Serres

Serres
Σέρρες

View of the modern city of Serres from the Acropolis.

Seal
Serres

Coordinates: 41°5′N 23°33′E / 41.083°N 23.550°E / 41.083; 23.550Coordinates: 41°5′N 23°33′E / 41.083°N 23.550°E / 41.083; 23.550
Country Greece
Administrative region Central Macedonia
Regional unit Serres
Government
 • Mayor Petros Angelidis
Area
 • Municipality 600.5 km2 (231.9 sq mi)
 • Municipal unit 253.0 km2 (97.7 sq mi)
Elevation 50 m (160 ft)
Population (2011)[1]
 • Municipality 76,817
 • Municipality density 130/km2 (330/sq mi)
 • Municipal unit 61,025
 • Municipal unit density 240/km2 (620/sq mi)
Community[1]
 • Population 58.287 (2011)
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
 • Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)
Postal code 621 xx
Area code(s) (+30) 23210
Vehicle registration ΕΡx-xxxx
Website www.serres.gr

Sérres (Greek: Σέρρες) is a city in Macedonia, Greece, capital of the Serres regional unit and second largest city in the region of Central Macedonia, after Thessaloniki. Serres is one of the administrative and economic centers of Northern Greece. The city is situated in a fertile plain at an elevation of about 70 metres (230 feet), some 24 kilometres (15 miles) northeast of the Strymon river and 69 km (43 mi) north-east of Thessaloniki, respectively. Serres' official municipal population was 76,817 in 2011 with the total number of people living in the city and its immediate surroundings estimated at around 100,000. The city is home to the Technological Educational Institute of Central Macedonia (Greek: ΤΕΙ Κεντρικής Μακεδονίας), composed of the School of Technological Applications, the School of Management and Finance and the School of Graphic Arts and Design, with at least 10,000 Greek and international students.

Names

The Ancient Greek historian Herodotus mentions the city as Siris (Σίρις) in the 5th century BC. Theopompus refers to the city as Sirra (Σίρρα). Later, it is mentioned as Sirae, in the plural, by the Roman historian Livy. Since then the name of the city has remained plural and by the 5th century AD it was already in the contemporary form as Serrae or Sérrai (Σέρραι), which remained the Katharevousa form for the name till modern times. In the local Greek dialect, the city is known as "ta Serras" (τα Σέρρας), which is actually a corruption of the plural Accusative "tas Serras" (τάς Σέρρας) of the archaic form "ai Serrai" (αι Σέρραι).[2] Τhe oldest mention of this form is attested in a document of the Docheiariou Monastery in Mount Athos from 1383, while there are many other such references in documents from the 16th, 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. It was known as Serez or Siroz in Turkish. In the Slavic languages, the city is known as Ser in both Serbian, while in Bulgarian it is known as Syar (Сяр) or Ser.

History

Antiquity

Although the earliest mention of Serres (as "Siris") is dating in the 5th century BC (Herodotus), the city was founded long before the Trojan War, probably at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. The ancient city was built on a high and steep hill (known as "Koulas") just north of Serres.[3] It held a very strategic position, since it controlled a land road, which following the valley of the river Strymon led from the shores of Strymonic Gulf to the Danubian countries. The most ancient known inhabitants of the area were the Bryges (Phrygians) and Strymonians; afterwards (since 1100 BC) were Siriopaiones [4] and finally (from the early 5th century BC until the end of antiquity) the Thracian tribe of Odomantes.[5] These populations mainly engaged in agriculture and cattle-raising especially worshiped the Sun, the deified river Strymon and later the "Thracian horseman".[6]

The colony of Serraepolis was founded in Cilicia by people from Serres.

