Sikorsky H-34
| Sikorsky H-34 / S-58 | |
|---|---|
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| A U.S. Army CH-34 | |
| Role | Helicopter |
| Manufacturer | Sikorsky Aircraft |
| First flight | 8 March 1954 |
| Introduction | 1954 |
| Status | out of production, still in civilian service |
| Primary users | United States Army United States Navy United States Marines |
| Produced | 1954–1970 [1] (Foreign production of derivatives and sub-types continued under license after the Sikorsky production ended.) |
| Number built | 2,108 |
| Developed from | Sikorsky S-55 |
| Variants | Westland Wessex |
The Sikorsky H-34 (company designation S-58) is a piston-engined military helicopter originally designed by American aircraft manufacturer Sikorsky as an anti-submarine warfare (ASW) aircraft for the United States Navy. It has seen extended use when adapted to turbine power by the British licensee as the Westland Wessex and Sikorsky as the later S-58T.
H-34s served, mostly as medium transports, on every continent with the armed forces of twenty-five countries. It saw combat in Algeria, the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, and throughout Southeast Asia; other uses included saving flood victims, recovering astronauts, fighting fires, and carrying presidents. It was one of the last piston-powered helicopter designs before its replacement by turbine-powered types such as the UH-1 Huey and CH-46 Sea Knight. A total of 2,108 H-34s were manufactured between 1953 and 1970.[2]
Development
The Sikorsky S-58 was developed as a lengthened and more powerful version of the Sikorsky Model S-55, or UH-19 Chickasaw, with a similar nose, but with a tail-dragger rear fuselage and landing gear, rather than the high-tail, 4-post pattern. It retained the nose-mounted piston engine with the drive shaft passing through the cockpit placed high above the cargo compartment.
The aircraft first flew on 8 March 1954. The first production aircraft was ready in September and entered in service for the United States Navy initially designated HSS-1 Seabat (in its anti-submarine configuration) and HUS-1 Seahorse (in its utility transport configuration) under the U.S. Navy designation system for U.S. Navy, United States Marine Corps (USMC) and United States Coast Guard (USCG) aircraft. The U.S. Army and Marine Corps, respectively, ordered it in 1955 and 1957. Under the United States Army's aircraft designation system, also used by the United States Air Force, the helicopter was designated H-34. The U.S. Army also applied the name Choctaw to the helicopter. In 1962, under the new unified DoD aircraft designation system, the Seabat was redesignated SH-34, the Seahorse as the UH-34, and the Choctaw as the CH-34.
Roles included utility transport, anti-submarine warfare, search and rescue, and VIP transport. In its standard configuration, transport versions could carry 12 to 16 troops, or eight stretcher cases if utilized in the MedEvac role, while VIP transports carried significantly fewer people in much greater comfort. A small fleet of H-34 helicopters served US Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy from 1958 to 1961 using the call sign Army One.
A total of 135 H-34s were built in the U.S. and assembled by Sud-Aviation in France, 166 were produced under licence in France by Sud-Aviation for the French Air Force, Navy and Army Aviation (ALAT).
The CH-34 was also built and developed under license from 1958 in the United Kingdom by Westland Aircraft as the turboshaft engined Wessex which was used by the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force. The RN Wessex was fitted out with weapons and ASW equipment for use in an antisubmarine role. The RAF used the Wessex, with turboshaft engines, as an air/sea rescue helicopter and as troop transporter. Wessexes were also exported to other countries and produced for civilian use.
Operational history
Algerian War
The helicopters used by the French Army Light Aviation (ALAT), including the Sikorsky H-34, aggregated over 190,000 flying hours in Algeria (over 87,000 for the H-21 alone) and helped to evacuate over 20,000 French combatants from the combat area, including nearly 2,200 at night. By the time the war in Algeria had ended, eight officers and 23 non-commissioned officers from ALAT had given their lives in the course of their duties.
