murdoch's handling of the scandal.[61]

On 28 June 2013, News Corporation was split into two publicly-traded companies; the company's publishing operations (including News International, renamed News UK) and broadcasting operations in Australia were spun into a new company known as News Corp, while the company's broadcast media assets, including its 39.14% stake in Sky, were re-named 21st Century Fox.[62]

European acquisitions

On 12 May 2014, BSkyB confirmed that it was in talks with its largest shareholder, 21st Century Fox, about acquiring 21st Century Fox's 57.4% stake in Sky Deutschland and its 100% stake in Sky Italia. The enlarged company (dubbed "Sky Europe" in the media) will consolidate 21st Century Fox's European digital TV assets into one company.[63][64] The £4.9 billion takeover deal was formally announced on 25 July, where BSkyB would acquire 21st Century Fox's stakes in Sky Deutschland and Sky Italia. BSkyB also made a required takeover offer to Sky Deutschland's minority shareholders,[65] resulting in BSkyB acquiring 89.71% of Sky Deutschland's share capital. The acquisitions were completed on 13 November.[9] British Sky Broadcasting Group plc changed its name to Sky plc to reflect the European acquisitions, and the United Kingdom operations were renamed Sky UK Limited. Sky plc bought out the remaining minority shareholders in Sky Deutschland during 2015, using a squeeze-out procedure to obtain the remaining shares and delist Sky Deutschland on 15 September 2015.[66]

Proposed takeover by 21st Century Fox

On 9 December 2016, 21st Century Fox announced that it had made an offer to acquire the remainder of Sky plc for £11.7 billion at a value of £10.75 per-share. It marks Fox's second attempt to take over Sky, as its previous attempt under News Corporation was affected by the News International scandal. The two companies reached an agreement on the deal on 15 December; it is subject to regulatory approval.[67][68]

On 29 June 2017, culture secretary Karen Bradley recommended that the deal be subject to a six-month review by the Competition and Markets Authority to examine its overall effects on the industry. Ofcom had expressed concern that this deal would give the Murdoch family "material influence over news providers with a significant presence across all key platforms" and "increased influence over the UK news agenda and the political process". However, the regulator did deem a Fox-owned Sky would be "fit and proper" to hold broadcast licences, despite the recent sexual harassment controversies that had emerged at the U.S. Fox News Channel, as there was no evidence to the contrary.[69][70][71]

Management

The first CEO of BSkyB was Sam Chisholm, who was CEO of Sky TV before the merger. Chisholm served in this position until 1997. He was followed by Mark Booth who was credited with leading the company through the introduction of Sky. Tony Ball was appointed in 1999 and completed the company's analogue to digital conversion. He is also credited with returning the company to profit and bringing subscriber numbers to new heights. In 2003, Ball announced his resignation and James Murdoch, son of Rupert Murdoch was announced as his successor. This appointment caused allegations of nepotism from shareholders.[72]

On 7 December 2007, it was announced that Rupert Murdoch would be stepping down as BSkyB's non-executive chairman and would be replaced by his son, James. In turn, James stepped down as CEO of BSkyB, to be replaced by Jeremy Darroch.[73]

The current 13 company directors include James Murdoch (Chairman), Nicholas Ferguson (Chief Executive), David Darroch (Chief Executive Officer), Andrew Griffith (Chief Executive Officer), Martin Gilbert (Chief Executive Officer), Matthieu Pigasse (Managing Director), Tracy Clarke (Bank Executive), David Lewis (Chief Executive Officer), Andrew Sukawaty (Manager), Adine Axen (Director), John Nallen (Company Director) and Charles Carey (Chief Executive Officer and President).[74]

Financial performance

Financial results have been as follows:[2]

Revenue and profit or loss, by fiscal year
Year ended Revenue (£m) Profit/(loss)
before tax (£m)		 Net profit/
(loss)(£m)
30 June 2016 11,965 752 663
30 June 2015 9,989 1,516 1,952
30 June 2014 7,632 1,082 865
30 June 2013 7,235 1,257 979
30 June 2012 6,791 1,189 906
30 June 2011 6,597 1,014 810
30 June 2010 5,709 1,173 878
30 June 2009 5,359 456 259
30 June 2008 4,952 60 (127)
30 June 2007 4,551 815 499
30 June 2006 4,148 798 551
30 June 2005 4,048 631 425
30 June 2004 3,656 480 322
30 June 2003 3,186 128 190
30 June 2002 2,776 (1,276) (1,383)
30 June 2001 2,306 (515) (539)
30 June 2000 1,847 (263) (272)
30 June 1999 1,545 (389) (285)
30 June 1998 1,434 271 249
30 June 1997 1,270 314 288
30 June 1996 1,008 257 –
30 June 1995 778 155 –
30 June 1994 550 93 –
30 June 1993 380 (76) –
30 June 1992 233 (188) –
30 June 1991 93 (759) –

