Shogi notation
Shogi notation is the set of various abbreviatory notational systems used to describe the piece movements of a shogi game record or the positions of pieces on a shogi board.
A game record is called a 棋譜 kifu in Japanese.
Recording moves
Western notation
The system used in English language texts to express shogi moves was established by George Hodges and Glyndon Townhill in 1976 by the second issue of Shogi magazine.[1][lower-alpha 1] It is derived from the algebraic notation used for chess, but differs in several respects.[2][3] A typical move might be notated P-8f or P87. The notation format has the following 5 part structure:
1 2 3 4 5 piece (origin) movement destination (promotion)
An example using all 5 parts is S7bx8c+. All parts are obligatory except for the origin and promotion parts. (Thus, most notation strings only contain 3 parts.) The origin part is only indicated when needed to resolve ambiguity. The promotion part is only needed when there is the possibility of promotion.
Western notation is not used in Japanese language texts, as it is no more concise than traditional notation with kanji and two ciphers which originated in Edo period.
Piece
The first letter represents the piece moved: P for Pawn. Below are the abbreviations used.
Abbreviation English Term Japanese P pawn 歩 L lance 香 N knight 桂 S silver 銀 G gold 金 B bishop 角 R rook 飛 K king 玉/王
Promoted pieces are indicated by a + preceding the letter. For example, +P is a promoted pawn (と tokin), +R is a promoted rook (that is, a dragon 龍).
Ambiguity resolution: Origin coordinates
In cases where the moving piece is ambiguous, the starting square is added after the letter for the piece but before the movement indication.
For example, in diagrams below, Black has three golds which can move to square 7h. Thus, simply notating G-7h is not enough to indicate the move. The three possible moves are distinguished via the origin specification as G7g-7h, G6h-7h, or G7i-7h.
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Ambiguity Resolution △ pieces in hand: –
▲ pieces in hand: – start position
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Ambiguity Resolution △ pieces in hand: –
▲ pieces in hand: – G7g-7h
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Ambiguity Resolution △ pieces in hand: –
▲ pieces in hand: – G6h-7h
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Ambiguity Resolution △ pieces in hand: –
▲ pieces in hand: – G7i-7h
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Movement type
Following the abbreviation for the piece is a symbol for the type of move. There are 3 different indications:
Notation Symbol Movement Type - simple movement x capture (opponent's piece) * or ’ drop (your own piece)
As examples, P-2d indicates moving one's pawn to the 2d square (without capture), Px2d indicates moving one's pawn to the 2d square and capturing the opponent's piece that was on 2d, and P*2d indicates dropping one's pawn in hand to the previously empty 2d square. (Note the x indication is a significant departure from Japanese notation, which has no way of signaling whether a piece was captured.)
There is some variation for the drop symbol. A * (asterisk) is often used, but some books (e.g. Hosking 1997) use a ’ (apostrophe) instead.
The simple movement indication (the hyphen -) is not used in some variations such as Hosking (1997).
Destination coordinates
After the movement piece indication is the square on which the piece lands. This is indicated by a numeral for the file (1–9) and a lowercase letter for the rank (a–i), with 1a being the top right corner from Black's perspective and 9i being the bottom left corner. This is based partly on Japanese notation conventions.
Promotion status
If a move entitles the player to promote, then a + is added to the end if the promotion was taken or an = if it was declined. For example, Nx7c= indicates an unpromoted knight capturing on 7c without promoting while Nx7c+ indicates an unpromoted knight capturing on 7c and promoting. The promotion status is always omitted in situations where promotion is not possible. When promotion is possible, then the promotion status is obligatorily notated.
Other conventions
Game moves in western notation are always numbered (unlike Japanese game records). Additionally, what is numbered are the pairs of two moves – the first move by Black, the second by White – instead of numbering each move by each player. This also differs from the Japanese system. For instance, three pairs of moves (or six individual moves) are numbered as 1. P-7f P-3d 2. P-2f P-4d 3. S-4h S-3b. However, in the British Shogi magazine of the 1970s and 1980s, the pair number convention was not used for tsumeshogi problems, where the each player's move is number just as in the Japanese notation conventions.