The use of armed helicopters during the Algerian War, coupled with helicopter transports which can insert troops into enemy territory, gave birth to some of the tactics of airmobile warfare that continue today.[3]
Vietnam War
French evaluations on the reported ground fire vulnerabilities of the CH-34 may have influenced the U.S. Army's decision to deploy the CH-21 Shawnee to Vietnam instead of the CH-34, pending the introduction into widespread service of the Bell UH-1 Iroquois. U.S. Army H-34s did not participate in Vietnam, and did not fly in the assault helicopter role, however a quantity were supplied to the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. These saw little use due to a lack of spare parts and maintenance.[4]
Its higher availability and reliability due to its simplicity compared to the newer helicopters led Marines to ask for it by name. The phrases "give me a HUS", "get me a HUS" and "cut me a HUS" entered the U.S. Marine Corps vernacular, being used even after the type was no longer in use to mean "help me out".[5]
USMC H-34s were also among the first helicopter gunships trialled in theatre, being fitted with the Temporary Kit-1 (TK-1), comprising two M60C machine guns and two 19-shot 2.75 inch rocket pods. The operations were met with mixed enthusiasm, and the armed H-34s, known as "Stingers" were quickly phased out. The TK-1 kit would form the basis of the TK-2 kit used on the UH-1E helicopters of the USMC.
An H-34 was featured in the famous early-Vietnam War Time-Life photo essay "One Ride With Yankee Papa 13", photographer Larry Burrows, which depicted stages of a disastrous combat mission in which several crew were wounded or killed.
Post-Vietnam War
The H-34 remained in service with United States Army and Marine Corps aviation units into the late 1960s; at this time it was also standard equipment in Marine Corps Reserve, Army Reserve and Army National Guard aviation units, eventually being replaced by the UH-1 Iroquois utility helicopter. Sikorsky terminated all production activities in 1968, a total of 1,821 having been built.[6] All H-34 helicopters were retired from service in the U.S. military by the early 1970s; the type having the distinction of being the last piston-engined helicopter to be operated by the Marine Corps. On 3 September 1973, the last flight of a USMC UH-34 occurred as Bureau Number 147191 which had been formally assigned to Headquarters Squadron, FMF Pacific was flown from Quantico, Virginia to MCAS New River to be placed on static display.[7][8]
France
France purchased an initial batch of 134 Choctaws; these were shipped in kit-form from the United States and locally assembled by Sud-Aviation. Later, a further 166 were domestically manufactured by Sud-Aviation; these were operated by the French Army Light Aviation (Army), French Naval Aviation (Navy) and Air force.[9]
United Kingdom
The Wessex was used as an anti-submarine and utility helicopter with the Royal Navy and as a transport and search and rescue helicopter with the Royal Air Force.
South Vietnam
The H-34 was the primary VNAF helicopter until replaced by the Bell UH-1 Huey.[10]
Israel
Israeli S-58s flew numerous combat missions after the end of the Six Days War; these missions were mainly against Palestinians infiltrating Israel or against their bases in Jordan. On 21 March 1968, various S-58s participated in the Battle of Karameh, bringing Israeli troops in and out of the theatre as well as evacuating the wounded. This was the last operation of the S-58 as it was retired shortly later, having been replaced by the newer Bell 205 and Aérospatiale Super Frelon.[11]
Civilian use
The H-34's lift capacity was just sufficient to lift a Mercury space capsule. In 1961, the hatch of Mercury-Redstone 4 was prematurely detached and the capsule was filled with seawater. The extra weight was too much for the H-34 and the capsule, Liberty Bell 7, was emergency released and sank in deep water,[12] remaining on the ocean floor until 1999.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, S-58T turbine-powered helicopters were operated by New York Helicopters in scheduled passenger airline service between JFK International Airport and East 34th Street Heliport, New York.[13]
Variants
- H-34A
- U.S. Army version of the HSS-1 powered by a 1,525 hp R-1820-84, re-designated CH-34A in 1962, 359 built and 21 transferred from the U.S. Navy.
- JH-34A
- Designation for H-34A used for weapon tests.
- VH-34A
- Staff transport conversions of H-34A.