Roman Antiquity

In Roman antiquity (168 BC – 315 AD) the city is mentioned in sources under the name Sirra (Greek: Σίρρα) and in inscriptions as Sirraion polis (Greek: Σιρραίων πόλις).[7] It was an important city of the Roman province of Macedonia, with the status of a civitas stipendiaria. It flourished especially during the imperial period thanks to the Pax Romana. Then, during the great crisis of the Roman Empire (235–284 AD), the city declined and only in the times of Diocletian, with its reforms (Tetrarchic system), returned to prosperity.[8] As regards the urban structure it featured, like all Greek cities, a market ("agora"), parliament ("bouleuterio"), theater, gymnasium and temples. As we know from epigraphic evidence, the local government was also based on the known Greek institutions, which were the parliament (boule), the municipality ("demos") and the archons (politarchai, agoranomoi, gymnasiarchai, high priests etc.).[9] It was also the seat of a federation of five cities ("Pentapolis") and actively participated in the provincial life and organization of the Macedonians; while many residents, mostly members of the local aristocracy, had received the right of Roman citizenship and were promoted to senior provincial dignities.[10]

Sirra as a city-state, apart from the usual Greek institutions, held also its own territory (chora), which occupied the area of the former province of Serres. The organization of its territory was based on villages (komai, sing. kome), whose many sites have been found in various places near modern villages, such as Lefkonas, Oreini, Ano Vrondou, Neo Souli, Haghio Pneuma, Dafnoudi, Chryso, Paralimnio etc. Within the limits of its territory have also discovered traces of marble quarries and iron mines, which indicate systematic exploitation of the existing mineral wealth in the imperial period (1st to 3rd century AD).[11] In terms of population, except the most numerous Greek element, are recognized some population substrates even from prehistoric times. Concerning the society, the main feature was its distinction in upper (rich) and lower (poor) social strata (honestiores and humiliores in Latin). Finally, concerning the cults of the residents, except the known panhellenic cults (Dionysus, Zeus, Dioscuri, Apollo, Asclepius, Artemis and Isis),[12] are evidenced and some local and Thracian cults as the "Thracian horseman" (or "Hero").[13]

Many inscriptions of Roman (imperial) times have been found in the city (and to the early 1960s in the surrounding area). From these inscriptions (almost all written in Greek and only three in Latin), the eight are votive or honorific [14] and all other on epitaph reliefs. [15]

Middle Ages

The first attested bishop of the city is recorded as participating in the Second Council of Ephesus in 449.[16]

View of the Agioi Theodoroi, Old Metropolis.
Remains of a Byzantine citadelle

In the early Middle Ages, Serres became the site of a major fortress built by the Byzantine Empire[17] to guard the empire's northern frontier and the strategic Rupel Pass.

The city's history was uneventful until the 10th century, being in the heartland of the Byzantine Greek world,[16] until it was pillaged and briefly occupied by the Bulgarians.[16] In 1185, the environs of the city were pillaged by a Norman invasion, and in the Battle of Serres in 1195/6 the Byzantines were defeated by the rebellious Bulgarian ruler Ivan Asen I.[16] After the Fourth Crusade, Boniface of Montferrat took over the city, but shortly after Kaloyan of Bulgaria defeated the Crusaders of the Latin Empire and briefly annexed the city until it was retaken by the Crusaders in the early 1230s.[16] According to George Akropolites, Kaloyan almost destroyed the city, reducing it from a sizeable city to a small settlement, centred around the fortified citadel, while the lower town was protected by a weak stone wall.[16]

The city returned to Byzantine rule in 1246, when it was captured by the Nicaean Empire. By the 14th century, the city had regained its former size and prosperity, so that Nikephoros Gregoras called it a "large and marvelous" city.[16] Taking advantage of the Byzantine civil war of 1341–47, the Serbs besieged and took the city on 25 September 1345.[16] It became the capital of Stefan Dušan's Serbian Empire, but after Dušan's death in 1355 his realm fell into feudal anarchy, and Serres became a separate principality, initially under Dušan's Empress-dowager Helena and after 1365 by the Despot Jovan Uglješa.[16] Jovan Uglješa maintained close political and cultural ties to the Byzantine court in Constantinople, and the Greek element rose again to prominence: local Greeks played a major role in his administration, which was carried out in Greek. After the 1371 Battle of Maritsa, the Byzantines under Manuel II Palaiologos (then governor of Thessalonica) retook Serres.[16]