Following western chess conventions, omitted moves are indicated with an ... ellipsis. As a consequence of the way moves are numbered in the western system, all moves by White are notated with an ellipsis prefix in texts. For example, ... P-5e indicates a move by White while P-5e indicates a move by Black. In handicap games, White plays first, so Black's first move is replaced by an ellipsis. For example, 1. ... G-3b 2. P-7f G-7b.
Japanese notation
The earliest way to indicate game records in Japan during the Edo period was to use descriptive sentences such as Open the bishop's diagonal, push the rook's pawn, close the bishop's diagonal and the like. Soon afterward, a notational system was developed which is mostly the same as what is used in the presentday in Japan.[4]
Current standard
In Japanese notation, the notation string has the following five-part format:[5][6][7]
1 2 3 4 5 (player side) destination piece (movement) (promotion)
A typical move is indicated like ８六歩 (= P-8f). An example that uses all five parts is ☗８三銀引成 (which could be either S7b-8c+ or S7bx8c+ in western notation). The player's side information is optional and the movement and promotion indications are only used in order to resolve ambiguity.
Player's side
It is common for the white (gote) and black (sente) player to be indicated at the beginning of the notation string with either black and white triangles (▲/△) or shogi-piece-shaped pentagons (☗/☖) , such as ▲７六歩△３四歩▲２六歩△３二金 or ☗７六歩☖３四歩☗２六歩☖３二金. However, this is not obligatory: several books notate shogi moves without explicit indication of which player is making the moves. (See the adjacent image for an example.) In such cases, knowing which player the move refers to can be determined by the context in the book. This white/black convention is more common when the moves are not numbered (which is also optional to notate).
Destination coordinates
For the board's coordinates, the file is indicated with an Arabic numeral followed by the rank indicated with a Japanese numeral (instead of a letter like in the western system). For example, square 2c in Japanese notation is ２三.
Japanese numeral Japanese pronunciation Arabic equivalent Western equivalent 一 ichi １ a 二 ni ２ b 三 san ３ c 四 yon ４ d 五 go ５ e 六 roku ６ f 七 nana ７ g 八 hachi ８ h 九 kyū ９ i 同 dō or onajiku (same) –
Earlier (for instance, in the Edo period), only Japanese numerals were used.
There is also an abbreviatory convention: when a piece moves to the same coordinates as the previous move's piece (as in a capture), the position is simply indicated with 同 (which is pronounced dō) instead of the file-rank coordinate numbers. For example, if Black's pawn moved to a square in which White's pawn captured Black's pawn and then both players' bishops recaptured followed by a rook recapture, this could be notated as ☗２四歩 ☖同歩 ☗同角 ☖同角 ☗同飛 which would be equivalent to the western notation sequence 1. P-2d Px2d, 2. Bx2d Bx2d, 3. Rx2d. An alternate symbol 仝 is used instead of 同 in older books.[8][9]
It is also possible to encounter Roman numerals for both the file and rank coordinates, such as ☗２４歩 instead of ☗２四歩.
Piece
Pieces are indicated with kanji (instead of letters as in the western system). The piece's kanji follows the piece's board coordinates. The following symbols are used.
Japanese Western Japanese Western 歩 P と +P 香 L 成香 +L 桂 N 成桂 +N 銀 S 成銀 +S 角 B 馬 +B 飛 R 龍 +R 金 G 玉 K 合 (n/a)
Promoted pieces are indicated with a 成 prefix except for the promoted pawn, promoted bishop, and promoted rook, which are と, 馬, 龍, respectively. 兵 is used instead of 歩 in some older texts.[10]
In tsumeshogi, the character 合 is used essentially as a variable that represents a piece of any value.
Ambiguity resolution: Movement description
When there is ambiguity in piece movement, there is a complex system of movement description using the symbols below. The movement descriptors consist of (a) a dropped piece indicator, (b) movement toward destination indicators, and (c) movement origin indicators.
Movement notation Meaning 打 dropped 引 downward 寄 horizontally 上 upward 右 moving from right (going leftwards) 左 moving from left (going rightwards) 直 perpendicularly vertical (gold/silver only) 行 upward (dragon/horse) 入 upward (dragon/horse)
The symbol for a dropped piece is 打 following the piece's character. In the usual course of a game, most dropped pieces will probably be unambiguous. In these unambiguous cases, explicit notation for the dropped piece is not required and usually omitted (unlike in western notation where the drop notation is obligatory). For example, a western notation such as P*2c will be notated simply as ２三歩 instead of ２三歩打. In other situations, there is a possibility that either a piece that is already in play on the board can move to a certain square or a piece of the same kind that is held in hand can be dropped to that square. In this case, when the piece on the board moves to that square, the notation simply notates the move as usual with no drop indication. However, when the piece in hand is dropped to that location, then the drop indication must be present in the notation in order to resolve the ambiguity. In other words, 打 is only used when the following two conditions are met: (i) a piece is dropped and (ii) there is ambiguity with another piece on the board.