Current operations

Subsidiaries

Sky UK Ltd
The original Sky Television plc, now a holding company for Sky plc's United Kingdom operations.
Sky Subscriber Services Ltd
Operating company for the Sky pay-television service.
Sky In-Home Services Ltd
Home installations of satellite dishes and set-top boxes.
Sky Broadband Ltd and Sky Home Communications Ltd
Operating companies for Sky's broadband and telephony services, including Be Un Limited which was acquired from Telefónica UK/O2.
Sports Internet Group Ltd
Sports content and online betting services.
British Interactive Broadcasting Holdings Ltd
Interactive television services, formerly an alliance of BSkyB, BT Group, HSBC and Matsushita/Panasonic.
Aura Sports Ltd
Media Sales Agency, sells advertising on the majority of premiership football club websites, as well as other major sports.
Aura Play Ltd
Another Media Sales Agency, sells advertising across a number of websites in the music and entertainment sector.
Sky Ireland
Operating company for Sky pay-television service in Ireland.
Sky Italia Srl
Operating company for Sky pay-television service in Italy.
Sky Deutschland AG
Operating company for Sky pay-television service in Germany and Austria.
Acetrax
A video on demand movie rental service.[75]
Amstrad
British electronics company acquired by BSkyB.[49]
The Cloud
Wi-Fi provider acquired by BSkyB.[76]

Ventures

A&E Networks UK (50%) – with A&E Networks. Operates History, Lifetime and CI channels.
Arena Racing Company (48.5%)[77] Operates At the Races
Australian News Channel Pty Limited (33.3%)[77] – with Seven Network and Nine Entertainment Co. Operates Sky News Australia
Ginx TV Ltd (50%) - with ITV plc
Nickelodeon UK Ltd (40%)[77] – with Viacom International Media Networks Europe, part of Viacom. Operates Nickelodeon and associated channels
Beamly (10%)[78]
Love Productions (70%)[79]

Partnerships

Comedy Central (UK and Ireland) (25%)[77] – with Paramount British Pictures, part of Viacom/National Amusements
DTV Services Ltd (20%) – with Arqiva, BBC, Channel 4 and ITV plc. Manages and markets the Freeview brand.[80]

