Religion in Finland

The Cathedral of Turku is considered as the national shrine of Finland

Most people in Finland are at least nominally members of a Christian church. There are presently two national churches (as opposed to state churches): the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, which is the primary state religion and has a membership of about three quarters of the population, and the Finnish Orthodox Church, to which about one percent of the population belongs.[1][2] Those who officially belong to one of the two state churches have part of their taxes turned over to their church.[3] People can also belong to one or more registered religious communities (there were 96 in 2013).[3] Other religions practiced in Finland include Islam (about 60,000 in 2013[3]) and Judaism. Prior to Christianisation beginning the 11th century, Finnish paganism was the primary religion.

Statistics

Uspenski Cathedral in Helsinki belongs to Finnish Orthodox Church.
Religion in Finland (Statistics Finland 2016)[4]
Year Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland Finnish Orthodox Church Other No religious affiliation
1900 98.1% 1.7% 0.2% 0.0%
1950 95.0% 1.7% 0.5% 2.8%
1980 90.3% 1.1% 0.7% 7.8%
1990 87.8% 1.1% 0.9% 10.2%
2000 85.1% 1.1% 1.1% 12.7%
2010 78.3% 1.1% 1.4% 19.2%
2011 77.3% 1.1% 1.5% 20.1%
2012 76.4% 1.1% 1.5% 21.0%
2013 75.2% 1.1% 1.5% 22.1%
2014 73.8% 1.1% 1.6% 23.5%
2015 73.0% 1.1% 1.6% 24.3%
2016 72.0% 1.1% 1.6% 25.3%

Most Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland (72.0%).[4] With approximately 4.0 million members out of a total population of 5.5 million,[5] the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is one of the largest Lutheran churches in the world, although its membership has been on the decline recently. The number of church members leaving the Church saw a rapidly increase in the fall of 2010. This was at least partly due to uproar caused by statements regarding homosexuality and same-sex marriage - perceived to be intolerant towards LGBT people - made by a conservative bishop and a politician representing Christian Democrats in a TV debate on the subject.[6] The second largest group - and a rather quickly growing one - of 25.3% by the end of 2016[4] of the population is non-religious. A small minority belong to the Finnish Orthodox Church (1.1%) and to the Roman Catholic Church (12,434 people or 0.2% of the population).[7]

Other Protestant denominations are significantly smaller, as are the Jewish, Muslim, Buddhist, Hindu and other non-Christian communities (totaling with the Catholics to about 1.6% of the population).

The main Lutheran and Orthodox churches are constitutional national churches of Finland with special roles in ceremonies and often in school morning prayers. Delegates to Lutheran Church assemblies are selected in church elections every four years.

The majority of Lutherans attend church only for special occasions like Christmas, Easter, weddings and funerals. The Lutheran Church estimates that approximately 2 percent of its members attend church services weekly. The average number of church visits per year by church members is approximately two.[8]

According to the most recent Eurobarometer Poll (2010),[9]

According to Zuckerman (2005), 28-60% of Finns are agnostics, atheists, or non-believers.[10]

The Evangelical Lutheran Church

Petäjävesi Old Church is an old Lutheran wooden church and a UNESCO World Heritage site.

In 2016, the Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Finland had about 4.0 million members, which is 72.0% of the population, registered with a parish.[5] The Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Finland is an episcopal church, that is governed by bishops, with a very strong tradition of parish autonomy. It comprises nine dioceses with ten bishops and 408 independent parishes.[11] The average parish has 7,000 members, with the smallest parishes comprising only a few hundred members and the largest tens of thousands.[12] In recent years many parishes have united in order to safeguard their viability. In addition, municipal mergers have prompted parochial mergers as there may be only one parish, or cluster of parishes, in a given municipality.