- H-34B
- H-34As converted with detail changes, became CH-34B in 1962.
- H-34C
- H-34B design with detail changes converted from H-34As, became CH-34C in 1962.
- JH-34C
- Designation for CH-34C used for weapon tests.
- VH-34C
- Staff transport conversions of CH-34C.
- HH-34D
- Designation applied to aircraft given USAF serials to be transferred under MAP and MDAP.
- LH-34D
- HUS-1L re-designated in 1962
- UH-34D
- HUS-1 re-designated in 1962 and 54 new build.
- VH-34D
- HUS-1Z re-designated in 1962
- UH-34E
- HUS-1A re-designated in 1962
- HH-34F
- HUS-1G re-designated in 1962
- YSH-34G
- YHSS-1 re-designated in 1962
- SH-34G
- HSS-1 re-designated in 1962
- SH-34H
- HSS-1F re-designated in 1962
- YSH-34J
- YHSS-1N re-designated in 1962
- SH-34J
- HSS-1N re-designated in 1962
- UH-34J
- SH-34J without ASW equipment for cargo and training purposes.
- HH-34J
- Ex-USN UH-34Js operated by the U.S. Air Force
- VH-34J
- Staff transport conversions of SH-34J.
- XHSS-1 Seabat
- Three Sikorsky S-58s for evaluation by the U.S. Navy, re-designated YHSS-1 then YSH-34G in 1962.
- HSS-1 Seabat
- Production Anti-Submarine model for the U.S. Navy, re-designated SH-34G in 1962, 215 built
- HSS-1F Seabat
- One HSS-1 re-engined with two YT-58-GE as a flying test bed, re-designated SH-34H in 1962.
- YHSS-1N Seabat
- One HSS-1 converted as the HSS-1N prototype, re-designated YSH-34J in 1962.
- HSS-1N Seabat
- Night/Bad weather version of the HSS-1 with improved avionics and autopilot, re-designated SH-34J in 1962, 167 built (an addition 75 HSS-1 airframes were built to CH-34C standard for West Germany).
- HUS-1 Seahorse
- Utility transport version of the HSS-1 for the U.S. Marine Corps, re-designated UH-34D in 1962, 462 built
- HUS-1A Seahorse
- Forty HUS-1s fitted with amphibious pontoons, re-designated UH-34E in 1962.
- HUS-1G Seahorse
- United States Coast Guard version of the HUS-1, re-designated HH-34F in 1962, six built.
- HUS-1L Seahorse
- Four HUS-1s converted for Antarctic operations with VXE-6, re-designated LH-34D in 1962.
- HUS-1Z Seahorse
- Seven HUS-1s fitted with VIP interior for the Executive Flight Detachment, re-designated VH-34D in 1962.
- CH-126
- Canadian military designation for the S-58B.
- S-58A
- Commercial designation for basic cargo variant, certified in 1956
- S-58B
- Commercial designation for improved cargo variant, certified in 1956
- S-58C
- Commercial passenger transport/airliner version, certified in 1956
- S-58D
- Commercial airliner/freighter version, certified in 1961
- S-58E
- Certified in 1971
- S-58F
- Certified in 1972 an increased maximum weight variant of the S-58B.
- S-58G
- Certified in 1972 an increased maximum weight variant of the S-58C.
- S-58H
- Certified in 1972 an increased maximum weight variant of the S-58D.
- S-58J
- Certified in 1972 an increased maximum weight variant of the S-58E
- S-58T
- Commercial conversion to turboshaft power using Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6T-3 Twin-Pac turboshaft with special nose cowling featuring distinctive twin rectangular air intakes, designations relate to original model:
- S-58BT
- Turboshaft powered-converstion of the S-58B
- S-58DT
- Turboshaft powered-converstion of the S-58D
- S-58ET
- Turboshaft powered-converstion of the S-58E
- S-58FT
- Turboshaft powered-converstion of the S-58F
- S-58HT
- Turboshaft powered-converstion of the S-58H
- S-58JT
- Turboshaft powered-converstion of the S-58J
- Orlando Heli-Camper
- RV conversion by Winnebago Industries and Orlando Helicopter, fitted with a Wright Cyclone R-1820-24 engine.[14]
- Orlando Airliner
- Commercial conversion. 18-seat passenger transport helicopter.