Former operations

Stake in ITV

ITV plc has been the subject of a flurry of rumoured take-over and merger bids since it was formed. For example, on 9 November 2006, NTL announced that it had approached ITV plc about a proposed merger.[81][82] The merger was effectively blocked by BSkyB on 17 November 2006 when it controversially bought a 17.9% stake in ITV plc for £940 million,[83] a move that attracted anger from NTL shareholder Richard Branson[84] and an investigation from media and telecoms regulator Ofcom.[85] On 6 December 2006, NTL announced that it had complained to the Office of Fair Trading about BSkyB's move. NTL stated that it had withdrawn its attempt to buy ITV plc, citing that it did not believe that there was any possibility to make a deal on favourable terms.[86] On 17 July 2014, BSkyB's 6.4% stake in ITV was sold to Liberty Global, valued at £481 million.[87]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "James Murdoch to succeed Nicholas Ferguson as chairman of Sky". Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Results for the twelve months ended 30 June 2016" (PDF). BSkyB. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  3. 1 2 "Sky plc". Sky. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  4. ↑ "Sky Europe: what you need to know about the £7bn deal". Telegraph.co.uk. 25 July 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  5. ↑ "BSkyB in £5bn deal to create Sky Europe". BBC News. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  6. ↑ Mark Sweney. "BSkyB poised to seal ‘Sky Europe’ deal". the Guardian. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  7. ↑ "BSkyB nears deal to create ‘Sky Europe’". Financial Times. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  8. ↑ "News Corp. slows BSkyB bid". Ottawa Citizen. 14 October 2010.
  9. 1 2 "Sky creates Europe’s leading entertainment company". Sky. 13 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  10. ↑ "FTSE All-Share Index Ranking". stockchallenge.co.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  11. ↑ "Phone Scandal Poses Defining Test for a Murdoch Son". The New York Times. 8 July 2011. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
  12. ↑ Sky and BSB in merger deal. The Times, Saturday, 3 November 1990
  13. 1 2 Sky TV's launch: 'a wing and a prayer' , media editor Maggie Brown, Guardian Organgrinder blog, 5 February 2009 Retrieved 24 December 2012.
  14. ↑ Fair trading office to study merger of Sky and BSB. Melinda Wittstock, Media Correspondent. The Times, Tuesday, 6 November 1990
  15. ↑ Merger of BSB and Sky cleared. Melinda Wittstock, Media Correspondent. The Times, Wednesday, 19 December 1990
  16. ↑ IBA to rule this week on satellite merger. Melinda Wittstock, Media Correspondent. The Times, Monday, 5 November 1990
  17. ↑ Bsb broke contract in merger with Sky, MPs told. Peter Mulligan Parliamentary Reporter. The Times, Tuesday, 13 November 1990
  18. ↑ IBA to pull the plug on BSB contract. Georgina Henry Media Editor. The Guardian; 17 November 1990
  19. ↑ Shops to withdraw squarials as three BSB 0ieciitiyes go. Melinda Wittstock, Media Correspondent. The Times, Thursday, 8 November 1990;
  20. ↑ Eurosport to close down over weekend. The Times, Saturday, 4 May 1991
  21. ↑ Canal Digital. "The Canal Digital Story". canaldigital.com. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  22. ↑ Fall for Granada. The Times, Wednesday, 12 December 1990
  23. ↑ Sky TV 'in sight of breaking even'. Graham Searjeant, Financial Editor. The Times, Thursday, 19 September 1991
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  25. ↑ ITV's monopoly threatened by Premier League. Peter Ball. The Times, Tuesday, 1 October 1991
  26. ↑ Premier League unity is tested by offer of £34m. Peter Ball. The Times, Saturday, 18 April 1992
  27. ↑ BSkyB and BBC bid offers huge rewards. Peter Ball.The Times, Monday 18 May 1992
  28. ↑ Premier League kicks off with £304m TV deal. Peter Ball. The Times, Tuesday, 19 May 1992
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  31. ↑ ITV fails to halt football deal. Lin Jenkins. The Times, Wednesday, 27 May 1992
  32. ↑ 'Time to play hardball' by David Teather and Vivek Chaudhary investigate Monday 8 May 2000
  33. ↑ George Trefgarne, Financial Correspondent (15 June 2000). "BSkyB leaps on soccer result". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  34. ↑ "Setanta joins Premiership action". BBC News. 5 May 2006. Retrieved 5 March 2007.
  35. ↑ BSkyB seeks to go into orbit with £5bn flotation. Buckingham, Lisa. The Guardian; 7 October 1994;
  36. ↑ BSkyB's float has £50m price tag. Buckingham, Lisa, The Guardian; 26 November 1994
  37. ↑ £5m a week operating profits at BSkyB. Martin Waller, Deputy City Editor. The Times, Wednesday, 8 February 1995
  38. ↑ BSkyB trio share £3.8m bonuses. Cowe, Roger The Guardian; 15 November 1994
  39. ↑ New BSkyB centre to give Fife 1,000 jobs. Gillian Bowditch, Scotland Correspondent. The Times, Thursday, 6 October 1994;
  40. ↑ BSkyB soars to £155m as Pearson seeks stake sale. Alexandra Frean, Media Correspondent. The Times, Friday, 18 August 1995
  41. ↑ Murdoch row led BSkyB chief to quit. Emily Bell, Media Business Editor. The Observer (1901-2003); 22 June 1997
  42. ↑ Murdoch row splits BSkyB. Brown, Maggie. The Guardian; 7 July 1997
