Silistra

Silistra, Bulgaria
Силистра

View of the river Danube

Coat of arms
Silistra, Bulgaria

Location of Silistra

Coordinates: 44°7′N 27°16′E / 44.117°N 27.267°E / 44.117; 27.267Coordinates: 44°7′N 27°16′E / 44.117°N 27.267°E / 44.117; 27.267
Country Bulgaria
Province
(Oblast)		 Silistra
Government
 • Mayor Yulian Naydenov
Area
 • City 27.159 km2 (10.486 sq mi)
Elevation 6 m (20 ft)
Population (2012)[1]
 • City 35 230
 • Urban 50 780
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
 • Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)
Postal Code 7500
Area code(s) 086
Climate Cfa
Website Official website

Silistra (Bulgarian: Силистра) is a port city in northeastern Bulgaria. The city lies on the southern bank of the lower Danube river, and is also the part of the Romanian border where it stops following the Danube. Silistra is the administrative center of the Silistra Province and one of the important cities of the historical region of Southern Dobrudzha.

Silistra is a major cultural, industrial, transportation, and educational center of northeastern Bulgaria. There are many historical landmarks including a richly-decorated Late Roman tomb, remains of the Medieval fortress, an Ottoman fort, and an art gallery.

Etymology

The name Silistra is possibly derived from the root of the old Thracian name of the lower part of the Danube "Istrum". By another theory, the city's name comes from the Latin words "silo" and "stra", meaning "awl" and "strategy".

Geography

Silistra is in the northeastern part of Bulgaria on the southern bank of the Danube River. It is located in the Bulgarian part of Dobrudzha.

The municipality of Silistra covers an area of 516 km2[2] and includes the city and 18 villages. The area of the city-proper is 27.159 km2.[3]

Silistra is 431 km from Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria; 141 km from Varna; and 119 km from Ruse.

History

Durostorum

The Romans built a fortress in AD 29 on the site of an earlier Thracian settlement and kept its name, Durostorum (or Dorostorum). The earliest saints of Bulgaria are Roman soldiers executed at Durostorum during the Diocletian Persecution (303–313), including St. Dasius and St. Julius the Veteran. Durostorum became an important military center of the Roman province of Moesia, and grew into a city at the time of Marcus Aurelius. In 388, Durostorum became the seat of a Christian bishopric and a center of Christianity in the region. Roman general Flavius Aëtius was born in the town in 396. After the Roman Empire split into the Eastern and Western empires, the town (known as Δουρόστολον, Durostolon in Byzantine Greek) became part of the Byzantine Empire. As part of the Bulgarian Empire Durostolon was known as Drastar in Medieval times.

The fort of Silistra
Silistra Historical Museum

Around the end of the 7th century, the town was incorporated into the First Bulgarian Empire and the bishop of Drastar (Дръстър in Bulgarian) was proclaimed the first patriarch of Bulgaria. In 895 (during the Bulgarian-Hungarian War of 894-896), the Hungarians, allies of the Byzantines, besieged the Bulgarian army under the personal command of Simeon I the Great in the fortress of the town but were repulsed.[4] The next year the Hungarians were decisively defeated in the battle of Southern Buh.

The town was captured by the forces of Sviatoslav I of Kiev in 969, but two years later it was taken by the Byzantines during the Battle of Dorostolon. It was renamed Theodoropolis, after military saint Theodore Stratelates, who is said to have come to the aid of Emperor John I Tzimiskes during the battle. In 976, Tsar Samuel restored Bulgarian rule in the region until 1001, when it once again became part of the Byzantine Empire.

In 1186, after the Rebellion of Asen and Peter, the town became part of the Second Bulgarian Empire and renamed Drastar.

In 1279, under Emperor Ivailo, Drastar was attacked by the Mongols; but after a three-month-long siege the Bulgarians managed to break through.[5] The town remained part of the Bulgarian Empire until the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans around 1400. Throughout the Middle Ages, Drastar (possibly known by the name Silistra too) was among Bulgaria's largest and most important cities.