Ottoman period

Mehmet Bey Mosque

Serres fell to the Ottoman Empire on 19 September 1383—although the Ottoman sources give several earlier and contradictory dates, the date is securely established by multiple Greek sources.[18] The city (Siroz in Turkish) and the surrounding region became a fief of Evrenos Beg, who brought in Yörük settlers from Sarukhan. Althougn never rising to particular prominence within the Ottoman Empire, Serres became also the site of a mint from 1413/14 on.[18] The rebel Sheikh Bedreddin was executed in the city.[18]

In the early 16th century, Serres was visited by the French traveller Pierre Belon, who reported that the town was mainly inhabited by Greeks alongside German and Sephardi communities, while the people in the surrounding country spoke Greek and Bulgarian.[18] In the aftermath of the Christian victory at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, Turkish reprisals were directed at the Greek population, who had shown sympathy with the Western success and had sporadically risen up across Greece. The metropolitan cathedral of Serres was looted along with seven other churches, while land and land titles owned by the Monastery of St John the Baptist were confiscated.[19]

In the 18th and early 19th centuries, Serres was an autonomous beylik under a succession of derebeys, within the Sanjak of Salonica.[18][20] At the end of the 18th century, Serres was a cotton producing area, exporting 50,000 balls of cotton to Germany, France, Venice and Livorno.[21] The metropolitan bishop Gabriel founded in 1735 the Greek School of Serres which he directed until 1745. The school was maintained by donations from wealthy Greek merchants, among them Ioannes Constas from Vienna with 10,800 florins and the banker and tragic leader of the Greek War of Independence in Macedonia Emmanouel Pappas, who donated 1,000 Turkish silver coins. Minas Minoides taught philosophy and grammar in 1815–19. The school operated also in the period of the Greek War of Independence under Argyrios Paparizou from Siatista.[22]

Serres became a regular province c. 1846 as the Sanjak of Siroz of the Salonica Eyalet (later Salonica Vilayet).[20]

Modern period

Panoramic view
The building of the Serres Prefecture

In the early 20th century, the city became a focus of anti-Ottoman unrest, which resulted in the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903. A Bulgarian army, which was commanded by general Georgi Todorov captured Serres during the First Balkan War on November 6, 1912, but was forced to withdraw by Greek forces commanded by the King of Greece, Constantine I, during the Second Balkan War. The first officer of the Hellenic Army to enter Serres was infantry colonel Napoleon Sotilis, head of the Seventh Greek Infantry Regiment on July 11, 1913. As the National Schism erupted in Greece during the First World War, Serres was temporarily occupied by the Central Powers after King Constantine ordered the local garrison not to resist to a token force of the Imperial German Army; eventually the city was liberated in 1917 by Greek-French Entente forces under the Venizelos government.

During the Second World War, after the conquest of mainland Greece by Nazi Germany in April 1941 (which was followed by the conquest of Crete in June), Serres was assigned by the Nazis to their Bulgarian allies (along with the rest of East Macedonia and Thrace and the island of Thasos), who occupied the city until the Allied liberation of Greece in 1944. In 1943, Serres' Jewish population was deported by the Gestapo to the Treblinka death camp and exterminated. There was a significant resistance movement in the city during the occupation, led by the left-wing National Liberation Front (EAM).[23]

In the postwar years, the city's population grew substantially, and there was also a significant rise in the standard of living. The long-serving conservative Greek Prime Minister Constantine Karamanlis (in office from 1955 to 1963 and again from 1974 to 1980) was a native of Serres, and as a result its people could count on the support of the central Greek government in Athens. However, the villages in the plains around the city were not so lucky; the low prices of agricultural products led many people of these villages to emigrate, mostly to the United States and West Germany.

As of 2015, the Mayor of Serres is Petros Angelidis (independent, formerly a member of PASOK).