  43. ↑ ITV big two lead digital revolution. Eric Reguly and Carol Midgley. The Times, Wednesday, 25 June 1997
  44. ↑ "Sky and MTV in cash row". 14 February 2003.
  45. ↑ Is channel growth music to the ears? | Archive. Marketing Week (20 March 2003). Retrieved on 9 December 2013.
  46. ↑ BSkyB hands running of music channels to chart channels | Archive. Marketing Week (16 September 2004). Retrieved on 9 December 2013.
  47. ↑ Gibson, Owen (20 June 2005). "Sky buys out arts channel". The Guardian. London.
  48. ↑ "Freeview 'overtakes Sky Digital'". BBC News. 19 April 2007.
  49. 1 2 "BSkyB agrees £125m Amstrad deal". BBC News. 31 July 2007. Archived from the original on 6 August 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2007.
  50. ↑ "BskyB and Virgin Media Reach Agreements on Sale of VMtv and Channel Distribution". BSkyB. 4 June 2010. Archived from the original on 8 June 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  51. ↑ "BskyB and Virgin Media Reach Agreements on Sale of VMtv and Channel Distribution". Virgin Media. 4 June 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  52. ↑ "Virgin secures new Sky carriage deal after VMtv sale". Broadband TV News. 4 June 2010.
  53. ↑ Sweney, Mark (5 August 2010). "BSkyB rebrands Virgin1 as Channel One". The Guardian. UK.
  54. ↑ Deans, Jason (4 June 2010). "BSkyB buys Virgin Media TV channels for £160m". The Guardian. UK.
  55. ↑ "Competition Authority clears the acquisition by British Sky Broadcasting Limited of Virgin Media Television" (PDF). The Competition Authority. 29 June 2010.
  56. ↑ "OFT to review Sky's VMtv deal". Digital Spy. 20 July 2010.
  57. ↑ "OFT okays Sky's Virgin Media TV deal". C21Media. 14 September 2010.
  58. ↑ "News Corp withdraws bid for BSkyB". BBC. 13 July 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
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  61. ↑ O'Carroll, Lisa; Davies, Lizzy (2012-09-20). "Sky ruled fit for broadcast licence, but James Murdoch comes in for criticism". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-07-13.
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  63. ↑ Statement on potential acquisition, BSkyB 12 May 2014. Retrieved: 19 June 2014.
  64. ↑ Williams, Christopher (12 May 2014). "'Sky Europe': what is behind BSkyB's effort to buy Murdoch's European pay-TV businesses?". Telegraph.co.uk. Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  65. ↑ "BSkyB to pay $9 billion to create Sky Europe". Reuters. 25 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
  66. ↑ Gallivan, Rory (15 September 2015). "Sky completes full acquisition of Sky Deutschland". Marketwatch. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  67. ↑ "21st Century Fox Agrees to Buy Sky". Bloomberg. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
  68. ↑ "Sky and 21st Century Fox agree £18.5bn takeover deal". BBC. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  69. ↑ "Fox News Scandals, Political Influence Concerns Cast Long Shadow Over Sky Review". Variety. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  70. ↑ "Murdoch's Sky bid likely to be referred to competition authorities". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  71. ↑ "Major Setback for Murdoch in $15 Billion Sky Takeover". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  72. ↑ Bell, Emily (5 November 2003). "Rupert and the joys of nepotism". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 6 March 2007.
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  74. ↑ "Sky PLC | DueDil". www.duedil.com. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  75. ↑ "Sky acquires Acetrax as it prepares for NOW TV launch". Digital Spy. 3 May 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
  76. ↑ "BSkyB reels in Wi-Fi network operator The Cloud". The Register. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
  77. 1 2 3 4 "Group investments" (PDF). Annual Report 2009. British Sky Broadcasting. 2010. p. 109. Retrieved 20 March 2010.
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  79. ↑ "Sky acquires majority stake in Love Productions". BSkyB. 21 July 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  80. ↑ "About us". Freeview. Archived from the original on 5 April 2010. Retrieved 20 March 2010. Freeview is managed by DTV Services Ltd, a company owned and run by its five shareholders — BBC, BSkyB, Channel 4, ITV and Arqiva.
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  82. ↑ "ITV and NTL 'in merger talks'" (Press release). ITV plc. 9 November 2006. Archived from the original on 30 November 2006. Retrieved 6 December 2006.
  83. ↑ Welsh, James (17 November 2006). "Sky buys 17.9% of ITV". Digital Spy. Retrieved 6 December 2006.
  84. ↑ Wilkes, Neil (20 November 2006). "Sky/ITV: Branson statement in full". Digital Spy. Retrieved 6 December 2006.
  85. ↑ Welsh, James (21 November 2006). "Ofcom examines impact of Sky's ITV stake". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on 27 November 2006. Retrieved 6 December 2006.
  86. ↑ Oatts, Joanne (6 December 2006). "NTL complains about Sky as it drops plans for ITV Ofcom". Digital Spy. Retrieved 6 December 2006.
  87. ↑ Clover, Julian (17 July 2014). "Liberty Global makes £481m investment in ITV". Broadband TV News. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
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