During Ottoman rule, Silistra (Silistre in Ottoman Turkish) was part of Rumelia Province and was the administrative centre of the Silistra district (sanjak). This district was later upgraded to become the Silistra Province and stretched over most of the western Black Sea littoral.

The town was captured and recaptured by Russian forces numerous times during several Russo-Turkish Wars and was besieged between 14 April and 23 June 1854 during the Crimean War. Namık Kemal wrote his most famous play, Vatan Yahut Silistre ("Homeland or Silistre"), a drama about the siege of Silistra, in which he expounded on the ideas of patriotism and liberalism. The play was first staged on 1 April 1873 and led to his exile to Famagusta.

The Ottoman Silistra Province was reduced in size, as the districts of Özi and Hocabey and the region of Bessarabia were ceded to the Russian Empire at the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. Edirne Province was created from its southern regions in 1830. Finally, Silistra Province merged with the provinces of Vidin and Niš in 1864 to form Danube Province. Silistra was downgraded to a kaza centre in Ruse district in this province in the same year.

Between 1819 and 1826, Eliezer Papo — a renowned Jewish scholar — was the rabbi of the community of Silistra, making this town famous among observant Jews. Up to the present, his grave is a focus of pilgrimage, some pilgrims flying from Israel and even from Latin America to Bulgaria for that purpose.[6]

In 1878, following the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, Silistra was included in Bulgaria.

In May 1913, following the Second Balkan War and after unsuccessful Bulgarian-Romanian negotiations in London, the two countries accepted the mediation of the Great Powers, who awarded Silistra and the area in a 3 km radius around it to the Kingdom of Romania at the Saint Petersburg Conference. The 1913 Treaty of Bucharest ceded Silistra and the whole of Southern Dobruja to Romania. Silistra was renamed Dârstor by the Romanians. Bulgaria regained the town between 1916 and 1918 during World War I with the Treaty of Bucharest (1918), in which Romania surrendered to the Central Powers (including Bulgaria). The Treaty of Neuilly (1919) following World War I returned it to Romania. Silistra remained a part of Romania until the Axis-sponsored Treaty of Craiova in 1940, when the town once again became part of Bulgaria, a transfer confirmed by the Paris Peace Treaties in 1947. Between 1913 and 1938, Silistra was the capital of Durostor County, (except during Bulgarian rule). It became part of Ţinutul Mării between 1938-1940 during Romanian rule. Following the establishment of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, Silistra developed as a center of industry and agriculture in the region, comparable to Ruse (because of the strategic position on the Danube) and Dobrich (due to the abundant fertile lands). This led to a major population increase which continued until 1985. After that, the population slowly started to decrease. Following the collapse of the People's Republic in 1989, many of its inhabitants migrated to other parts of the country or emigrated outside Bulgaria.

A panorama of Silistra and the Danube (far in the back some buildings in Călărași, Romania) can be seen.

Climate

Silistra has a temperate climate, with cold snowy winters and hot summers.