For ambiguity resolution with pieces on the board, the main notation symbols are 引 for upward movement, 寄 for horizontal movement, and 上 for downward movement. Note that these three indicators describe movement toward their destination square.
In the example below, three golds can move to the ７八 (= 7h) square. The gold that originates on ７七 (= 7g) and moves down is notated as ７八金引 (= G7g-7h). The other two possibilities are notated as ７八金寄 (= G6h-7h) and ７八金上 (= G7i-7h).
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Ambiguity resolution △ pieces in hand: –
▲ pieces in hand: – start position
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Ambiguity resolution: 引 △ pieces in hand: –
▲ pieces in hand: – ７八金引
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Ambiguityresolution: 寄 △ pieces in hand: –
▲ pieces in hand: – ７八金寄
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Ambiguity resolution: 上 △ pieces in hand: –
▲ pieces in hand: – ７八金上
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The 引 and 上 indicate downward and upward movement, respectively, that can be both vertical as well as diagonal.
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Ambiguity resolution △ pieces in hand: –
▲ pieces in hand: – start position
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Ambiguity resolution: 引 △ pieces in hand: –
▲ pieces in hand: – ６六角引
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Ambiguity resolution: 上 △ pieces in hand: –
▲ pieces in hand: – ６六角上
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There are two less common alternate symbols used instead of 上: 行 and 入. However, these alternate symbols are reserved for indicating only the two most powerful promoted dragon 龍 and horse 馬 pieces. Thus, ５五龍行 or ５五龍入 instead of ５五龍上, but not ５五金行 or ５五金入.
In certain situations, an indication of movement toward the destination square (that is, with 引, 寄, 上) is not sufficient to resolve ambiguity. In these cases, the origin square of the piece is notated with a relative positional indicator. These are 右 for a piece moving from a right square (and thus moving leftward) and 左 for a piece moving from a left square (rightward).
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Ambiguity resolution △ pieces in hand: –
▲ pieces in hand: – start position
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Ambiguity resolution: 右 △ pieces in hand: –
▲ pieces in hand: – ５七銀右
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Ambiguity resolution: 左 △ pieces in hand: –
▲ pieces in hand: – ５七銀左
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This positional information is relative to each player's directions. Thus, △５二金右 ("white 5-2 gold right") refers to the silver on the right from White's perspective (which would be on the left from Black's perspective).
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Player's perspective △ pieces in hand: –
▲ pieces in hand: – start position
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Player's perspective △ pieces in hand: –
▲ pieces in hand: – ☗５八右 ☖５二右
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In the special case of golds and silvers as well as promoted pieces with gold-like movements (成銀, 成桂, 成香, と), it is possible for there to be a three-way ambiguity in upward movement. In this case, a third positional origin indicator is used: 直 for vertical (straight up) movement.
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Ambiguity resolution △ pieces in hand: –
▲ pieces in hand: – start position
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Ambiguity resolution: 左 △ pieces in hand: –
▲ pieces in hand: – ５五金左
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Ambiguity resolution: 直 △ pieces in hand: –
▲ pieces in hand: – ５五金直
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Ambiguity resolution: 右 △ pieces in hand: –
▲ pieces in hand: – ５五金右
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Additionally, this 直 indicator tends to always be used for vertical movement even when simply using 右 ("right") and 左 ("left") would suffice. Relatedly, 直 tends to be used only for golds and silvers and not for other pieces.
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直 △ pieces in hand: –
▲ pieces in hand: – start position
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直 △ pieces in hand: –
▲ pieces in hand: – ５六銀左 ５三龍左
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直 △ pieces in hand: –
▲ pieces in hand: – ５六銀直 ５三龍右
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Promotion
A piece that promotes is indicated with 成 following the piece's character, such as ７三桂成 (N-7c+). If a piece does not promote, this is indicated with 不成 following the piece's character, such as ７三桂不成 (N-7c=). There is an alternate symbol for unpromotion: 生 is sometimes used instead of 不成.
