Sidrat al-Muntaha
Sidrat al-Muntahā (Arabic: سدرة المنتهى) is a Lote tree[1] that marks the end of the seventh heaven, the boundary where no creation can pass, according to Islamic beliefs. During the Isra and Mi'raj, Muhammad, being the only one allowed, travelled with the archangel Gabriel to the Sidrat al-Muntaha where it is said that Allah assigned the five daily prayers to all humans.[2] It is a member of the Botanical family Rhamnaceae.[3]
In the Quran
The lote tree is mentioned in the Qur'an chapter 53, An-Najm (The Star), verses 10-18:
10 So did Allah convey the inspiration to His Servant what He (meant) to convey.
11 The heart in no way falsified that which he saw.
12 Will ye then dispute with him concerning what he saw?
13 For indeed he saw him at a second descent,
14 Near the Lote-tree beyond which none may pass:
15 Near it is the Garden of Abode.
16 Behold, the Lote-tree was shrouded (in mystery unspeakable!)
17 (His) sight never swerved, nor did it go wrong!
18 For truly did he see, of the Signs of his Lord, the Greatest!
The Lote Tree is also referred to in Sura 34, verse 16 and Sura 56, verse 28.
Meaning in Islam
A modern Qur'an Commentary entitled Taisīr al-karīm al-raḥman fī tafsīr kalām al-manān by Abd ar-Rahman ibn Nasir as-Sa'di, while commenting on Quran 53:14, the Sidrat al-Muntahā, (Lote-Tree of the Extremity) explained:[4]
It [the Sidrat al-Muntahā] is a very large Tree (shajarat: شجرة) beyond the seventh heaven. It is named the Sidrat al-Muntahā because there terminates at it whatever ascends from the earth and whatever descends [from heaven] including what comes down from God, including waḥy (divine inspiration) and other things besides. Alternatively, [it might be said that this name is because] it is the Uttermost Extremity or the very end of something [ or Boundary] (intihā' which is one of the many Arabic words for the word end) for the knowledge of the creatures approaching it, relative, that is, to its Existent Being [as located] above the heavens and the earth. So it is al-Muntahā (the Extremity, Boundary) with respect to [all human] modes of knowledge (`ulūm) or other things besides. And God is best informed [of this matter]. Thus [it was that] Muhammad saw Gabriel in that location (al-makān) which is the domain of the pure and beautiful, elevated [celestial] Souls (maḥall al-arwāḥ al-`uluwiyya al-zakiyya al-jamīliyya)...— (As-Sa`di, Tafsir, 819).[4]
Abdullah Yusuf Ali, whose The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary is among the most widely known English versions of the Qur'an,[5] explained that this tree "marked the bounds of heavenly knowledge as revealed to men, beyond which neither Angels nor men could pass."[3]
George Sale, the 18th century English scholar, has "beyond which Angels themselves must not pass; or, as some rather imagine, beyond which no creature's knowledge can extend."[6] Sale also notes that one commentator states that line 16 refers to the "host of angels worshipping" around the tree[7] and another that it is about the birds which sit on its branches.[8]
The nineteenth century English explorer, Richard Burton reported seeing an ancient Sidr tree in the mosque containing the Prophet Muhammad's tomb in Medina . It was in a garden dedicated to the Prophets' daughter, Bibi Fatimah. The fruit from the tree was being sold to pilgrims and its leaves used for washing dead bodies.[9]
In the Bahá'í Faith
The Sidrat al-Muntahā (usually transcribed as Sadratu'l-Muntahá in Bahá'í writings; see Bahá'í orthography) is a metaphor for the Manifestation of God.[10][11][12]
Use as a symbol
The Sidrat al-Muntaha is sometimes named in the short form as sidra tree. It is used as a symbol for example by the Qatar Foundation: "The Sidra tree, growing strong and proud in the harshest of environments, has been a symbol of perseverance and nourishment across the borders of the Arab world. What is the significance of this glorious tree? With its roots bound in the soil of this world and its branches reaching upwards toward perfection, it is a symbol of solidarity and determination; it reminds us that the goals of this world are not incompatible with the goals of the spirit." The evergreen tree Ziziphus spina-christi represents this symbol in natural form.[13]
See also
References
- ↑ Quran 53:14
- ↑ El-Sayed El-Aswad. Religion and Folk Cosmology: Scenarios of the Visible and Invisible in Rural Egypt. Praeger/Greenwood. United States: 2002. p. 84. ISBN 0-89789-924-5
- 1 2 Abdullah, Yusuf Ali (1946) The Holy Qur-an: Text, Translation and Commentary, Qatar National Printing Press. p.1139,n.3814
- 1 2 Stephen Lambden (9 November 2009). "The Sidrah (Lote-Tree) and the Sidrat al-Muntaha (Lote-Tree of the Extremity) - part 1". Hurqalya Publications. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
- ↑ Mohammed, Khaleel (Spring 2005). "Assessing English Translations of the Qur'an". Middle East Quarterly. Middle East Forum. 12 (2): 58–71. Retrieved 22 Oct 2015.
- ↑ Sale, George (n.d.) The Koran" Sir John Lubbock's hundred books. George Routledge and sons, London. p.323 note r
- ↑ Ahmad al-Badawi, p. 323 note 1
- ↑ Rumi' p. 323' note 2
- ↑ Burton, Richard Francis (1855). "A Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and Meccah". Project Gutenberg. p. 337. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
- ↑ Macias, Shirley: Verse of Light, the Sadratu'l-Muntahá, and the Unfoldment of Allah's Plan, The (1991)
- ↑ Lambden, Stephen. (2009). The Sidrah (Lote-Tree) and the Sidrat al-Muntaha (Lote-Tree of the Extremity): Some Apects of their Islamic and Bābī-Bahā'ī Interpretations - In Two Parts.
- ↑ Taherzadeh, Adib (1976). The Revelation of Bahá'u'lláh, Volume 1: Baghdad 1853-63. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. pp. 82–83. ISBN 0-85398-270-8.
- ↑ Sheikha Moza bint Nasser, Qatar Foundation Chairperson (13 October 2003). "The Sidra Tree Story". Qatar Foundation - About.
- Ayoub, Mahmoud. The Qur'an and Its Interpreters: The House of 'Imran. SUNY Press. Albany, NY: 1992. ISBN 0-7914-0993-7