Climate data for Silistra (2000-2013)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 25.5
(77.9)		 30.9
(87.6)		 34.8
(94.6)		 38.1
(100.6)		 39.2
(102.6)		 42.4
(108.3)		 44.1
(111.4)		 42.9
(109.2)		 40.2
(104.4)		 35.7
(96.3)		 30.6
(87.1)		 26.9
(80.4)		 44.1
(111.4)
Average high °C (°F) 6.1
(43)		 10.4
(50.7)		 15.7
(60.3)		 20.2
(68.4)		 25.7
(78.3)		 29.2
(84.6)		 30.3
(86.5)		 29.9
(85.8)		 26.2
(79.2)		 20.0
(68)		 12.3
(54.1)		 7.8
(46)		 19.48
(67.08)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.7
(38.7)		 6.8
(44.2)		 10.7
(51.3)		 14.4
(57.9)		 19.3
(66.7)		 24.0
(75.2)		 25.2
(77.4)		 24.7
(76.5)		 22.0
(71.6)		 16.2
(61.2)		 9.0
(48.2)		 5.1
(41.2)		 15.09
(59.18)
Average low °C (°F) 1.2
(34.2)		 3.1
(37.6)		 5.6
(42.1)		 8.6
(47.5)		 12.9
(55.2)		 18.8
(65.8)		 20.0
(68)		 19.5
(67.1)		 17.8
(64)		 12.3
(54.1)		 5.6
(42.1)		 2.4
(36.3)		 10.65
(51.17)
Record low °C (°F) −13.1
(8.4)		 −10.4
(13.3)		 −7.9
(17.8)		 −1.4
(29.5)		 3.8
(38.8)		 6.5
(43.7)		 10.1
(50.2)		 6.8
(44.2)		 2.8
(37)		 −3.2
(26.2)		 −7.4
(18.7)		 −10.8
(12.6)		 −13.1
(8.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 99.8
(3.929)		 79.4
(3.126)		 86.8
(3.417)		 92.3
(3.634)		 59.4
(2.339)		 61.1
(2.406)		 48.2
(1.898)		 52.6
(2.071)		 66.1
(2.602)		 86.4
(3.402)		 82.2
(3.236)		 93.3
(3.673)		 907.6
(35.732)
Average rainy days 15 11 13 14 9 10 7 8 11 13 13 14 138
Average snowy days 5 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 19
Mean monthly sunshine hours 101.1 138.5 169.6 221.1 264.6 301.8 300.4 264.5 202.8 165.5 111.2 89.6 2,330.7
Source: Stringmeteo.com

Population

In January 2012, Silistra was inhabited by 35 230 people within the city limits, while the Silistra Municipality along with the legally affiliated adjacent villages had 50 780 inhabitants.[1] The number of the residents of the city (not the municipality) reached its peak in the period 1986-1991, when it exceeded 70,000.[7] The following table presents the change of the population after 1887.

Silistra
Year 1887 1910 1934 1946 1956 1965 1975 1985 1992 2001 2005 2009 2011 2013
Population 11,415 11,046 > 17,415[a] 15,951 20,350 33,041 59,296 70,537 49,304 41,952 39,358 37,837 35,607 ??
Highest number 70,537 in 1985
Sources: National Statistical Institute,[7] „citypopulation.de“,[8] „pop-stat.mashke.org“,[9] Bulgarian Academy of Sciences[10]
^ a. Population in 1930: 17,415[11]

Ethnic, linguistic and religious composition

According to the latest 2011 census data, the individuals declared their ethnic identity were distributed as follows:[12][13]

Total: 35,607

The ethnic composition of Silistra Municipality is 40707 Bulgarians, 6258 as Turks and 899 Roma among others.

Notable natives

Honour

Silistra Knoll on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Silistra.

"Silistra" is also the name of a fictional planet in Janet Morris' book High Couch of Silistra (1977).

References

  1. 1 2 (in Bulgarian)National Statistical Institute - 2012
  2. ↑ "Bulgaria Guide, Silistra Municipality". Retrieved 30 July 2009.
  3. ↑ "Bulgaria Guide, Silistra". Retrieved 30 July 2009.
  4. ↑ Andreev, J. The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars (Balgarskite hanove i tsare, Българските ханове и царе), Veliko Tarnovo, 1996, p. 95, ISBN 954-427-216-X
  5. ↑ Andreev, J. The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars (Balgarskite hanove i tsare, Българските ханове и царе), Veliko Tarnovo, 1996, p. 226, ISBN 954-427-216-X
  6. ↑ Maariv, September 12, 2009,
  7. 1 2 (in Bulgarian)National Statistical Institute - Towns population 1956-1992
  8. ↑ (in English) „WorldCityPopulation“
  9. ↑ „pop-stat.mashke.org“
  10. ↑ (in Bulgarian) Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
  11. ↑ Durostor County, as per 1930 Romanian census (in Romanian)
  12. ↑ (in Bulgarian) Population on 01.02.2011 by provinces, municipalities, settlements and age; National Statistical Institute
  13. ↑ Population by province, municipality, settlement and ethnic identification, by 01.02.2011; Bulgarian National Statistical Institute (in Bulgarian)
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