Numbering
Unlike western notation, numbering Japanese game records is not obligatory. Although players' moves often aren't numbered, shogi moves are always counted per player's move. This is commonly seen in checkmate problems where a 3-move ３手 checkmate problem would mean a move sequence of black-white-black. This is unlike western chess which counts each pair of moves as one move. (In western notation for shogi, the move numbering tends to follow western chess notation conventions.)
Game end
Shogi games are officially over when a player formally resigns. The resignation is notated as 投了 tōryō. Other possible endings include rare 千日手 Repetition Draw, 反則手 Illegal Move, and the very rare 持将棋 Impasse Draw.
Other conventions
Unlike western notation, a capture of a piece is never explicitly notated in the Japanese system since the capture can be understood in the context of the game.
Shorthand
In addition to the usual kanji symbols, there are also shorthand versions of piece symbols that can be written very quickly.[11][12] For several of the symbols, there is variation in what shorthand symbol is used – the ones listed here may not be exhaustive of all the alternatives used in Japan.
Regular Symbol Shorthand 歩 丶, フ, ゝ, ・ と と 香 禾, キ, ↑ 桂 土 銀 ヨ 金 人 角 ク 馬 ウ, マ 飛 ヒ, 乙 龍 立, リ 玉 玉, ○ 成 ナ 不成 フナ 同 
, ド, －
Iroha notation
An notation used in older times was the iroha notation.[13] It used the syllables of the Japanese poem Iroha (いろは歌) (as well as other Japanese characters) to label each square on the shogi board.
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Iroha coordinate labels 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 谷 柳 万 一 ゆ ま つ ぬ い a 川 桜 花 三 め け ね る ろ b 海 松 鳥 五 み ふ な を は c 里 楓 風 六 し こ ら わ に d 村 雨 月 七 ひ え む か ほ e 森 露 春 八 も て う よ へ f 竹 霜 夏 十 せ あ の た と g 草 雪 秋 百 す さ く れ ち h 石 山 冬 千 京 き や そ り i
For example, the 2c square was indicated by the symbol を. Tokugawa Ieharu (the tenth shogun 1760–1786) favored this notational system. Therefore, it was used for all castle game records during his reign.
Kitao–Kawasaki notation
The Kitao–Kawasaki notation is a hybrid notation introduced by the Nekomado publishing company in English translations of shogi books by Madoka Kitao and Takashi Kaneko.[14] The system incorporates elements of both the western and the Japanese notation systems.
The order of elements is the same as the western system except that a player's side argument is added.
1 2 3 4 5 6 player's side piece (origin) movement (destination) (promotion)
A typical move is indicated like ☗歩-86 (= P-8f). An example that uses all 6 parts is ☗銀(72)x83+ (S7bx8c+ in western notation).
1. Player's Side. Like the Japanese system, the black and white shogi pieces ☗ and ☖ are used.
2. Piece. Like the Japanese system, the character for the shogi pieces are used. For promoted pieces, pieces that are notated with 成 in Japanese notation are notated with the western symbol + instead. However, unlike the western system, this convention is not used for the pawn, bishop, or rook.
Kitao–Kawasaki English Term Western Japanese と promoted pawn +P と +香 promoted lance +L 成香 +桂 promoted knight +N 成桂 +銀 promoted silver +S 成銀 馬 promoted bishop +B 馬 龍 promoted rook +R 龍
3. Ambiguity Resolution: Origin Coordinates. In cases where the moving piece is ambiguous, the starting square coordinates enclosed in parentheses are added to the string. This is only indicated when needed to resolve ambiguity. Thus, following the example used above, 金(77)-78 is equivalent to western G7g-7h and Japanese 7八金引, 金(68)-78 equivalent to G6h-7h and 7八金寄, and 金(79)-78 equivalent to G7i-7h and 7八金上.
4. Movement Type. The three movement types (-, x, *) are the same as in the western system. Thus: 歩-24, 歩x24, 歩*24. Like the western system (but unlike the Japanese system), this movement indication is obligatory in all contexts.