- Westland Wessex
- Licence production and development in the United Kingdom.
Operators
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- Air America[36]
- United States Air Force[37]
- United States Army[1]
- United States Marine Corps[1]
- United States Navy[1]
- United States Coast Guard[1][38]
Accidents and incidents
- 27 July 1960 Chicago Helicopter Airways Flight 698 a S-58C registered N879 crashed into Forest Home Cemetery, Forest Park, Illinois, United States with the loss of 11 passengers and two crew. The investigation concluded that the helicopter became uncontrollable as a result of structural disintegration in flight caused by a fatigue failure of the main rotor blade.[40]
- 10 July 2002 Sikorsky S-58ET, N580US (S/N 58-1673, built 1963), struck power transmission lines with its tailwheel, ripping the aircraft in two, over Brookville Lake, Indiana. One crew member was killed; the other two crew members were rescued by boaters. The aircraft was operated by Midwest Helicopter Airways of Hinsdale, IL and registered to Midwest Truxton International of Burr Ridge, IL. "Based on interviews with witnesses and the surviving pilots, there was no indication of any mechanical failure," said SGT. Steve Comer of the Indiana State Police. NTSB Accident Report #CHI02FA189 [41]
- 13 March 2011 Sikorsky S-58ET, N33602, suffered an engine failure, descended and veered off the side of an office building in El Segundo, California, while lifting an external air conditioning unit from the roof. The commercial pilot was seriously injured, the helicopter was substantially damaged and consumed by a post-impact fire. The helicopter was registered to Heli Flight, Inc., and operated by Aris Helicopters.[42]
Aircraft on display
- Chile
- Naval 51 – SH-34J under restoration at Museo Nacional Aeronáutico y del Espacio de Chile in Santiago, Santiago.[43] This airframe was the first of two received by the Chilean Navy and was displayed for many years in the wrong paint scheme.
- Naval 52 – SH-34J on static display at Viña del Mar Airport in Viña del Mar, Valparaíso. This airframe was the second of two received by the Chilean Navy and was exhibited for the first time after restoration at Exponaval 2014.[44] It was previously on display at Alberto Widmer High School.[45]
- France
- HSS-1, No. 182, is on display at the Base d'aéronautique navale d'Hyères, the military part of the Toulon–Hyères Airport in France.[46] Serving until 1977 with 31F squadron, it was one of the last operational H-34's in French Naval Aviation. Now restored, No. 182 is displayed in the typical navy blue color of the French navy's helicopters of this time period.[47]
- Germany
- 80+73 – SH-34G on static display at the Deutsches Museum in Munich, Bavaria.[48][49]
- 81+09 – H-34 GIII on static display at the Hubschraubermuseum Bückeburg in Bückeburg, Lower Saxony.[50][51]
- 58-0356 – S-58C on static display at the Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim in Sinsheim, Baden-Württemberg.[52]
- Netherlands
- A former Royal Netherlands Navy SH-34J Seabat bearing the markings of number 134 operating from Valkenburg naval air station is on display with folded rotor blades and tail in the newly opened "Nationaal Militair Museum" situated at the former airbase of Soesterberg. Previously the aircraft was displayed in the National Airforce museum at Kamp van zeist which has since closed down.