Municipality

The present Serres municipality was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 6 former municipalities, that became municipal units of the new municipality:[24]

The municipality has an area of 600.479 km2, the municipal unit 252.973 km2.[25]

Climate

Climate data for Serres (1971–1997)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 8.1
(46.6)		 10.6
(51.1)		 14.6
(58.3)		 19.6
(67.3)		 25.3
(77.5)		 29.9
(85.8)		 32.1
(89.8)		 31.6
(88.9)		 28.0
(82.4)		 21.2
(70.2)		 13.7
(56.7)		 9.0
(48.2)		 20.3
(68.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.9
(39)		 6.2
(43.2)		 9.6
(49.3)		 14.2
(57.6)		 19.6
(67.3)		 24.3
(75.7)		 26.3
(79.3)		 25.3
(77.5)		 21.6
(70.9)		 15.5
(59.9)		 9.2
(48.6)		 5.0
(41)		 15.1
(59.2)
Average low °C (°F) −0.1
(31.8)		 1.3
(34.3)		 3.9
(39)		 7.7
(45.9)		 12.5
(54.5)		 16.5
(61.7)		 18.4
(65.1)		 17.7
(63.9)		 14.3
(57.7)		 9.8
(49.6)		 4.6
(40.3)		 1.1
(34)		 9.0
(48.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 32.1
(1.264)		 40.6
(1.598)		 33.2
(1.307)		 37.6
(1.48)		 47.7
(1.878)		 40.7
(1.602)		 29.1
(1.146)		 30.2
(1.189)		 20.7
(0.815)		 38.3
(1.508)		 50.7
(1.996)		 47.6
(1.874)		 448.5
(17.657)
Average precipitation days 8.2 8.7 9.3 9.4 10.5 6.7 5.3 5.5 4.4 6.4 9.0 9.1 92.5
Average relative humidity (%) 77.1 71.7 68.1 63.2 59.8 53.8 51.7 54.5 59.5 69.6 76.8 80.2 65.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours 98.4 111.4 147.4 191.6 237.5 293.9 316.5 294.7 236.3 169.0 106.8 85.9 2,289.4
Source: Hellenic National Meteorological Service[26]

Economy

Serres is the capital of a primarily agricultural district and is an important trade centre for tobacco, grain, and livestock. Following the development of a government-sponsored manufacturing area in the late 20th century, it has also become a centre for the production of textiles and other manufactured items.

Landmarks

Church of Agios Georgios Kryoneritis.
The statue of Emmanouel Pappas.

Culture

Late Ottoman author Omer Seyfeddin set his fictional work White Tulip (Beyaz Lale) describing events during the First Balkan War in the town.[27][28]

Cuisine

Probably the most well-known food from Serres is Bougatsa. Additionally, gyros and souvlaki are standard forms of Greek cuisine served in many restaurants and taverns. One delicacy that is truly unique to the region is akanes, which is a type of gourmet candy delight prepared according to a secret recipe since the beginning of the 20th century by the Roumbos family. Allegedly, Aristeidis Roumbos, the confectioner who invented this candy, disclosed the recipe to one of his loyal trainees, who then proceeded to establish a rival akanes business. Nevertheless, the Roumbos family, to this day, continues to produce this delight in their quaint workshop, which is reminiscent of life in the 1950s.

Neighborhoods

Population

Year Municipal unit Municipality
1981 46,317 –
1991 49,830 –
2001 56,145 –
2011 58,287 –

Notable residents

Higher education

In the city of Serres there is the Technological Educational Institution (TEI) of Central Macedonia. It has more than 14.000 bachelor and master students, also three faculties and even more departments. In autumn 2012 there operated (for first time) two master programmes in English (MBA, MSc) and in 2013 a third one was added (MSc). Website

There is also a Department of Physical Education and Sport Science of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki that operates in the city of Serres, offering bachelor's and master's degrees. Website (in Greek)

In addition, in the Vocational Training Institute (Greek: Ι.Ε.Κ.) of Serres, various specialisations are being taught in programmes that last for up to two years of study. Website