5. Destination Coordinates. Indicates which square a piece is moved to.
Like the Japanese system, rank (row) coordinates are indicated with a numeral (and not a letter). However, Arabic numerals are used instead of Japanese numerals. For example, 76 is equivalent to western 7g and Japanese 7六.
When a piece is moved to the same location as the preceding piece (in a capture), the designation coordinates are omitted. This is similar to the use of 同 in the Japanese system. For example, the sequence ☗歩-24 ☖歩x ☗角x ☖角x ☗飛x would be equivalent to western 1. P-2d Px2d, 2. Bx2d Bx2d, 3. Rx2d and Japanese ☗2四歩☖同歩☗同角☖同角☗同飛.
6. Promotion Status. The symbols + and = are used as in the western system.
Other conventions. Like the Japanese system, the numbering of moves is not obligatory. The ellipsis (...) notation for White's moves in the western system is not needed (as ☖ is used instead).
Comparison examples
| Notation Example 1 Board after 44 moves Gote/White Pieces-in-hand: 銀歩歩歩歩
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| Sente/Black Pieces-in-hand: 銀歩歩 |
As an example, a Tempo Loss Bishop Exchange game might proceed and be notated like this:[15]
| Western-style Notation | Japanese-style Notation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Notation Example 2 Board after 37 moves Gote/White Pieces-in-hand: 銀歩
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| Sente/Black Pieces-in-hand: 歩歩 |
Below is another notated game (Quick Ishida opening) showing the more typical Japanese notation where moves are not numbered, dropped pieces are not indicated, and white/black turns are marked.[16] It also shows an example of ambiguity resolution (G6i-5h/５八金左) and a piece entering a promotion zone that remains unpromoted (Sx2c=/２三銀不成).
| Western (Hodges) | Western (Hosking) | Japanese | Kitao–Kawasaki | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Recording positions
SFEN
SFEN is an extension of Forsyth–Edwards Notation (FEN) used for describing board positions of shogi games.
Formally, an SFEN is a text string of ASCII characters. It has three fields that are separated by a space. The fields:
- Piece placement on the board from Black's perspective
- Who had the last move
- Pieces in hand
| 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
| 香 | 桂 | 銀 | 金 | 王 | 桂 | 香 | a | ||
| 飛 | 金 | 銀 | b | ||||||
| 歩 | 歩 | 歩 | 歩 | 歩 | 歩 | 歩 | c | ||
| 歩 | 歩 | d | |||||||
| 歩 | e | ||||||||
| 歩 | f | ||||||||
| 歩 | 歩 | 歩 | 歩 | 歩 | 歩 | 歩 | g | ||
| 銀 | 金 | 飛 | h | ||||||
| 香 | 桂 | 玉 | 金 | 銀 | 桂 | 香 | i |
The following is an example (from a Tempo Loss Bishop Exchange opening)
lnsgk2nl/1r4gs1/p1pppp1pp/1p4p2/7P1/2P6/PP1PPPP1P/1SG4R1/LN2KGSNL b Bb
In this example, the first field is lnsgk2nl/1r4gs1/p1pppp1pp/1p4p2/7P1/2P6/PP1PPPP1P/1SG4R1/LN2KGSNL, the second is b, and the last is Bb.
For the first field, each piece is represented with a single letter. White's pieces are lowercase letters while Black's pieces are uppercase letters. The set of letters used are the same as the ones used in western notation (i.e., p, +p, l, +l, n, +n, s, +s, g, b, +b, r, +r, k). Each rank is separated by a forward slash (/). The listing of ranks is from top (rank A) to bottom (rank i), and the order to pieces is from file 9 to file 1 (in other words, from left to right as viewed on typical shogi diagram with White as the top player and Black as the bottom player). Empty squares are indicated with numeral corresponding to the number of adjacent empty squares on the same rank. In the example, the first rank A is lnsgk2nl which indicates sequence of lance, knight, silver, gold, king followed by two empty squares to the right of the king and a sequence of knight and lance.
The second field can be either b for Black's turn to play or w for White's turn to play. In the example, b indicates that Black has the next move.
The third field contains all of the pieces in hand held by each player. In the example, the Bb indicates that Black has one bishop in hand (B), and White also has one bishop in hand (b).