- Thailand
- H4k-64/30 – Type 4A on static display at the Royal Thai Air Force Museum in Bangkok, Bangkok.[53][54]
- Unknown ID – Type 4 on static display at the Royal Thai Air Force Museum in Bangkok, Bangkok.[53][55]
- Philippines
- 153131 – UH-34D on static display at the Philippines Air Force Aerospace Museum in Manila, National Capital.[56]
- United States
- 138460 – UH-34D on static display at the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon.[57][58]
- 143939 – H-34A on static display at the USS Midway Museum in San Diego, California.[59][60]
- 145694 – UH-34J on static display at the Wings of Freedom Aviation Museum in Horsham, Pennsylvania. This airframe was built in October 1958 and restored in April 1995.[61][62]
- 145717 – LH-34D on static display at the New England Air Museum in Windsor Locks, Connecticut.[63]
- 147171 – UH-34D on static display on the flight deck of the USS Yorktown at the Patriots Point Naval & Maritime Museum in Charleston, South Carolina.[64][65]
- 147191 – VH-34D is on static display at the New River Aviation Memorial at the front gate of Marine Corps Air Station New River in Jacksonville, North Carolina.[66] This airframe was the last flying US Marine Corps H-34 in 1973.[67] It is painted with tail markings both for HMX-1 and MCAS New River.
- 148002 – SH-34J on static display at the Pueblo Weisbrod Aircraft Museum in Pueblo, Colorado.[68][69]
- 148764 – UH-34D on static display at Fort Worth NAS near Fort Worth, Texas.[70]
- 148768 – UH-34D on static display at the Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum in Chantilly, Virginia.[71]
- 148963 – HH-34J on static display at the Pacific Aviation Museum in Honolulu, Hawaii.[72]
- 150213 – UH-34D on static display at the Cavanaugh Flight Museum in Addison, Texas.[73][74]
- 150219 – UH-34D on static display at the Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum in San Diego, California.[75][76]
- 150227 – UH-34D on static display at the National Museum of Naval Aviation in Pensacola, Florida.[77][78]
- 150255 – UH-34D on static display at the Wings and Rotors Air Museum in Murrieta, California.[79][80][81]
- 150553 – UH-34D on static display at the USS Hornet Museum in Alameda, California. This airframe entered service in August 1963 and was donated to the museum in 2003 by the Pima Air and Space Museum.[82]
- 150570 – UH-34D on static display at the National Museum of the Marine Corps in Triangle, Virginia.[83][84]
- 154895 – UH-34D on static display at the Palm Springs Air Museum in Palm Springs, California.[85][86]
- 53-4477 – CH-34G on static display at the Air Force Flight Test Center Museum in Edwards, California.[87][88]
- 53-4526 – CH-34A in storage at the United States Army Aviation Museum near Daleville, Alabama.[89]
- 53-4544 – CH-34C on static display at the Camp San Luis Obispo Museum and Historical Site in San Luis Obispo, California.[90][91]
- 54-0914 – CH-34C on static display at the Russell Military Museum in Zion, Illinois.[92][93]
- 55-4496 – CH-34C in storage at the Carolinas Aviation Museum in Charlotte, North Carolina.[94] This airframe was previously on display at the Florence Air & Missile Museum in Florence, South Carolina.[95][96]
- 56-4320 – VH-34C on static display at the United States Army Aviation Museum near Daleville, Alabama.[97][98]
- 57-1684 – VH-34C on static display at the Pima Air and Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona.[99]
- 57-1698 – CH-34A on static display at the Allegheny Arms & Armor Museum in Smethport, Pennsylvania. This airframe was previously on display at the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum in New York, New York.[100]
- 57-1705 – CH-34C on static display at Travis AFB near Fairfield, California.[101]
- 57-1708 – CH-34C on static display at the Pacific Coast Air Museum in Santa Rosa, California.[102][103]
- 57-1725 – VH-34C on static display at the U.S. Army Transportation Museum near Newport News, Virginia.[104][105]
Specifications (H-34 Choctaw)
General characteristics
- Crew: 2
- Capacity: 12 (A Model) 18 (C Model) troops or 8 stretchers
- Length: 56 ft 8.5 in (17.28 m)
- Rotor diameter: 56 ft 0 in (17.07 m)
- Height: 15 ft 11 in (4.85 m)
- Disc area: 2,463 ft² (228.85 m²)
- Empty weight: 7,900 lb (3,583 kg)
- Max. takeoff weight: 14,000 lb (6,350 kg)
- Powerplant: 1 × Wright R-1820-84 radial engine, 1,525 hp (1,137 kW)
Performance
- Maximum speed: 173 mph (150 kn, 278 km/h)
- Range: 293 km (182 mi)
- Service ceiling: 4,905 ft (1,495 m[106])
Armament
- Various (See Main Article: U.S. Helicopter Armament Subsystems)
Notable appearances in media
See also
- Related development
- Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
- Related lists
References
Notes
- 1 2 3 4 5 "S58 (CH-34, UH-34, VH-34, SH-34, HH-34, S-58A, C, D, S-58T)." Sikorsky Product History. Retrieved: 5 March 2013.