Sporting teams

Serres Municipal Stadium

Serres hosts the sport clubs Panserraikos, football club that plays in third national division (football league 2),[29] Ikaroi Serron, basketball club that plays in Beta Ethniki and Ofka Serres (Omilos Filon Klassikou Athlitismou) [30]

Sport clubs based in Serres
Club Founded Sports Achievements
Panserraikos1964Football Earlier presence in A Ethniki
Ikaroi Serron1984 Basketball Earlier presence in A2 Ethniki

International relations

Twin towns — sister cities

Serres is twinned with:

References

  1. 1 2 "Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority.
  2. ↑ Dimitrios C. Samsaris, A history of Serres (in the Ancient and Roman times), Thessaloniki 1999, p. 9-14 (Website of Municipality of Serres)
  3. ↑ Dimitrios C. Samsaris, A History of Serres (in the Ancient and Roman Times) (in Greek), Thessaloniki 1999, p. 48 (Website of Municipality of Serres)
  4. ↑ Dimitrios C. Samsaris, Les Péoniens dans la vallée du Bas-Strymon, Klio 64(1982), 2, p. 339-351
  5. ↑ Dimitrios C. Samsaris, Les Thraces dans l’ Empire romain d’ Orient (Le territoire de la Grèce actuelle). Etude ethno-démographique, sociale, prosopographique et anthroponymique, Jannina (Université) 1993, p. 36, 372 et passim
  6. ↑ Dimitrios C. Samsaris, A history of Serres (in the Ancient and Roman times), Thessaloniki 1999, p. 27-46, 69–71, 83–96 (Website of Municipality of Serres)
  7. ↑ Dimitrios C. Samsaris, La vallée du Bas-Strymon á l’ époque impériale (Contribution épigraphique á la topographie, l’ onomastique, l’ histoire et aux cultes de la province romaine de Macédoine), Dodona 18 (1989), fasc. 1, p. 235, n. 37 = The Packard Humanities Institute (Samsaris, Bas-Strymon 37, # PH150675)
  8. ↑ Dimitrios C. Samsaris, A History of Serres (in the Ancient and Roman Times) (in Greek), Thessaloniki 1999, p. 97-113 (Website of Municipality of Serres)
  9. ↑ Dimitrios C. Samsaris, La vallée du Bas-Strymon á l’ époque impériale (Contribution épigraphique á la topographie, l’ onomastique, l’ histoire et aux cultes de la province romaine de Macédoine), Dodona 18 (1989), fasc. 1, p. 235-236, n. 37-38 = The Packard Humanities Institute (Samsaris, Bas-Strymon 37, # PH150675)The Packard Humanities Institute (Samsaris, Bas-Strymon 38, # PH150676)
  10. ↑ Dimitrios C. Samsaris, A history of Serres (in the Ancient and Roman times), p. 9-13, 97–125, 186–188 (Website of Municipality of Serres) -- Dimitrios C. Samsaris, Individual grants of the Roman citizenship (civitas Romana) and its propagation in the Roman province of Macedonia, III. The eastern part of the province, Makedonika 28 (1991–92)156–196
  11. ↑ Dimitrios C. Samsaris, Les mines et la metallurgie de fer et de cuivre dans la province romaine de Macédoine, Klio 69(1987), 1, p. 154, 156-157
  12. ↑ Dimitrios C. Samsaris, A history of Serres, p. 137-175, 213–254 (Website of Municipality of Serres)
  13. ↑ Dimitrios C. Samsaris, Le culte du Cavalier thrace dans la vallée du Bas-Strymon à l’ époque romaine (Recherches pour la localisation de ses sanctuaries), Dritter Internationaler Thrakologischer Kongress (2-6 Juni 1980, Wien), II, Sofia 1984, p. 284-289 = D. C. Samsaris, Recherches sur l’ histoire, la topographie et les cultes des provinces romaines de Macédoine et de Thrace (en grec), Thessalonique 1984, p. 43-58