Below is another example showing the board position for Yoshiharu Habu's famous 5b silver drop in an NHK game (Bishop Exchange Climbing Silver opening) with Hifumi Katoh.
| 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
| 香 | 桂 | 金 | a | ||||||
| 飛 | 銀 | 王 | b | ||||||
| 歩 | 歩 | 歩 | 歩 | 桂 | c | ||||
| 歩 | 歩 | d | |||||||
| 歩 | e | ||||||||
| 歩 | f | ||||||||
| 歩 | 歩 | 銀 | 歩 | 歩 | 歩 | 歩 | 香 | 歩 | g |
| 金 | 玉 | 歩 | 飛 | h | |||||
| 香 | 桂 | 金 | 角 | i |
ln1g5/1r2S1k2/p2pppn2/2ps2p2/1p7/2P6/PPSPPPPLP/2G2K1pr/LN4G1b w BGSLPnp
See also
Notes
- ↑ The notation system used by Hodges in the first issue of Shogi differs in a few aspects. Rather than indicate the destination square coordinates in captures, the piece being captured was indicated. For example, PxP indicated 'pawn captures pawn.' In ambiguity resolution, the origin square was enclosed in parentheses. For example, S(3c)-2b instead of S3c-2b. Moreover, since captures where notated with the captured piece, ambiguity resolution is required when multiple pieces of the same type are possible. Therefore, RxP(2f) or RxP(1e) would be required as only RxP is ambiguous. Finally, promoted pieces were indicated with + suffixed to the piece initial enclosed in parentheses. For example, R(+)-7h instead of +R-7h. Changes were made to the first system in order to make it simpler and to avoid notation strings which were felt to be 'clumsy'. The first system also overlooked the need for an unpromotion indication.
References
- ↑ Hodges 1976.
- ↑ Fairbairn 1986, p. 13–18.
- ↑ Hosking 1997, p. 20–21.
- ↑ Fairbairn (1980).
- ↑ Hosking 1997, p. 263–265.
- ↑ "Notation System - 81Dojo Docs". 81Dojo.com. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
- ↑ "棋譜の表記方法｜よくある質問｜日本将棋連盟". Shogi.or.jp. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
- ↑ NDL Digital Collections - 指将棋定跡集
- ↑ (Note that the 仝 character is also sometimes used as an abbreviatory symbol for a promoted lance. See Shogi§Equipment.)
- ↑ "NDL Digital Collections - 指将棋定跡集". NDL.go.jp. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
- ↑ Fairbairn (1981)
- ↑ "棋譜の取り方". Ameblo.jp. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
- ↑ Fairbairn (1980).
- ↑ Kaneko, Takashi. 2013. Storming the Mino castle. R Sams (transl.). Tokyo: Nekomado.
- ↑ These are the first 44 moves of an Asahi Trophy Open game by Akira Inaba and Mamoru Hatakeyama on 2008 November 13. "2008年11月13日 畠山 鎮七段 - 稲葉 陽四段". Asahi archives. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
- ↑ These are the first 37 moves of an Mynavi Women's Open by Saori Shimai and Haruko Saida on 2009 October 21. "マイナビ女子オープン". Retrieved 9 May 2016.
Sources
- Fairbairn, John (1980). "Just for the record". Shogi (25): 5.
- Fairbairn, John (1981). "Great talents mature late". Shogi (30): 10–13.
- Fairbairn, John (1986). Shogi for beginners (2nd ed.). Ishi Press. ISBN 978-4-8718-720-10.
- Hodges, George F (1976). "Notation". Shogi (1): 4.
- Hodges, George F (1976). "Editorial". Shogi (2): 3.
- Hodges, George F (1978). "How to read Japanese scores". Shogi (14): 2.
- Hodges, George F (1978). "How to read Japanese scores no. 2". Shogi (16): 2.
- Hodges, George F (1979). "How to read Japanese scores no. 3". Shogi (17): 2.
- Hodges, George F (1979). "How to read Japanese scores no. 4". Shogi (19): 2.
- Hodges, George F (1985). "Read Japanese scores". Shogi (57): 9.
- Hodges, George F (1985). "Notes on the 行 character from Japanese scores page 9". Shogi (57): 17.
- Hosking, Tony (1997). The art of shogi. The Shogi Foundation. ISBN 978-0-95310-890-9.
External links
- 81Dojo: Notation System
- Shogi Shack: Introduction to Kifu (棋譜) Notation
- sfenreader: Create Shogi Diagram on the Web