- ↑ "H-34." Warplanes.net. Retrieved: 30 December 2010.
- ↑ helicopters during the war in Algeria, Military History
- ↑ Mesko 1984, pp. 4–6.
- ↑ Fails 1995, p. 9.
- ↑ Endres, Günter G. Jane's Helicopter Markets and Systems. Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group, 1996. ISBN 978-0-7106-1363-9.
- ↑ Fails 1995, p. 127.
- ↑ MARINES AND HELICOPTERS, 1962–1973, pp.127–128, retrieved 9 December 2014.
- ↑ "Sikorsky H-34 / CH-34 Choctaw."militaryfactory.com. Retrieved: 17 January 2011.
- ↑ The Vietnamese Air Force, 1951–1975. An Analysis of Its Role in Combat and Fourteen Hours at Koh Tang. Volume 3, USAF Southeast Asia monograph series 4 and 5. Washington D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1985.
- ↑ Gunston 1982, p. 92.
- ↑ Wade, Mark. "Mercury MR-4." astronautix.com, 29 April 2009. Retrieved (from archive): 26 July 2011.
- ↑ Brown, Allan. "S-58ET from New York Helicopter." airliners.net. Retrieved: 17 January 2011.
- ↑ "The Flying Winnebago".
- ↑ "H-58." Fuerza Aerea Argentina. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
- ↑ "World Air Forces 1968, p. 48." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 1 March 2013.
- 1 2 3 4 "World Air Forces 1968, p. 49." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 1 March 2013.
- ↑ Griffin, 1969, p.17
- ↑ "SH-34J." Armada de Chile. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
- ↑ "Sikorsky-HSS-1N-(S-58A)." Demand media. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
- ↑ "World's Air Forces 1981, p. 332. flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
- 1 2 3 4 "World Air Forces 1968, p. 51." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 1 March 2013.
- ↑ "World Air Forces 1971, p. 928." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
- ↑ "World's Air Forces 1981, p. 346." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
- ↑ "World's Air Forces 2004, p. 65." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
- ↑ "World Air Forces 1968, p. 52." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
- ↑ "World Air Forces 1968, p. 52 (m)." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 1 March 2013.
- ↑ "=World Air Forces 1971, p. 932." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
- ↑ "World Air Forces 1968, p. 53." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 1 March 2013.
- ↑ "World Air Forces 1968, p. 54." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 1 March 2013.
- ↑ "World's Air forces 1981, p. 362." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
- ↑ "Sikorsky H-34 / CH-34 Choctaw - Transport / Close-Support Helicopter - History, Specs and Pictures - Military Aircraft." Militaryfactory.com. Retrieved: 20 January 2014.
- ↑ "World Air Forces 1968, p. 60."flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 1 March 2013.
- ↑ "World's Air Forces 1981, p. 377." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
- ↑ "World Air Forces 1968, p. 55." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
- ↑ "Air America: Sikorsky UH-34s (1st series)." utdallas.edu. Retrieved: 10 August 2014.
- ↑ "US Air Force H-34." Helicopter History Site. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
- ↑ "USCG HH-34.' USCG History. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
- ↑ "World's Air Forces 1987, p. 104." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
- ↑ "CAA 429 World Airline Accident Summary with reference to Civil Aeronautics Board Aircraft Accident Report SA-357." United Kingdom CAA Document.
