Sir George Downing, 1st Baronet

Sir George Downing, 1st Baronet (c. 1624/25 – c. 19 July 1684) was an Anglo-Irish preacher, soldier, statesman, diplomat, turncoat and spy, after whom Downing Street in London is named. As Treasury Secretary he is credited with instituting major reforms in public finance. His influence was substantial on the passage and substance of the mercantilist Navigation Acts. The Acts strengthened English commercial and Naval power, contributing to the security of the English state and its ability to project its power abroad.

More than any other man he was responsible for arranging the acquisition of New York from the Dutch, and is remembered there in the name of two other streets named after him in New York, one in Greenwich Village and one in Brooklyn.

Early life

He was the son of Emmanuel Downing, a barrister of the Inner Temple in London, and of Lucy Winthrop, who married in April 1622. He was born likely in London in 1625,^[3] while others list his birthplace circa 1624 in Dublin.^[1] His mother was the younger sister of Massachusetts Bay Governor John Winthrop.^[4]

In 1636, he was in school in Maidstone, Kent.^[3] His family joined Winthrop in America in 1638, settling in Salem, Massachusetts. Downing attended Harvard College and was one of nine students in the first graduating class of 1642. He was hired by Harvard as the college's first tutor. In 1645 he sailed for the West Indies with slaves in tow, as a preacher and instructor of the seamen, and arrived in England some time afterwards, becoming chaplain to Colonel John Okey's regiment (who had originally sponsored Downing's education in America).^[3]

While Downing Street, London, is named after him, Downing College, Cambridge derives its name from his grandson, Sir George Downing, 3rd Baronet. The title became extinct when the 3rd Baronet's cousin, Sir Jacob Downing, 4th Baronet, died in 1764.

Service under Cromwell

Subsequently Downing seems to have abandoned preaching for a military career, and in 1650 he was scoutmaster-general of Cromwell's forces in Scotland, and as such received in 1657 a salary of £365 and £500 as a Teller of the Exchequer.

In 1654, he married Frances, sister of Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle and daughter of Sir William Howard of Naworth Castle and Mary (née Eure, daughter of William Eure, 4th Baron Eure). Frances was the great-great grandaughter of the fourth Duke of Norfolk. Downing's marriage into the powerful Howard family aided his advancement. In Cromwell's parliament of 1654, Downing represented Edinburgh, and Carlisle in those of 1656 and 1659. He was one of the first to urge Cromwell to take the royal title and restore the old constitution. In 1655, he was sent to France to remonstrate on the massacre of the Protestant Vaudois. Later in 1657 he was appointed resident at The Hague, to effect a union of the Protestant European powers, to mediate between Portugal and the Dutch Republic and between Sweden and Denmark, to defend the interests of the English traders against the Dutch, and to inform the government concerning the movements of the exiled royalists.

Restoration

Downing showed himself in these negotiations an able diplomat. He was maintained in his post during the interregnum subsequent to the fall of Richard Cromwell, and was thus enabled in April 1660 to make his peace with Charles II, to whom he communicated Thurloe's despatches, and declared his abandonment of "principles sucked in" in New England of which he now "saw the error". At the Restoration, therefore, Downing was knighted (May 1660), was continued in his embassy in Holland, was confirmed in his tellership of the exchequer, and was further rewarded with a valuable piece of land adjoining St. James's Park for building purposes, now known as Downing Street.

During the Restoration period, he was instrumental organising the spy-rings which hunted down many of his former comrades. He engineered the arrest in Holland of the regicides John Barkstead, Miles Corbet and John Okey, his former commander and sponsor. Samuel Pepys, who characterised his conduct as odious though useful to the king, calls him a "perfidious rogue" and remarks that "all the world took notice of him for a most ungrateful villain for his pains."

On 1 July 1663, he was created a baronet.