Sikhism

Sikhism in Finland is a small religious minority. As of 2007, there had been an estimated 100 to 200 sikhs in Finland, the majority of them have settled down in the metropolitan area of Helsinki, which is the location of the only gurdwara in the country.
Sikhs started arriving to Finland in the early 1980s. A majority of Sikh immigrants are employed in restaurant business in Finland.[13]

Gurdwaras

Population register

Traditionally, the church has played a very important role in maintaining a population register in Finland. The vicars have maintained a church record of persons born, married and deceased in their parishes since at least the 1660s, constituting one of the oldest population records in Europe. This system was in place for over 300 years. It was only replaced by a computerised central population database in 1971, while the two state churches continued to maintain population registers in co-operation with the government's local register offices until 1999, when the churches' task was limited to only maintaining a membership register.[15]

Between 1919 and 1970, a separate Civil Register was maintained of those who had no affiliation with neither of the state churches.[15] Currently, the centralised Population Information System records the person's affiliation with a legally recognised religious community, if any.[16] In 2003, the new Freedom of Religion Act made it possible to resign from religious communities in writing. That is, by letter, or any written form acceptable to authorities. This is also extended to email by the 2003 electronic communications in the public sector act.[17] Resignation by email became possible in 2005 in most magistrates. Eroakirkosta.fi, an Internet campaign promoting resignation from religious communities, challenged the rest of the magistrates through a letter to the parliamentary ombudsman. In November 2006, the ombudsman recommended that all magistrates should accept resignations from religious communities via email.[18] Despite the recommendation by the ombudsman, the magistrates of Helsinki and Hämeenlinna do not accept church membership resignations sent via the Eroakirkosta.fi service.[19]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Kolme neljästä suomalaisesta kuuluu luterilaiseen kirkkoon". HS.fi (in Finnish). Sanoma. 1 February 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  2. ↑ "Kirkon väestötilasto 2012". ORT.fi (in Finnish). Suomen ortodoksinen kirkko. 23 January 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 "International Religious Freedom Report for 2013: Finland". United States Department of State. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 "Population". Statistics Finland. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  5. 1 2 "Population by religious community, age and sex in 2000 to 2016". Statistics Finland. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
  6. ↑ "Up to 18,000 Finns leave Lutheran Church over broadcasted anti-gay comments". Helsingin Sanomat. 18 October 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  7. ↑ "Statistics". Catholic Diocese of Helsinki. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  8. ↑ "International Religious Freedom Report 2004". U.S. Department of State. 2004-09-15. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  9. ↑ "Special Eurobarometer Biotechnology" (PDF). Fieldwork: January–February 2010; Publication: October 2010. p. 204. Retrieved 2012-10-17.
  10. ↑ "Zuckerman, Phil. 'Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns', chapter in The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, ed. by Michael Martin, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK (2005)". Retrieved 2008-03-11.
  11. ↑ "Seurakuntaliitokset" [Parish mergers]. evl.fi (in Finnish). Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  12. ↑ Heino, Harri (1997). Mihin Suomi tänään uskoo [What does Finland believe in today] (in Finnish) (2nd ed.). Helsinki: WSOY. p. 44. ISBN 951-0-27265-5.
  13. ↑ Myrvold, Kristina; Jacobsen, Knut A., eds. (28 June 2013). "Sikhs in Finland: Migration Histories and Work in the Restaurant Sector". Sikhs in Europe: Migration, Identities and Representations. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 63–94. ISBN 1409481662. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  14. ↑ "Gurdwaras in Finland". SikhiWiki, free Sikh encyclopedia. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  15. 1 2 "History". VRK.fi. Population Register Centre. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  16. ↑ "Rekisteriselosteet". VRK.fi (in Finnish). Väestörekisterikeskus. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  17. ↑ "Act on Electronic Services and Communication in the Public Sector". FINLEX.fi. 16 October 2003. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  18. ↑ Jääskeläinen, Petri (30 November 2006). "Dnro 2051/4/05". Eduskunta.fi (in Finnish). Office of the Parliamentary Ombudsman. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  19. ↑ Eroakirkosta.fi - Helsingin maistraatti jarruttaa kirkosta eroamista
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