- ↑ Chicago Tribune: Helicopter crash kills Woodridge man
- ↑ "NTSB Identification: WPR11FA163." ntsb.gov. Retrieved: 26 July 2011.
- ↑ "Colecciones". Museo Nacional Aeronáutico y del Espacio. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ Romero, Álvaro (8 December 2014). "Presentaron al Sikorsky SH-34J Seabat Naval 52". ModoCharlie (in Spanish). ModoCharlie. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ Romero, Álvaro (August 2008). "Ilustre desconocido v3.0". ModoCharlie (in Spanish). ModoCharlie. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "Le Sikorsky de Palyvestre." Avions-légendaire.net, 29 July 2012. Retrieved: 22 August 2014. Retrieved: 13 March 2015.
- ↑ "Les Sikorsky H-34 et HSS-1." Les hélicoptères anciens en France, 22 August 2014. Retrieved: 13 March 2015.
- ↑ "Sikorsky S-58 (H-34 G)". Deutsches Museum. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "Airframe Dossier - SikorskyS-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n 80+73 Marineflieger, c/n 58-1557". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "Sikorsky S-58 (H-34 GIII)". Das Hubschraubermuseum Buckeburg. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "Airframe Dossier - SikorskyS-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n 81+09 Heeresfliegertruppe, c/n 58-1679". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky S-58C, s/n B-11 FABe, c/n 58-0356, c/r D-HAUF". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- 1 2 "Building 5:Helicopters and last propeller fighter". Royal Thai Air Force Museum. Archived from the original on 26 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "Airframe Dossier - SikorskyS-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n H4k-64/30 RTAF, c/n 58-1117, c/r N1170U". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky UH-34D Seahorse, c/n 58-1683". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca.
- ↑ "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky UH-34D Seahorse, s/n 153131 USN, c/n 58-1769". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
- ↑ "Helicopters". Evergreen Museum Campus. Evergreen Museum. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "Airframe Dossier - SikorskyS-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n 138460 USN". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "H-34 Seabat". USS Midway Museum. USS Midway. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky H-34A Choctaw, s/n 143939 USN, c/n 58-0709". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "SIKORSKY UH-34D "SEA BAT"". Harold F. Pitcairn Wings of Freedom Aviation Museum. Wings of Freedom Aviation Museum. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
- ↑ "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky SH-34J Seabat, s/n 145694 USN, c/r N46920". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
- ↑ "Sikorsky LH-34D (S-58) 'Seabat'". New England Air Museum. New England Air Museum. Archived from the original on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "UH-34D SEAHORSE" (PDF). Patriots Point. Patriots Point. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
- ↑ "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky UH-34D Seahorse, s/n 147171 USN, c/n 58-1087". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ Burns, Sarah (1 August 2013). "Squadron restores pre-Vietnam helicopters". JDNews.com. Jacksonville, North Carolina: GateHouse Media, LLC. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
- ↑ "c/n 58-1142". helis.com. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
- ↑ "SH-34J Sea Horse." Pueblo Weisbrod Aircraft Museum. Retrieved: 13 March 2015.
- ↑ "Airframe Dossier - SikorskyS-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n 148002 USN". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
- ↑ "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky S-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n 148764 USMC, c/n 58-1315". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "Sikorsky UH-34D Seahorse". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ Panko, Ray (26 August 2013). "Sikorsky H-34 Choctaw/Seabat/Seahorse". Pacific Aviation Museum Pearl Harbor. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
- ↑ "Aircraft". Cavanaugh Flight Museum. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "Airframe Dossier - SikorskyS-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n 150213 USN". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "Aircraft Listing" (PDF). Flying Leathernecks. Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky UH-34D Seahorse, s/n 150219 USN, c/n 58-1559". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "H-34 SEABAT/SEAHORSE". National Naval Aviation Museum. Naval Aviation Museum Foundation. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
- ↑ O'Connell, Jim. "Pete VX-6." Radiocom.net. Retrieved: 4 September 2012.