  14. ↑ Dimitrios C. Samsaris, La vallée du Bas-Strymon á l’ époque impériale (Contribution épigraphique á la topographie, l’ onomastique, l’ histoire et aux cultes de la province romaine de Macédoine), Dodona 18 (1989), fasc. 1, p. 232-240, n. 35-42 = The Packard Humanities Institute (Samsaris, Bas-Strymon 35, # PH150672)The Packard Humanities Institute (Samsaris, Bas-Strymon 36, # PH150673)The Packard Humanities Institute (Samsaris, Bas-Strymon 36(1), # PH150674)The Packard Humanities Institute (Samsaris, Bas-Strymon 37, # PH150675)The Packard Humanities Institute (Samsaris, Bas-Strymon 38, # PH150676)The Packard Humanities Institute (Samsaris, Bas-Strymon 39, # PH150677)The Packard Humanities Institute (Samsaris, Bas-Strymon 40, # PH150678) The Packard Humanities Institute (Samsaris, Bas-Strymon 41, # PH150679)The Packard Humanities Institute (Samsaris, Bas-Strymon 42, # PH150680)
  15. ↑ Dimitrios C. Samsaris, La vallée du Bas-Strymon á l’ époque impériale (Contribution épigraphique á la topographie, l’ onomastique, l’ histoire et aux cultes de la province romaine de Macédoine), Dodona 18 (1989), fasc. 1, p. 241-262, n. 43-89
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Gregory, Timothy E.; Ševčenko, Nancy Patterson (1991). "Serres". In Kazhdan, Alexander. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1881–1882. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
  17. ↑ Dimitrios C. Samsaris, The castle of Serres, Serres 1968
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor, ed. (1987). "Serres". E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume VII: S–Ṭaiba. Leiden: BRILL. p. 234. ISBN 90-04-08265-4.
  19. ↑ Vakalopoulos, Constantinos A. (1996). Ιστορία του Βορείου Ελληνισμού -Μακεδονία. Εκδοτικός Οίκος Αδελφών Κυριακίδη. p. 80. ISBN 960-343-017-X. The metropolis of Serres was looted along with seven other churches, the Monastery of St John the Baptist, while land owned by the monastery was confiscated.
  20. 1 2 Birken, Andreas (1976). Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (in German). 13. Reichert. p. 77. ISBN 978-3-920153-56-8.
  21. ↑ Vakalopoulos, Constantinos A. (1996). Ιστορία του Βορείου Ελληνισμού -Μακεδονία. Εκδοτικός Οίκος Αδελφών Κυριακίδη. p. 130. ISBN 960-343-017-X. At the end of the 18th C, Serres was cotton producing area, exporting 50,000 balls of cotton to Germany, France, Venice and Livorno.
  22. ↑ Vakalopoulos, Constantinos A. (1996). Ιστορία του Βορείου Ελληνισμού -Μακεδονία. Εκδοτικός Οίκος Αδελφών Κυριακίδη. pp. 131–132. ISBN 960-343-017-X.
  23. ↑ ΑΠΟΜΝΗΜΟΝΕΥΤΙΚΕΣ ΣΗΜΕΙΩΣΕΙΣ Γ. ΚΟΚΚΙΝΟΥ, Γραμματέα ΕΑΜ Ν. Σερρών, για την αντίσταση στη Βουλγαρική κατοχή του 1941–44,
  24. ↑ Kallikratis law Greece Ministry of Interior (in Greek)
  25. ↑ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece.
  26. ↑ "Serres Climatological data 1971–1997". Hellenic National Meteorological Service. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
  27. ↑ Boyar, Ebru (29 June 2007). "Ottomans, Turks and the Balkans: Empire Lost, Relations Altered". I.B.Tauris – via Google Books.
  28. ↑ Koroglu, Erol (21 July 2007). "Ottoman Propaganda and Turkish Identity: Literature in Turkey During World War I". I.B.Tauris – via Google Books.
  29. ↑ "Athletics Land". panserraikos.gr.
  30. ↑
  31. ↑ "Twinnings" (PDF). Central Union of Municipalities & Communities of Greece. Retrieved 2013-08-25.
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