Downing had from the first been hostile to the Dutch as the commercial rivals of England. He had strongly supported the Navigation Act of 1660, and he now deliberately drew on the fatal and disastrous Second Anglo-Dutch War, in the first year of which, 1665, he was expelled by the Dutch because of his intrigues and spying activities and returned home. That year, as a member of parliament, Downing attached a clause to a bill to fund the war's continuation that specified that the money could only be used for the war effort.^[5] This previously little-used move, opposed strongly by Lord Clarendon as an encroachment on the royal prerogative,^[6] effectively made permanent the parliamentary appropriation of supplies (meaning that Parliament gained the right to specify that tax revenues should be used only for a particular purpose, rather than spent as the King's government saw fit).^[7] In May 1667, in the war's final year, Downing was made secretary to the commissioners of the treasury, his appointment being much welcomed by Pepys, and he took part in the management and reform of the Treasury.^[5]

He had been returned for Morpeth in the Convention Parliament of April 1660, a constituency that he represented in every ensuing parliament till his death, and he spoke with ability on financial and commercial questions. He was appointed a commissioner of the customs in 1671. The same year he was again sent to Holland to replace Sir William Temple, to break up the policy of the Triple Alliance and incite another war between the Dutch Republic and England in furtherance of the French policy. His unpopularity there was extreme, and after three months' residence Downing fled to England, in fear of the fury of the mob. For this unauthorised step he was sent to the Tower on 7 February 1672, but released some few weeks afterwards. He defended the Declaration of Indulgence the same year, and made himself useful in supporting the court policy.

Character

Downing was undoubtedly a man of great political, diplomatic, and financial ability, but his character has often been maligned by his enemies because of his willingness to make the most of changing political circumstances, and to brutally betray former comrades in order to win favour from his current masters.^[8] Today his reputation is undergoing a revision among scholars of the period as his contributions as a financial reformer and diplomat are again recognised. On the other hand, one of his many less attractive personal qualities – miserliness – is well-documented.

He published a large number of declarations and discourses, mostly in Dutch, enumerated in Sibley's biography, and wrote also "A True Relation of the Progress of the Parliament's Forces in Scotland" (1651), Thomason Tracts, Brit. Mus., E 640 (5).

Death and family

His wife, Frances, died 10 July 1683,^[2] and he died in Cambridge just over a year later, around 19 July 1684, when his will was proved,^[1] after having acquired a substantial fortune, and was considered to be the largest landowner in Cambridgeshire (critics claimed he amassed the fortune partly through his exceptional meanness about money). He was succeeded in the title by his eldest son Sir George Downing, 2nd Baronet. He had a younger son, Charles and four daughters:^[1]

• Sir George Downing, 2nd Baronet (c. 1656 – 15 April 1740), who succeeded to the baronetcy; married Lady Catharine Cecil (died 1688), daughter of the third Earl of Salisbury,^[9] with whom he had one son:
  • Sir George Downing, 3rd Baronet (c. 1685–1749); died without issue
• William Downing (1663–1704), died without issue;
• Charles Downing (died 15 April 1740); Comptroller of Customs in Salem; married Sarah Garrard, daughter and coheir of Jacob Garrad, son and heir of Sir Thomas Garrad, 2nd Baronet of Langford, with whom he had two children:
  • Sarah (died young, 1706)
  • Sir Jacob Garrard Downing, 4th Baronet (1717–1764), MP for Dunwich, who inherited the baronetcy from his cousin in 1749 but who died without a male heir, leaving it extinct^[10]
• Frances (died 1681); married John Cotton, heir of Sir John Cotton, 3rd Baronet; her husband died before his father, leaving the title to their son Sir John Cotton, 4th Baronet;
• Philadelphia (died 8 March 1676), married Sir Henry Pickering, 2nd Baronet in Westminster Abbey and had three daughters.
• Mary (died 1728), married Thomas Barnardiston; mother of SL Thomas Barnardiston
• Lucy, who married firstly the Irish statesman Sir Richard Bulkeley, 2nd Baronet, and secondly the Irish judge William Worth, but had no surviving issue by either marriage.

He was buried in the family vault he had had built in All Saints' Church in the village of Croydon in Cambridgeshire.

References

• Timpson, Trevor (7 March 2012). "How a king's judges were hunted down". BBC. Retrieved 7 March 2012. 
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Downing, Sir George". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.  (That article is reproduced here: )