- ↑ "SIKORSKY UH-34D". Wings & Rotors Air Museum. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
- ↑ "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky UH-34D Seahorse, s/n 150255 USMC". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
- ↑ "Sikorsky UH-34D". Platinum Fighter Sales. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
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- ↑ Kristy, Ben. "Sikorsky UH-34D". National Museum of the Marine Corps. National Museum of the Marine Corps. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky UH-34D Seahorse, s/n 150570 USN, c/n 58-1699, c/r N19YN". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "Aircraft". Palm Springs Air Museum. Palm Springs Air Museum. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky UH-34D Seahorse, s/n 154895 USMC, c/n 58-1805". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "Aircraft Inventory". Flight Test Historical Foundation. Flight Test Historical Foundation. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky S-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n 57-1726 USAF". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky CH-34A, s/n 53-4526 US, c/n 58-0088". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "CH-34 "Choctaw"". The California Military Museum. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "Airframe Dossier - SikorskyS-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n 53-4544 USAF, c/n 58-0106". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "RUSSELL MILITARY MUSEUM EXHIBITS". Russell Military Museum. Russell Military Museum. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky CH-34C Choctaw, s/n 54-0914 US, c/n 58-0194". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "Helicopters". Carolinas Aviation Museum. Carolinas Aviation Museum. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
- ↑ "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky CH-34A, s/n 55-4496 US, c/n 58-0509". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
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- ↑ "Rotary Wing". United States Army Aviation Museum. Army Aviation Museum Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky VH-34C, s/n 56-4320 US, c/n 58-718". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "Choctaw." Pimaair.org. Retrieved: 13 March 2015.
- ↑ "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky CH-34A, s/n 57-1698 USAF, c/n 58-0842, c/r N94485". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky CH-34C Choctaw, s/n 57-1705 US". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "H-34 Choctaw Helicopter". Pacific Coast Air Museum. Pacific Coast Air Museum. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "Airframe Dossier - SikorskyS-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n 57-1708 USAF, c/n 58-0868". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "THE EXECUTIVE FLIGHT DETACHMENT". US Army Transportation Museum. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky VH-34C, s/n 57-1725 US, c/n 58-0910". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ↑ Apostolo 1984, p. 84.
Bibliography
- Apostolo, Giorgio. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Helicopters. New York: Bonanza Books, 1984. ISBN 0-517-439352.
- Duke, R.A. Helicopter Operations in Algeria [Translated French]. Washington, DC: Dept. of the Army, 1959.
- Fails, William R. Marines & Helicopters, 1962–1973. Darby, Pennsylvania: Diane Publishing, 1995. ISBN 0-7881-1818-8.
- Griffin, John A. Canadian Military Aircraft Serials & Photographs 1920–1968. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Queen's Printer, Publication No. 69-2, 1969.
- Gunston, Bill. An Illustrated Guide To the Israeli Air Force. London: Salamander Books, 1982. ISBN 978-0-668-05506-2.
- Leuliette, Pierre. St. Michael and the Dragon: Memoirs of a Paratrooper, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1964.
- Mesko, Jim: Airmobile: The Helicopter War in Vietnam. Carollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1984. ISBN 0-89747-159-8.
- Riley, David. "French Helicopter Operations in Algeria." Marine Corps Gazette, February 1958, pp. 21–26.
- Shrader, Charles R. The First Helicopter War: Logistics and Mobility in Algeria, 1954–1962. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers, 1999. ISBN 0-275-96388-8.
- Spenser, Jay P. Whirlybirds: A History of the U.S. Helicopter Pioneers. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press, 1998. ISBN 0-295-97699-3.
Further reading
- Padin, Núñez, Jorge Felix and Juan Carlos Cicalesi, eds. Sikorsky S-55/H-19 & S-58/T (Serie en Argentina) in Spanish. Bahía Blanca, Argentina: Fuerzas Aeronavales, 2011. ISBN 978-987-1682-13-3.
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